纳米多孔金对CO、葡萄糖及苯甲醇氧化的催化性能研究
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摘要
很久以来,金都被认为是无催化活性的惰性金属。但自从Haruta发现高分散性负载型纳米金颗粒在低温下对CO氧化有很高的催化活性以来,金的催化性能引起了科学界的广泛关注。纳米金被广泛用于各种重要的催化反应,气相反应如CO的选择性氧化、氮氧化物的还原、水汽转换反应以及丙烯的环氧化,液相反应如苯甲醇、乙二醇、甘油、环己烯、苯乙烯的氧化以及过氧化氢的合成等。纳米多孔金(Nanoporous gold,简称NPG)作为一种全新的纳米金材料,近几年对其性质特别是催化性能的研究成为热点。NPG是用去合金法将金银合金中的银腐蚀掉而形成的一种拥有独特的双连续多孔结构的纳米多孔材料。作为一种无负载的金催化剂,NPG对许多反应,如CO低温氧化、甲醇电氧化以及过氧化氢的还原,都有良好的催化活性。
本文中我们进行了纳米多孔金催化剂对CO、葡萄糖和苯甲醇氧化的催化性能研究。其主要内容包括:
1、制备了残留银含量不同的NPG催化剂,对其形貌和表面金银比例进行了表征,研究了NPG中残留银含量在常温及变温条件下对CO氧化反应的催化活性的影响。结果发现残留Ag的存在对NPG催化氧化CO的活性起重要的作用。NPG的催化活性与其含银量及银的表面氧化态有密切关系,而受孔壁尺寸大小的影响不明显。常温下NPG样品对CO的催化活性很低,而且残留银含量越高催化活性越低。含有适量残留银的NPG样品在＞150℃的O_2气氛中退火或经升温(＞150℃)CO氧化反应后,即使温度降低至50℃仍对CO氧化表现出显著的催化活性,虽然其孔壁尺寸由于经过高温过程已达到50 nm以上。在变温反应过程中,NPG样品中由于残留银量的不同而显示出了不同的催化特性,很多特征与文献报道的负载型Au/Ag合金催化剂的性能相似,因此含有一定量残留银的NPG催化剂事实上是一种全新的无负载纳米多孔Au/Ag合金催化剂,其孔壁表面的Au/Ag原子比例约为2:1时表现出最好的催化活性。我们认为NPG孔壁表面的Ag在氧化气氛下升温过程中可能形成了一层表面类氧化银结构,而这种结构对CO的催化氧化起到了至关重要的作用。
2、研究了纳米多孔金中羟基的存在对NPG催化氧化CO活性的促进作用,结果显示经过碱溶液浸泡处理的NPG对CO氧化的催化活性大大提高。经1M NaOH溶液(pH14)720 min浸泡处理的多孔金NPG-720,室温下(25℃)其对CO氧化的催化活性比未处理样品提高了约十倍,并且在较高温度下能一直保持高活性,稳定性非常好。采用氨水为碱溶液的对比实验表明NPG活性的大幅提高是羟基OH~-起关键作用而不是Na~+离子。研究还表明碱溶液的pH值以及浸泡时间是决定羟基促进效应强弱及稳定性大小的两个关键因素。研究结果还显示,NPG催化剂中的银残留量不同,羟基对其活性促进作用的程度不同,银残留量越低,羟基的活性促进效应越强。如残留银含量较高的多孔金NPG-16经碱溶液浸泡处理后,室温下对CO氧化的催化活性几乎没有促进作用,但在升温反应过程中其活性却大大提高。
3、分别采用电化学腐蚀和自由腐蚀的方法制备了不同孔壁尺寸的NPG催化剂,不同残留银含量的NPG催化剂,研究了NPG孔壁尺寸及银残留量对D-葡萄糖氧化的催化活性影响。结果显示小孔径多孔金NPG-15(孔壁尺寸6 nm)的催化活性要远高于大孔径多孔金NPG-720(孔壁尺寸30 nm)。研究还显示,多孔金催化剂中的残留银含量越高,其催化活性越低,银的存在对催化葡萄糖氧化反应是不利的。此外,我们制备了多孔AuPt合金,结果发现Pt的引入可使多孔金催化剂的催化稳定性大大提高。
4、开展了NPG在无溶剂体系下对苯甲醇选择性催化氧化为苯甲醛的研究。实验证明反应温度越高,苯甲醇的转化率和生成苯甲醛的选择性越高;氧分压越高,苯甲醇的转化率也越高,而生成苯甲醛的选择性却越低。每个温度下反应的进行都需要一定的诱发时间,反应温度越低诱发时间越长,而少量水的加入却能使反应在较低温度下立即进行而无诱发时间。用淀粉KI试纸检测的方法证明在反应过程中有类过氧化物中间体生成。另外,K_2CO_3粉末的存在对NPG催化氧化苯甲醇有较明显的促进作用。
Gold has been generally considered catalytically inactive for a long time. However, Haruta et al. reported that nanosized gold particles supported on oxides show high catalytic activity for CO oxidation, and then supported gold catalysts attracted increasing interest because they exhibited exceptional catalytic activity. Nanogold was widely used for many important reactions, for gas phase reaction including the selective oxidation of CO, NO reduction, water gas shift reaction and epoxidation of propene; for liquid phase reaction including the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, glycol, glycerol, cyclohexene and styrene, as well as the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, and so on. In recent years, studying on the properties of nanoporous gold (NPG), especially its catalytic performance, has become a new hotspot. NPG, made by dealloying of Ag from Ag/Au alloys, has a unique bi-continuous foam structure. As an unsupported gold catalyst, NPG has displayed exceptional catalytic performances for many reactions, such as low-temperature CO oxidation, electro-oxidation of methanol and reduction of hydrogen peroxide.
In this paper, we carried out the studying on the catalytic performance of NPG for CO, D-glucose and benzyl alcohol oxidation.
1. NPG catalysts with various residual silver contents were fabricated, and their micro-morphologies were characterized; then we investigated the effect of residual Ag on the catalytic activity of NPG for CO oxidation at room temperature and changing temperature, the results showed that the existence of Ag played a key role for the CO oxidation. The catalytic activity of these NPG catalysts for CO oxidation is closely correlation with surface silver contents and oxidation state, whereas the ligament size effect is not obvious. The original NPG samples exhibited very low catalytic activity for CO oxidation at room temperature, and the presence of residual Ag is found to be unfavorable under this condition. Upon Pretreated in oxygen at elevated temperature (above 150℃), NPG with appropriate Ag residues showed enhanced catalytic activity for CO oxidation at low temperature, though the ligament sizes dramatically increased to above 50 nm synchronously. Especially, for the temperature changing reaction, these samples exhibited a similar catalytic performance to supported Au/Ag alloy particle catalysts previous reported, which strongly implies NPG with certain Ag residues to be virtually a novel unsupported nanoporous Au/Ag alloy catalyst, and the best activity can be obtained with surface Au/Ag ratio around 2:1. We suppose that a thin surface silver oxide-like structure on NPG ligaments might play an important role for the catalytic activity of these catalysts toward CO oxidation.
2. According to the corresponding references, we reported the promotional effect of hydroxyl on the CO oxidation over nanoporous gold (NPG) catalysts. The experimental results showed that the catalytic activity of NPG catalyst pretreated with alkaline solution was enhanced obviously; ammonia comparative experiment proved that OH~- was the promoter, not Na~+; the high catalytic activity of alkaline pretreatment NPG catalysts for CO oxidation was closely related with pH value of alkaline solution and immersing time; moreover, an investigation of the catalytic activity of NPG-16 (24.9at%Ag) pretreated with alkaline solution for CO oxidation was carried out, and we got that after being pretreated with alkaline solution the activity of this sample was still very low at temperature, while increasing temperature a significant activity increasing was obtained.
3. We prepared two different sizes NPG samples with electrochemical corrosion method and free corrosion method, respectively; subsequently, we used these samples as catalysts for D-glucose oxidation, obtaining that the catalytic activity of 6nm NPG sample was much higher than the 30nm one's. Meanwhile, the effect of residual Ag on catalytic activity of free corrosion NPG for D-glucose oxidation was investigated, and the more Ag residues, the less catalytic activity; moreover, nanoporous Au-Pt alloy was made, and the addition of Pt greatly improved the catalytic stability for D-glucose oxidation.
4. We took NPG as the catalyst for solvent-free selective oxidizing benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Experiment showed that increasing the temperature increased the conversion of benzyl alcohol and the selectivity of benzaldehyde; however, the increasing of pO_2 increased the conversion of benzyl alcohol, whereas reduced the selectivity of benzaldehyde. An induction phase was needed before the reaction carryied out, and the lower reaction temperature, the longer induction phase, but the addition of a little water could initiate this reaction under lower temperature. The result of KI-containing starch detection showed that hydroperoxy species were probably involved in the oxidation as intermediate. Moreover, the introducing of anhydrous K_2CO_3 significantly promoted the activity of NPG catalyst for benzyl alcohol oxidation.
本文中我们进行了纳米多孔金催化剂对CO、葡萄糖和苯甲醇氧化的催化性能研究。其主要内容包括:
1、制备了残留银含量不同的NPG催化剂,对其形貌和表面金银比例进行了表征,研究了NPG中残留银含量在常温及变温条件下对CO氧化反应的催化活性的影响。结果发现残留Ag的存在对NPG催化氧化CO的活性起重要的作用。NPG的催化活性与其含银量及银的表面氧化态有密切关系,而受孔壁尺寸大小的影响不明显。常温下NPG样品对CO的催化活性很低,而且残留银含量越高催化活性越低。含有适量残留银的NPG样品在＞150℃的O_2气氛中退火或经升温(＞150℃)CO氧化反应后,即使温度降低至50℃仍对CO氧化表现出显著的催化活性,虽然其孔壁尺寸由于经过高温过程已达到50 nm以上。在变温反应过程中,NPG样品中由于残留银量的不同而显示出了不同的催化特性,很多特征与文献报道的负载型Au/Ag合金催化剂的性能相似,因此含有一定量残留银的NPG催化剂事实上是一种全新的无负载纳米多孔Au/Ag合金催化剂,其孔壁表面的Au/Ag原子比例约为2:1时表现出最好的催化活性。我们认为NPG孔壁表面的Ag在氧化气氛下升温过程中可能形成了一层表面类氧化银结构,而这种结构对CO的催化氧化起到了至关重要的作用。
2、研究了纳米多孔金中羟基的存在对NPG催化氧化CO活性的促进作用,结果显示经过碱溶液浸泡处理的NPG对CO氧化的催化活性大大提高。经1M NaOH溶液(pH14)720 min浸泡处理的多孔金NPG-720,室温下(25℃)其对CO氧化的催化活性比未处理样品提高了约十倍,并且在较高温度下能一直保持高活性,稳定性非常好。采用氨水为碱溶液的对比实验表明NPG活性的大幅提高是羟基OH~-起关键作用而不是Na~+离子。研究还表明碱溶液的pH值以及浸泡时间是决定羟基促进效应强弱及稳定性大小的两个关键因素。研究结果还显示,NPG催化剂中的银残留量不同,羟基对其活性促进作用的程度不同,银残留量越低,羟基的活性促进效应越强。如残留银含量较高的多孔金NPG-16经碱溶液浸泡处理后,室温下对CO氧化的催化活性几乎没有促进作用,但在升温反应过程中其活性却大大提高。
3、分别采用电化学腐蚀和自由腐蚀的方法制备了不同孔壁尺寸的NPG催化剂,不同残留银含量的NPG催化剂,研究了NPG孔壁尺寸及银残留量对D-葡萄糖氧化的催化活性影响。结果显示小孔径多孔金NPG-15(孔壁尺寸6 nm)的催化活性要远高于大孔径多孔金NPG-720(孔壁尺寸30 nm)。研究还显示,多孔金催化剂中的残留银含量越高,其催化活性越低,银的存在对催化葡萄糖氧化反应是不利的。此外,我们制备了多孔AuPt合金,结果发现Pt的引入可使多孔金催化剂的催化稳定性大大提高。
4、开展了NPG在无溶剂体系下对苯甲醇选择性催化氧化为苯甲醛的研究。实验证明反应温度越高,苯甲醇的转化率和生成苯甲醛的选择性越高;氧分压越高,苯甲醇的转化率也越高,而生成苯甲醛的选择性却越低。每个温度下反应的进行都需要一定的诱发时间,反应温度越低诱发时间越长,而少量水的加入却能使反应在较低温度下立即进行而无诱发时间。用淀粉KI试纸检测的方法证明在反应过程中有类过氧化物中间体生成。另外,K_2CO_3粉末的存在对NPG催化氧化苯甲醇有较明显的促进作用。
Gold has been generally considered catalytically inactive for a long time. However, Haruta et al. reported that nanosized gold particles supported on oxides show high catalytic activity for CO oxidation, and then supported gold catalysts attracted increasing interest because they exhibited exceptional catalytic activity. Nanogold was widely used for many important reactions, for gas phase reaction including the selective oxidation of CO, NO reduction, water gas shift reaction and epoxidation of propene; for liquid phase reaction including the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, glycol, glycerol, cyclohexene and styrene, as well as the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, and so on. In recent years, studying on the properties of nanoporous gold (NPG), especially its catalytic performance, has become a new hotspot. NPG, made by dealloying of Ag from Ag/Au alloys, has a unique bi-continuous foam structure. As an unsupported gold catalyst, NPG has displayed exceptional catalytic performances for many reactions, such as low-temperature CO oxidation, electro-oxidation of methanol and reduction of hydrogen peroxide.
In this paper, we carried out the studying on the catalytic performance of NPG for CO, D-glucose and benzyl alcohol oxidation.
1. NPG catalysts with various residual silver contents were fabricated, and their micro-morphologies were characterized; then we investigated the effect of residual Ag on the catalytic activity of NPG for CO oxidation at room temperature and changing temperature, the results showed that the existence of Ag played a key role for the CO oxidation. The catalytic activity of these NPG catalysts for CO oxidation is closely correlation with surface silver contents and oxidation state, whereas the ligament size effect is not obvious. The original NPG samples exhibited very low catalytic activity for CO oxidation at room temperature, and the presence of residual Ag is found to be unfavorable under this condition. Upon Pretreated in oxygen at elevated temperature (above 150℃), NPG with appropriate Ag residues showed enhanced catalytic activity for CO oxidation at low temperature, though the ligament sizes dramatically increased to above 50 nm synchronously. Especially, for the temperature changing reaction, these samples exhibited a similar catalytic performance to supported Au/Ag alloy particle catalysts previous reported, which strongly implies NPG with certain Ag residues to be virtually a novel unsupported nanoporous Au/Ag alloy catalyst, and the best activity can be obtained with surface Au/Ag ratio around 2:1. We suppose that a thin surface silver oxide-like structure on NPG ligaments might play an important role for the catalytic activity of these catalysts toward CO oxidation.
2. According to the corresponding references, we reported the promotional effect of hydroxyl on the CO oxidation over nanoporous gold (NPG) catalysts. The experimental results showed that the catalytic activity of NPG catalyst pretreated with alkaline solution was enhanced obviously; ammonia comparative experiment proved that OH~- was the promoter, not Na~+; the high catalytic activity of alkaline pretreatment NPG catalysts for CO oxidation was closely related with pH value of alkaline solution and immersing time; moreover, an investigation of the catalytic activity of NPG-16 (24.9at%Ag) pretreated with alkaline solution for CO oxidation was carried out, and we got that after being pretreated with alkaline solution the activity of this sample was still very low at temperature, while increasing temperature a significant activity increasing was obtained.
3. We prepared two different sizes NPG samples with electrochemical corrosion method and free corrosion method, respectively; subsequently, we used these samples as catalysts for D-glucose oxidation, obtaining that the catalytic activity of 6nm NPG sample was much higher than the 30nm one's. Meanwhile, the effect of residual Ag on catalytic activity of free corrosion NPG for D-glucose oxidation was investigated, and the more Ag residues, the less catalytic activity; moreover, nanoporous Au-Pt alloy was made, and the addition of Pt greatly improved the catalytic stability for D-glucose oxidation.
4. We took NPG as the catalyst for solvent-free selective oxidizing benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Experiment showed that increasing the temperature increased the conversion of benzyl alcohol and the selectivity of benzaldehyde; however, the increasing of pO_2 increased the conversion of benzyl alcohol, whereas reduced the selectivity of benzaldehyde. An induction phase was needed before the reaction carryied out, and the lower reaction temperature, the longer induction phase, but the addition of a little water could initiate this reaction under lower temperature. The result of KI-containing starch detection showed that hydroperoxy species were probably involved in the oxidation as intermediate. Moreover, the introducing of anhydrous K_2CO_3 significantly promoted the activity of NPG catalyst for benzyl alcohol oxidation.
引文
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