基于网格计算的分布式仿真关键问题研究
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摘要
分布式仿真技术以其灵活、高效和经济的特点在短短的几十年时间内得到了迅猛的发展,并广泛应用于航空、军事、社会经济及游戏娱乐等诸多领域,成为人们进行系统分析、设计、测试、试验、预测及操作训练的有力工具。分布式仿真技术已经成为了继理论研究和实验研究之外,人们认识和改造客观世界的第三种重要手段。高层体系结构(High Level Architecture,HLA)着眼于解决分布式仿真的互操作和可重用问题,已成为构建分布式仿真系统的事实标准。基于HLA的分布式仿真技术在众多领域都得到了广泛的应用。但是,随着仿真应用领域的不断扩大,仿真系统的规模和复杂度也不断提高,对计算资源、存储资源、通信资源以及专用仿真软硬件的要求也越来越高。传统基于HLA的仿真应用正越来越多地受到计算资源利用率相对低下、缺乏动态负载平衡能力和有效的安全机制、海量数据难以存储和及时有效处理等诸多问题的困扰,这已成为制约HLA在大规模分布式仿真领域进一步发展的瓶颈。近年来,网格技术和Web服务技术的出现,为解决传统HLA仿真应用存在的问题提供了一个新的途径,基于网格技术的HLA仿真技术逐渐成为了仿真领域的研究热点。本文利用网格服务相关技术,提出了一个用于构建大规模、跨网络的分布式应用的框架GADS,并就基于网格服务的分布式仿真系统的若干关键问题进行了深入研究和探讨。论文的主要研究内容包括:
针对基于HLA的分布式仿真技术存在的不足,分析了当前流行的解决方案及其优缺点,确定了基于网格计算和Web服务的分布式仿真的研究方向,并设计了基于网格计算的分布式仿真框架GADS。该框架中创新性地引入了仿真代理层的概念,通过代理层的引入,提高了仿真的灵活性和性能。在GADS仿真框架的基础上,提出了基于GADS的分布式仿真系统构建方法和构建流程;并分析了基于GADS框架的分布式仿真交互运行过程。
研究了GADS框架下的仿真任务调度服务及负载平衡策略。定义了基于主机负载平衡度及网络通信代价的仿真任务调度算法评价标准,并以此为目标函数设计了基于无向完全图UCG的仿真任务调度算法。在此基础上,针对大多数分布式仿真呈现出通信交互密集的特征,进一步提出了基于UCG的通信优先两级调度算法,并分析了该算法的优点及应用场合。针对动态调度问题,定义了系统负载平衡度概念及计算方式,并提出了GADS框架下的负载平衡策略。借助于GADS框架中引入的仿真代理层,对现有邦员迁移算法进行优化,设计了一个免冻结的仿真邦员迁移协议GFMP。该协议采用两阶段迁移的方式,并且在迁移过程中只需修改仿真代理的代理对象,仿真源节点和目标节点可以在一定的程度上重叠运行,从而无需在迁移过程中冻结整个仿真的执行,有效提高了实施负载平衡的效率。
HLA时间管理作为分布式仿真开发过程中的可选服务,提供了多种时间管理策略,但都还不够成熟,存在着诸多问题。本文对流行的保守时间推进机制进行了全面研究,分析了基于时间前瞻量和GALT的保守时间推进算法的代价及死锁问题;并在重点分析经典的Frederick算法的基础上,设计了一个基于GALT的保守时间推进改进算法,该改进算法可以避免Frederick算法中出现的死锁问题。针对乐观时间推进策略,提出了检查点设置周期算法,该算法综合考虑了回滚概率和可能回滚长度两个因素,通过合理的检查点设置,实现了对常规乐观时间推进算法的性能优化。创新性地将向量时间引入到乐观时间推进机制研究中,并定义了向量时间更新策略,进而提出回滚向量的概念并利用经典仿真推进案例分析了基于向量时间的回滚算法,在此基础上设计了基于向量时间的分布式仿真乐观推进算法。
鉴于HLA规范在仿真安全管理方面的缺失,在GADS框架下设计了分布式仿真安全体系结构,并给出了GADS框架下的安全策略。针对在开放网络中进行安全分布式仿真问题,提出了一个零副作用的组密钥更新算法,算法避免了基于树结构的密钥更新算法的弊端,在成员加入或退出时,可以在不影响其余组员的情况下更新组密钥。该算法不仅可以应用于基于GADS框架的分布式仿真中,也可以应用于其他所有需要安全组播通信的场景。另外,设计了一个基于可信计算的可信传输协议,用于在开放的网络环境下进行可信的数据传输,该协议可应用于邦员跨安全域迁移的情况,也适用于其他需要进行可信传输的场景。
在GADS仿真框架的基础上,设计实现了一个分布式测试仿真系统,该系统作为2008年度总装重点试验项目主要内容,目前已经投入试运行,系统各项指标均达到标准,运行状况良好。目前该项目正在申请全军科技进步一等奖。
In less than several decade, distributed simulation has gained a rapid development for its flexibility, efficiency and economical characteristics and has been applied in many fields such as avigation, military, social economics, entertainment and so on. The distributed simulation has been taken as a powerful tool in system analysis, design, testing, experiments, forecasting and operation training. Distributed simulation has become the third important method to understand and transform the objective world besides theory research and experiment. With a view to resolve interoperability and reuseability of distributed simulation, HLA has become the IEEE standard to construct distributed simulation. Distributed simulation based on HLA is applied more and more in military, avigation, weather, industry control, bioengineering and many other fields. With the extending use of simulation application, the scale and complexity of simulation system has increased, at the same time, the requirements for computing resources, storage resources, communication resources and special simulation instruments have also increased. Simulation application based on HLA is bothered more and more by some problems like relative low efficiency of computing resource usage, lack of dynamic load balance capability, lack of effective security mechanism, difficulty to save and deal with the vast data in time and effectively, which have become the bottleneck to construct the large scale distributed simulation tasks exactly and efficiently. In recent years, the grid computing and web services technologies provide a new approach to solve those problems of the traditional simulation based on HLA. The research of Grid-based HLA simulation technology has become a hot issue in simulation field. To resolve the above problems of HLA, by using grid computing technology this dissertation proposes a GADS framework to construct large scale and across-network distributed application, researches and discusses some key problems thoroughly. The main innovation achievements are listed as follow.
By analyzing and researching the shortcomings of traditional distributed simulation framework, an advanced GADS framework is introduced, using the creative concept of simulation agent layer in order to improve the flexibility and capability of simulation under the GADS framework, the construction flow and the simulation interaction of distributed simulation had also been discussed.
The simulation task scheduling service and load balance scheme of GADS had been studied and a schedule evaluation standard based on load balance and network traffic condition had been defined here. Then, taking it as a target function, simulation task scheduling algorithm based on UCG(Undirected Complete Graph) was proposed. Aimed at the characteristics that most distributed simulations are communications intensive, a communications preferred two stage scheduling algorithm based on UCG has been designed, and furthermore its advantage and application situation had been analyzed . As to dynamic scheduling problem,the definition of system load balance degree has been forwarded, and taking this as the basis, the load balance strategy under GADS framework was developed. By introducing simulation agent layer into GADS framework, the existing federate migratioin algorithm has been optimized and a freeze free federate migration protocol GFMP, which could just change the agent target of simulation agent in transfer process to ensure simulation source node and destination node overlap to some extent, has been designed. It would result in no need for suspending simulation execution during migrating, which would improve the efficiency of the whole simulation.
As an optional service in distributed simulation system, HLA time management service provided many time management strategies, which are not mature enough. This dissertation researched thoroughly the present popular conservative time advanced mechanism, took the conservative time advanced algorithm based on lookahead and GALT as a example and analyzed its overhead and deadlock problem,then based on the analysis of classical Frederick algorithm, a improved conservative time advanced algorithm based on GALT has been designed which could avoid the deadlock appearing in Frederick algorithm. Aimed at optimistic time advanced mechanism, a checkpoint setting algorithm has been proposed which considered both rollback probability and rollback distance and through reasonable setup of checkpoints, the performance optimization of routine optimistic time advanced mechanism could be realized. Vector time was introduced creatively into the study of optimistic time advanced mechanism. Vector time updating scheme has been defined, moreover the conception of rollback vector has been introduced and those rollback algorithm based on vector time had been analyzed by using classical simulation advancing examples. On this basis, distributed simulation optimistic time advanced algorithm based on vector time has been designed. Considering the deficiency of HLA standard in simulation security management, distributed simulation security system structure was designed under the GADS framework and the security strategy under GADS frame was proposed. Based on trusted platform technology, we propose a group rekeying scheme which is stateless, needs no key server (i.e. distributed) and remains zero side effect on other members in the same group no matter which kind of change in membership happens. This algorithm could be applied not only in distributed simulation on GADS framework, but also in the other situations that need security group communication. In addition, a trusted transfer protocol based on trusted computimg for data transmission in open network environment has been designed. This protocol could be applied in federation migration across domain situation and also in other situations needing trusted transmission.
On the basis of GADS simulation framework, a distributed testing simulation system was realized, which is one of the key experiment program of national defense in 2008 and has been put into preoperation. All performance parameters in this system have met the standard and the system is executed in satisfactory working order. This program is on the application for the first prize of Army Science and Technology Progress.
针对基于HLA的分布式仿真技术存在的不足,分析了当前流行的解决方案及其优缺点,确定了基于网格计算和Web服务的分布式仿真的研究方向,并设计了基于网格计算的分布式仿真框架GADS。该框架中创新性地引入了仿真代理层的概念,通过代理层的引入,提高了仿真的灵活性和性能。在GADS仿真框架的基础上,提出了基于GADS的分布式仿真系统构建方法和构建流程;并分析了基于GADS框架的分布式仿真交互运行过程。
研究了GADS框架下的仿真任务调度服务及负载平衡策略。定义了基于主机负载平衡度及网络通信代价的仿真任务调度算法评价标准,并以此为目标函数设计了基于无向完全图UCG的仿真任务调度算法。在此基础上,针对大多数分布式仿真呈现出通信交互密集的特征,进一步提出了基于UCG的通信优先两级调度算法,并分析了该算法的优点及应用场合。针对动态调度问题,定义了系统负载平衡度概念及计算方式,并提出了GADS框架下的负载平衡策略。借助于GADS框架中引入的仿真代理层,对现有邦员迁移算法进行优化,设计了一个免冻结的仿真邦员迁移协议GFMP。该协议采用两阶段迁移的方式,并且在迁移过程中只需修改仿真代理的代理对象,仿真源节点和目标节点可以在一定的程度上重叠运行,从而无需在迁移过程中冻结整个仿真的执行,有效提高了实施负载平衡的效率。
HLA时间管理作为分布式仿真开发过程中的可选服务,提供了多种时间管理策略,但都还不够成熟,存在着诸多问题。本文对流行的保守时间推进机制进行了全面研究,分析了基于时间前瞻量和GALT的保守时间推进算法的代价及死锁问题;并在重点分析经典的Frederick算法的基础上,设计了一个基于GALT的保守时间推进改进算法,该改进算法可以避免Frederick算法中出现的死锁问题。针对乐观时间推进策略,提出了检查点设置周期算法,该算法综合考虑了回滚概率和可能回滚长度两个因素,通过合理的检查点设置,实现了对常规乐观时间推进算法的性能优化。创新性地将向量时间引入到乐观时间推进机制研究中,并定义了向量时间更新策略,进而提出回滚向量的概念并利用经典仿真推进案例分析了基于向量时间的回滚算法,在此基础上设计了基于向量时间的分布式仿真乐观推进算法。
鉴于HLA规范在仿真安全管理方面的缺失,在GADS框架下设计了分布式仿真安全体系结构,并给出了GADS框架下的安全策略。针对在开放网络中进行安全分布式仿真问题,提出了一个零副作用的组密钥更新算法,算法避免了基于树结构的密钥更新算法的弊端,在成员加入或退出时,可以在不影响其余组员的情况下更新组密钥。该算法不仅可以应用于基于GADS框架的分布式仿真中,也可以应用于其他所有需要安全组播通信的场景。另外,设计了一个基于可信计算的可信传输协议,用于在开放的网络环境下进行可信的数据传输,该协议可应用于邦员跨安全域迁移的情况,也适用于其他需要进行可信传输的场景。
在GADS仿真框架的基础上,设计实现了一个分布式测试仿真系统,该系统作为2008年度总装重点试验项目主要内容,目前已经投入试运行,系统各项指标均达到标准,运行状况良好。目前该项目正在申请全军科技进步一等奖。
In less than several decade, distributed simulation has gained a rapid development for its flexibility, efficiency and economical characteristics and has been applied in many fields such as avigation, military, social economics, entertainment and so on. The distributed simulation has been taken as a powerful tool in system analysis, design, testing, experiments, forecasting and operation training. Distributed simulation has become the third important method to understand and transform the objective world besides theory research and experiment. With a view to resolve interoperability and reuseability of distributed simulation, HLA has become the IEEE standard to construct distributed simulation. Distributed simulation based on HLA is applied more and more in military, avigation, weather, industry control, bioengineering and many other fields. With the extending use of simulation application, the scale and complexity of simulation system has increased, at the same time, the requirements for computing resources, storage resources, communication resources and special simulation instruments have also increased. Simulation application based on HLA is bothered more and more by some problems like relative low efficiency of computing resource usage, lack of dynamic load balance capability, lack of effective security mechanism, difficulty to save and deal with the vast data in time and effectively, which have become the bottleneck to construct the large scale distributed simulation tasks exactly and efficiently. In recent years, the grid computing and web services technologies provide a new approach to solve those problems of the traditional simulation based on HLA. The research of Grid-based HLA simulation technology has become a hot issue in simulation field. To resolve the above problems of HLA, by using grid computing technology this dissertation proposes a GADS framework to construct large scale and across-network distributed application, researches and discusses some key problems thoroughly. The main innovation achievements are listed as follow.
By analyzing and researching the shortcomings of traditional distributed simulation framework, an advanced GADS framework is introduced, using the creative concept of simulation agent layer in order to improve the flexibility and capability of simulation under the GADS framework, the construction flow and the simulation interaction of distributed simulation had also been discussed.
The simulation task scheduling service and load balance scheme of GADS had been studied and a schedule evaluation standard based on load balance and network traffic condition had been defined here. Then, taking it as a target function, simulation task scheduling algorithm based on UCG(Undirected Complete Graph) was proposed. Aimed at the characteristics that most distributed simulations are communications intensive, a communications preferred two stage scheduling algorithm based on UCG has been designed, and furthermore its advantage and application situation had been analyzed . As to dynamic scheduling problem,the definition of system load balance degree has been forwarded, and taking this as the basis, the load balance strategy under GADS framework was developed. By introducing simulation agent layer into GADS framework, the existing federate migratioin algorithm has been optimized and a freeze free federate migration protocol GFMP, which could just change the agent target of simulation agent in transfer process to ensure simulation source node and destination node overlap to some extent, has been designed. It would result in no need for suspending simulation execution during migrating, which would improve the efficiency of the whole simulation.
As an optional service in distributed simulation system, HLA time management service provided many time management strategies, which are not mature enough. This dissertation researched thoroughly the present popular conservative time advanced mechanism, took the conservative time advanced algorithm based on lookahead and GALT as a example and analyzed its overhead and deadlock problem,then based on the analysis of classical Frederick algorithm, a improved conservative time advanced algorithm based on GALT has been designed which could avoid the deadlock appearing in Frederick algorithm. Aimed at optimistic time advanced mechanism, a checkpoint setting algorithm has been proposed which considered both rollback probability and rollback distance and through reasonable setup of checkpoints, the performance optimization of routine optimistic time advanced mechanism could be realized. Vector time was introduced creatively into the study of optimistic time advanced mechanism. Vector time updating scheme has been defined, moreover the conception of rollback vector has been introduced and those rollback algorithm based on vector time had been analyzed by using classical simulation advancing examples. On this basis, distributed simulation optimistic time advanced algorithm based on vector time has been designed. Considering the deficiency of HLA standard in simulation security management, distributed simulation security system structure was designed under the GADS framework and the security strategy under GADS frame was proposed. Based on trusted platform technology, we propose a group rekeying scheme which is stateless, needs no key server (i.e. distributed) and remains zero side effect on other members in the same group no matter which kind of change in membership happens. This algorithm could be applied not only in distributed simulation on GADS framework, but also in the other situations that need security group communication. In addition, a trusted transfer protocol based on trusted computimg for data transmission in open network environment has been designed. This protocol could be applied in federation migration across domain situation and also in other situations needing trusted transmission.
On the basis of GADS simulation framework, a distributed testing simulation system was realized, which is one of the key experiment program of national defense in 2008 and has been put into preoperation. All performance parameters in this system have met the standard and the system is executed in satisfactory working order. This program is on the application for the first prize of Army Science and Technology Progress.
引文
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