Au_（core）@Pt_（shell）纳米粒子上C_1有机小分子电催化氧化的原位SERS研究
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摘要
有机小分子的电催化氧化反应作为燃料电池的阳极过程,一直倍受电化学工作者的关注。深入研究有机小分子在过渡金属表面上的电催化氧化行为,不仅具有重要的理论研究意义,而且具有潜在应用价值。
几十年来,人们在过渡金属上有机小分子(特别是C_1分子)吸附和反应的重要研究领域作了大量的卓有成效的工作。但由于各类研究体系的复杂性和各种检测技术的限制,迄今人们对有机小分子吸附和反应过程的具体细节尚无定论,一些重要的问题仍待解决。在研究有机小分子吸附和反应的各种手段中,红外光谱技术是应用最为广泛的一种现场谱学技术,但由于易受溶剂水的干扰以及难以获得低波数区电化学固液表(界)面的分子水平信息,红外光谱有其一定的局限性。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术则正好弥补了红外光谱技术在电化学研究体系中的这一不足。然而,具有较强催化活性的Pt、Pd等过渡金属的SERS信号较弱。尽管本研究组曾采用特殊的电极粗糙方法来提高表面物种的SERS信号,但离电催化体系有效应用仍有一定距离。本论文工作从拓宽SERS研究C_1有机小分子在金属铂上的吸附和反应过程,设计合成特殊结构电催化剂以提高燃料电池阳极电催化性能的的研究目的出发,主要在以下几个方面开展了研究:
(1)在球形金纳米粒子(粒径约为55 nm)的基础上用化学还原法制备了壳层厚度可调的核壳结构Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子。采用扫描电镜、电化学循环伏安和拉曼光谱等对合成的Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子进行了表征。结果表明所合成的纳米粒子粒径均匀、表面致密没有“针孔”,表现出较强的SERS活性及典型块状多晶铂电极的电化学性质。
(2)采用电化学原位SERS技术结合循环伏安等常规电化学方法,对Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上甲醇、甲醛、甲酸的电催化氧化行为进行了研究,成功地获得了甲醇、甲醛、甲酸在Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上吸附解离的原位SERS。研究表明,不论是酸性、中性还是碱性介质,甲醇、甲醛均能在Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上自发氧化解离出了强吸附中间体CO,只是在碱性介质中比在酸性、中性介质中更易被氧化;首次用拉曼光谱检测到甲酸在Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上解离的弱吸附中间体HCOO的谱峰,同时还检测到氧化产物CO2的谱峰,为验证甲酸电催化氧化过程的双途径机理提供了一些分子水平信息。
(3)以球形硒纳米粒子为模板,合成了金、铂等过渡金属纳米空球,用扫描电镜、透射电镜、选区电子衍射等对其进行了表征。以吡啶和SCN-为探针分子,初步研究了金纳米空球的SERS效应,结果显示所合成的金纳米空球增强因子约为7.6×10~4;以甲醇为探针分子,初步研究了铂纳米空球的电催化活性,结果表明,甲醇在所合成的铂金纳米空球上电催化氧化的起始氧化电位较实心铂纳米粒子及铂黑提前约200 mV,峰电流密度是它们的2-3倍,经过长时间循环扫描后显示出极高的稳定性。
The electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules has attracted great interest due to their prospect being used as fules for the anodic reaction of fule cells. Because of its great significance to both the practical application and fundamental researches, the extensive investigation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules on transitional metal is very necessary.
The investigation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules on transitional metal has in this field have been carried out and great progress has been made in the past four dacads. However, due to the complexity of the system during the reaction process, especially, the limitation of the detection techniques, at least at present, the detailed mechanism on the reaction process is still in controversy. Among the various techniques in investigating the adsorption and reaction behavior of small organic molecules, infrared (IR) spectroscopy is the most widely used in-situ spectroscopic method, and has made tremendous contributions to provide a better understanding of this field. But the most widely used systems in IR, are easy to interfere by the solvent such as water, and are too severe to extract the signal of the solid/aqueous interface. On the other hand, SERS can provide a wider spectral window, which is quite convenient to obtain the vibrational information reflecting the interaction of the adsorbates and the substrates located under 600 cm-1. However, in the past two decades, the application of SERS was mainly restricted to Ag, Au and Cu surfaces which provide giant surface enhancement because the SERS activity of the transitional metal with high catalitic such as Pt and Pd are low. Athough in recent years has its application been extended to transition metals by using electrochemical roughing methode in our research group, it is still not effective in investigating electrocatalytic reaction. On the purpose of extending SERS to the study of the adsorption and reaction of C_1 molecules on Pt surface effectively, and improving the electrocatalytic activity of anodic catalyst through fabricating nanoparticles with unique structure .Three parts of work have been performed, and the main results a of which are listed as follows:
(1) Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles with controllable Platinum shell thickness were synthesized by chemical reduction method. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)、Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscope(SERS). Results showed that the Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles with compact surface are uniform, exhibit good SERS activity and the electrochemial behavor is similar to traditional bulk Pt electrode with polymorphic crystal Structure.
(2) In-situ SERS combined with CV was utilized to investigate the electrocatalytic oxidation behaviors of Methanol、Formaldehyde and formic acid adsorbed on Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra with high quality was acquired. Results showed that the Methanol and Formaldehyde could dissociate spontaneously to produce strongly adsorbed intermediate, CO, in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media on Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles. Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles exhibited better electro-catalytic properties for the oxidation of formaldehyde in alkaline media than in acidic or neutral media. A peak of HCOO, the weakly adsorbed intermediate of the dissociative adsorption of formic acid were successfully obtained for the first time. At the same time, the peak of the finally oxidized product CO_2 of formic acid was also detected. The dual path reaction mechanism for the oxidation of formic acid was confirmed at molecular level.
(3) Transitional metal hollow nanospheres were synthesized using selenium nanoparticles as template. The samples were characterized by SEM、TEM、SAED,etc. The SERS activity of Au hollow nanospheres was measured by using Pyridine and SCN- as the probe molecule, the surface enhancement factor of Pyridine from gold hollow nanospheres reaches as high as 7.6×10~4 . The electrocatalytic activity of Platinum hollow nanospheres was measured by using methanol as the probe molecule. The results showed that the onset potential of methanol electrocatalytic oxidation on Platinum hollow nanospheres is negatively shifted about 200 mV than Platinum nanospheres and Platinumblack, the peak current density of methanol electrocatalytic oxidation on Platinum hollow nanospheres is 2~3 times as large as Platinum nanospheres and Platinumblack. It also reveals good stability of electrocatalytic oxidation after CV scanning for a long time.
几十年来,人们在过渡金属上有机小分子(特别是C_1分子)吸附和反应的重要研究领域作了大量的卓有成效的工作。但由于各类研究体系的复杂性和各种检测技术的限制,迄今人们对有机小分子吸附和反应过程的具体细节尚无定论,一些重要的问题仍待解决。在研究有机小分子吸附和反应的各种手段中,红外光谱技术是应用最为广泛的一种现场谱学技术,但由于易受溶剂水的干扰以及难以获得低波数区电化学固液表(界)面的分子水平信息,红外光谱有其一定的局限性。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术则正好弥补了红外光谱技术在电化学研究体系中的这一不足。然而,具有较强催化活性的Pt、Pd等过渡金属的SERS信号较弱。尽管本研究组曾采用特殊的电极粗糙方法来提高表面物种的SERS信号,但离电催化体系有效应用仍有一定距离。本论文工作从拓宽SERS研究C_1有机小分子在金属铂上的吸附和反应过程,设计合成特殊结构电催化剂以提高燃料电池阳极电催化性能的的研究目的出发,主要在以下几个方面开展了研究:
(1)在球形金纳米粒子(粒径约为55 nm)的基础上用化学还原法制备了壳层厚度可调的核壳结构Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子。采用扫描电镜、电化学循环伏安和拉曼光谱等对合成的Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子进行了表征。结果表明所合成的纳米粒子粒径均匀、表面致密没有“针孔”,表现出较强的SERS活性及典型块状多晶铂电极的电化学性质。
(2)采用电化学原位SERS技术结合循环伏安等常规电化学方法,对Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上甲醇、甲醛、甲酸的电催化氧化行为进行了研究,成功地获得了甲醇、甲醛、甲酸在Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上吸附解离的原位SERS。研究表明,不论是酸性、中性还是碱性介质,甲醇、甲醛均能在Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上自发氧化解离出了强吸附中间体CO,只是在碱性介质中比在酸性、中性介质中更易被氧化;首次用拉曼光谱检测到甲酸在Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子上解离的弱吸附中间体HCOO的谱峰,同时还检测到氧化产物CO2的谱峰,为验证甲酸电催化氧化过程的双途径机理提供了一些分子水平信息。
(3)以球形硒纳米粒子为模板,合成了金、铂等过渡金属纳米空球,用扫描电镜、透射电镜、选区电子衍射等对其进行了表征。以吡啶和SCN-为探针分子,初步研究了金纳米空球的SERS效应,结果显示所合成的金纳米空球增强因子约为7.6×10~4;以甲醇为探针分子,初步研究了铂纳米空球的电催化活性,结果表明,甲醇在所合成的铂金纳米空球上电催化氧化的起始氧化电位较实心铂纳米粒子及铂黑提前约200 mV,峰电流密度是它们的2-3倍,经过长时间循环扫描后显示出极高的稳定性。
The electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules has attracted great interest due to their prospect being used as fules for the anodic reaction of fule cells. Because of its great significance to both the practical application and fundamental researches, the extensive investigation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules on transitional metal is very necessary.
The investigation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules on transitional metal has in this field have been carried out and great progress has been made in the past four dacads. However, due to the complexity of the system during the reaction process, especially, the limitation of the detection techniques, at least at present, the detailed mechanism on the reaction process is still in controversy. Among the various techniques in investigating the adsorption and reaction behavior of small organic molecules, infrared (IR) spectroscopy is the most widely used in-situ spectroscopic method, and has made tremendous contributions to provide a better understanding of this field. But the most widely used systems in IR, are easy to interfere by the solvent such as water, and are too severe to extract the signal of the solid/aqueous interface. On the other hand, SERS can provide a wider spectral window, which is quite convenient to obtain the vibrational information reflecting the interaction of the adsorbates and the substrates located under 600 cm-1. However, in the past two decades, the application of SERS was mainly restricted to Ag, Au and Cu surfaces which provide giant surface enhancement because the SERS activity of the transitional metal with high catalitic such as Pt and Pd are low. Athough in recent years has its application been extended to transition metals by using electrochemical roughing methode in our research group, it is still not effective in investigating electrocatalytic reaction. On the purpose of extending SERS to the study of the adsorption and reaction of C_1 molecules on Pt surface effectively, and improving the electrocatalytic activity of anodic catalyst through fabricating nanoparticles with unique structure .Three parts of work have been performed, and the main results a of which are listed as follows:
(1) Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles with controllable Platinum shell thickness were synthesized by chemical reduction method. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)、Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscope(SERS). Results showed that the Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles with compact surface are uniform, exhibit good SERS activity and the electrochemial behavor is similar to traditional bulk Pt electrode with polymorphic crystal Structure.
(2) In-situ SERS combined with CV was utilized to investigate the electrocatalytic oxidation behaviors of Methanol、Formaldehyde and formic acid adsorbed on Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra with high quality was acquired. Results showed that the Methanol and Formaldehyde could dissociate spontaneously to produce strongly adsorbed intermediate, CO, in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media on Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles. Au_(core)@Pt_(shell) nanoparticles exhibited better electro-catalytic properties for the oxidation of formaldehyde in alkaline media than in acidic or neutral media. A peak of HCOO, the weakly adsorbed intermediate of the dissociative adsorption of formic acid were successfully obtained for the first time. At the same time, the peak of the finally oxidized product CO_2 of formic acid was also detected. The dual path reaction mechanism for the oxidation of formic acid was confirmed at molecular level.
(3) Transitional metal hollow nanospheres were synthesized using selenium nanoparticles as template. The samples were characterized by SEM、TEM、SAED,etc. The SERS activity of Au hollow nanospheres was measured by using Pyridine and SCN- as the probe molecule, the surface enhancement factor of Pyridine from gold hollow nanospheres reaches as high as 7.6×10~4 . The electrocatalytic activity of Platinum hollow nanospheres was measured by using methanol as the probe molecule. The results showed that the onset potential of methanol electrocatalytic oxidation on Platinum hollow nanospheres is negatively shifted about 200 mV than Platinum nanospheres and Platinumblack, the peak current density of methanol electrocatalytic oxidation on Platinum hollow nanospheres is 2~3 times as large as Platinum nanospheres and Platinumblack. It also reveals good stability of electrocatalytic oxidation after CV scanning for a long time.
引文
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