乒乓球运动员对发球旋转知觉判断的认知神经机制研究
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摘要
本论文在当前运动技术动作模式识别研究的基础上，依据特征整合理论、模式识别特征说、抑制控制理论、激活扩散理论。提出：1、在体育运动中，一个完整的技术动作其实质就是一个完整的信息结构模式，对动作的判断，实际上就是对运动信息结构模式的识别；2、运动员在运动经验的作用下，对原信息模式进行简化，从快速、完整的信息流中提取其中的某个或某些特征，依据这些特征值或有限的特征值所组成的客体进行信息加工，完成对运动信息的判断、决策和反应，这两个基本假设。具体操作过程采用“专家—新手”研究范式，“Oddball”、“Go/NoGo”、“Cuing”等实验范式，实验室实验的研究方法进行研究。从运动学和运动生物力学的角度，分析乒乓球旋转产生的力学基础，利用电脑3D技术模拟制作从单一特征到三特征组成客体的乒乓球发球信息结构模式图片，以乒乓球二级运动员和专项大学生对发球旋转进行知觉判断为研究内容，使用E-prime2.0心理实验软件、64导脑电（ERPs）记录分析系统和16导肌电（sEMG）测试系统等仪器设备，比较两组被试利用单一特征到三特征组成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转方式过程中，反应时、反应正确率肌电（sEMG）活动值及脑电（ERPs）活动值等项指标的差异，通过三个研究、六个实验来验证上述假设，进而探寻乒乓球运动员对发球旋转知觉判断所利用的信息结构模式，揭示模式识别过程的神经机制。
研究结果：1、乒乓球运动员在利用单一特征信息判断发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层的枕区诱发出比较明显的C1、P1成分，中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分，额-中央区、顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员对单一特征信息感知阶段，大脑皮层激活程度较高，体现了长期运动训练导致运动员大脑可塑性变化，表现为对与专项运动相关的刺激物理特征十分敏感；（2）乒乓球运动员对单一特征信息识别阶段，大脑皮层激活程度较高，识别速度快，投入的心理资源较多。2、乒乓球运动员在利用单一特征信息判断乒乓球发球旋转并进行反应的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N2、P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的速度快、准确性高，特别是在识别阳性刺激（Go）的过程中，这种优势尤为明显，在Go条件下的识别正确率显著高于NoGo条件；（2）乒乓球运动员在Go和NoGo条件下，额、中央区比专项大学生均有更大程度的激活；（3）乒乓球运动员在N2、P3成分上出现了明显的Go/NoGo效应，即更大的NoGo-N2波幅和NoGo-P3波幅，说明乒乓球运动员抑制功能较强。3、乒乓球运动员在利用两个特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的N1、P2成分，额-中央区诱发出比较明显N2、P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的准确性高，但识别速度优势不明显，运动员更倾向于准确的反应；（2）乒乓球员对两个特征信息的感知阶段，大脑皮层激活时程短，注意集中度高，特征整合速度快；（3）乒乓球员对两个特征信息的识别阶段，对刺激分类时节省的时间和资源主要用于后期对刺激具体含义的深层次加工。4、乒乓球运动员在不同提示条件下利用两个特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分，额-中央区、顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的速度快、准确性高，体现出明显的专家优势，并且在行为特征上出现了显著的提示效应；（2）乒乓球运动员在有提示条件下感知特异性特征的速度快，大脑皮层激活程度较高，并且在N1成分波幅上体现出了显著的提示效应；（3）乒乓球运动员在有提示条件下均采取了更为有效的加工策略，促进记忆编码（心理资源投入多），并且在P3成分波幅上体现出了显著的提示效应。5、乒乓球运动员在利用三特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N1、P2成分和N2、P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的准确性高，但识别速度优势不明显，运动员更倾向于准确的反应；（2）乒乓球员对三个特征信息的感知阶段，大脑皮层激活时程短，激活程度较低，投入的心理资源较少；（3）乒乓球员对三个特征信息的识别阶段，知觉检测速度快，动用资源少，工作记忆表征更新程度大。6、乒乓球运动员在不同提示条件下利用三个特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分，额-中央区、顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的准确性高，体现出明显的专家优势，并且在识别速度上出现了显著的提示效应；（2）乒乓球运动员在有效提示条件下感知特异性特征的速度快，并且在N1成分上体现出了显著的提示效应；（3）乒乓球运动员在有提示条件下均采取了更为有效的加工策略，促进记忆编码（速度变快），并且在P3成分潜伏期上体现出了显著的提示效应。
研究结论：1、乒乓球运动员对发球旋转的知觉判断准确性的规律是一特征>三特征>二特征的一个折线变化趋势，说明对发球旋转的准确判断是依据一个动态的信息结构模式进行的；2、乒乓球运动员在运动经验的作用下，能够提取运动信息中的某个或某些关键性特征，依据这些特征或特征构成的客体完成对发球旋转的知觉判断；3、乒乓球运动员对发球旋转的知觉判断过程中能够合理的配置认知资源，一般规律是：感知阶段投入较少，消耗时间较短，额-中央区到顶-枕区特征整合功能较强，枕区对与专项运动相关的刺激物理特征相对敏感；识别阶段投入较多，消耗时间较少，额-中央区知觉检测速度快，工作记忆表征更新程度大，抑制功能较强；4、乒乓球运动员随着信息量的增加更倾向于准确的反应。由一特征增加到二特征时，表现出较强的特征整合功能；当增加到三特征时，特征分析和匹配识别阶段均投入了更少的心理资源，说明长时记忆中对发球旋转的表征方式是一个动态的信息结构模式；5、乒乓球运动员在有效提示条件下，反应得到易化，他们长时记忆中贮存的对发球旋转的表征方式被预先激活，额-中央区到顶-枕区激活时程缩短，激活程度降低，说明特征分析和匹配识别阶段均投入了更少的心理资源。
Based on researches ofsport techniquepattern recognition, this articleproposedtwo basic hypotheses according to Feature Integration Theory (FIT),FeatureTheory(FT),Inhibitory Contro1Theory(ICT),Spreading Activation Theory(SAT):1、Infact, the whole technical motionwas just the information structure pattern,athletes’judgment for the motion was just pattern recognition for motion informationstructure pattern;2、Athletes could simplifymotion information structure pattern byusing their expertise,extract one or somefeatures and accomplish the judgment,decision-making, response according to this features. In the article,“experts-novices”,“oddball”,“Go/NoGo” and “Cuing” paradigm were used toaccomplishlaboratory experiments. From the point ofkinematics and sportsbiomechanics, this article analyzed mechanics basis and manufacturedinformationstructure patternpictures on table tennisservices from one to three features by3Dtechnology. The participants(second grade table tennis athletesand majoring collegestudents) were asked to judge serve rotation on the base of the above pictures.Byusing E-prime2.0software,64-channel event-related potentials(ERPs) and16-channelsurfaceelectromyogram(sEMG) recording system, the data on reaction time (RT)andaccuracy(ACC), latency and amplitude of ERPs, the premotor time (PMT)and themotor time(MT) of sEMG was acquired to demonstrate the abovehypothesesincluding six experiments of threeresearches,exploreinformation structurepattern what table tennis athletes for perceptually judging serve rotation utilized andrevealneural mechanismofpattern recognition.
The results showed:1、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serverotation by one feature(batting parts),C1and P1components were induced in occipitalregion, N1in central region and P3in frontal-central and parietal-occipital region.(1)in the phase of perception, table tennis athletes’ cerebral cortex was activated higherlevel in comparison with majoring college students, athletes’ brain plasticity probablyoccurred because of long term exercise training, which was very sensitive to physicalfeatures of relevant movement stimuli;(2)in the phase of recognition, table tennisathletes’cerebral cortex was activated also higher with faster recognition speed, andmental resource was more devoted.2、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judgingserve rotation and response by one feature(batting parts),N2and P3components were induced in frontal-central region.(1)table tennis athletesrecognizedserve rotationmore quickly andaccurately for speciallypositive stimulus(Go) and recognizedpositive stimulus(Go) more highly than negative stimulus(NoGo);(2) table tennisathletes’ cerebral cortex was activated higher level in comparison with majoringcollege studentsin frontal-central region;(3) significant “Go/NoGo” effect wasappeared in table tennis athletes, that was greater NoGo-N2and NoGo-P3amplitude,table tennis athletes hadstrongerinhibition function.3、in the process of table tennisathletes’ judging serve rotation and response by two features(batting parts andbatangles), N1and P2components were induced in parietal-occipital region, N2andP3in frontal-central region.(1)table tennis athletesrecognizedserve rotation moreaccurately, it looked that they tend to respond more accurately;(2) in the phase ofperception, table tennis athletes’ cerebral cortex was activated in shorter time, higherattention, quicker feature integration speed;(3)in the phase of recognition, table tennisathletes saved time and resource in stimuli classification to determine implication ofstimuli later.4、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serve rotation andresponse by two features(batting parts and batangles) in three different cuingconditions, N1componentwas induced in frontal-centralregion, P3in frontal-centraland parietal-occipital region.(1) table tennis athletes recognized serve rotation morequickly and accurately,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in recognition speedand accuracy;(2) in the cuing condition, table tennis athletes’perception forspecificity features was more quickly,cerebral cortex was activated higherlevel,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in N1amplitude;(3) in the cuingcondition, table tennis athletesadopted more effectiveprocessing strategy topromotememory code (more mental resource)andsignificant “Cuing” effect wasappeared in P3amplitude.5、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serverotation and response by three features(battingparts, batangles and motor direction),N1, P2, N2and P3components were induced in frontal-central region.(1)table tennisathletesrecognizedserve rotation more accurately, it looked that they tend to respondmore accurately;(2) in the phase of perception, table tennis athletes’ cerebral cortexwas activatedless level in shorter time, mental resource was less devoted;(3)in thephase of recognition, table tennis athletes’perceptiondetection was more quickly,mental resourcewas less devoted, representation and update of working memory wasgreater.6、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serve rotation and responseby three features(batting parts, bat angles and motor direction) in three different cuingconditions, N1componentwas induced in frontal-centralregion, P3in frontal-centraland parietal-occipital region.(1) table tennis athletes recognized serve rotation more quickly and accurately,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in recognition speed;(2) in the valid cuing condition, table tennis athletes’perception for specificity featureswas more quickly,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in N1component;(3) in thecuing condition, table tennis athletesadopted more effectiveprocessing strategy topromotememory code(more quickly speed) andsignificant “Cuing” effect wasappeared in P3latency.
The conclusions were:1、table tennis athletes’ perceptually judging serverotation accurately was inclined to one feature> three features> two features, whichimplied that they were based on a dynamic information structure pattern to judgingserve rotation accurately;2、table tennis athletes could extract one or some features toaccomplish the judgment by using their expertise;3、table tennis athletes couldallocate cognitive resource, the universal law was: in the phase of perception, mentalresource was less devoted in shorter time, greater feature integration function infrontal-central and parietal-occipital region, very sensitive to physical features ofrelevant movement stimuli in occipital region; in the phase of recognition, mentalresource was more devoted in shorter time, perception detection was more quickly,greater representation and update of working memory and inhibition function;4、tabletennis athletes were inclined to response more accurately as the increasing ofinformation traffic. Mental resource was devoted less in the phase of feature analysisand matching recognition, it implied table tennis athletes’ representation was adynamic information structure pattern;5、 table tennis athletes’ response wasfacilitated under the condition of valid clues and their representation to serve rotationwas activated in advance, cerebral cortex was activated less level in shorter time infrontal-central and parietal-occipital region, it implied that mental resource wasdevoted less in the phase of feature analysis and matching recognition.
研究结果：1、乒乓球运动员在利用单一特征信息判断发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层的枕区诱发出比较明显的C1、P1成分，中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分，额-中央区、顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员对单一特征信息感知阶段，大脑皮层激活程度较高，体现了长期运动训练导致运动员大脑可塑性变化，表现为对与专项运动相关的刺激物理特征十分敏感；（2）乒乓球运动员对单一特征信息识别阶段，大脑皮层激活程度较高，识别速度快，投入的心理资源较多。2、乒乓球运动员在利用单一特征信息判断乒乓球发球旋转并进行反应的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N2、P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的速度快、准确性高，特别是在识别阳性刺激（Go）的过程中，这种优势尤为明显，在Go条件下的识别正确率显著高于NoGo条件；（2）乒乓球运动员在Go和NoGo条件下，额、中央区比专项大学生均有更大程度的激活；（3）乒乓球运动员在N2、P3成分上出现了明显的Go/NoGo效应，即更大的NoGo-N2波幅和NoGo-P3波幅，说明乒乓球运动员抑制功能较强。3、乒乓球运动员在利用两个特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的N1、P2成分，额-中央区诱发出比较明显N2、P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的准确性高，但识别速度优势不明显，运动员更倾向于准确的反应；（2）乒乓球员对两个特征信息的感知阶段，大脑皮层激活时程短，注意集中度高，特征整合速度快；（3）乒乓球员对两个特征信息的识别阶段，对刺激分类时节省的时间和资源主要用于后期对刺激具体含义的深层次加工。4、乒乓球运动员在不同提示条件下利用两个特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分，额-中央区、顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的速度快、准确性高，体现出明显的专家优势，并且在行为特征上出现了显著的提示效应；（2）乒乓球运动员在有提示条件下感知特异性特征的速度快，大脑皮层激活程度较高，并且在N1成分波幅上体现出了显著的提示效应；（3）乒乓球运动员在有提示条件下均采取了更为有效的加工策略，促进记忆编码（心理资源投入多），并且在P3成分波幅上体现出了显著的提示效应。5、乒乓球运动员在利用三特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N1、P2成分和N2、P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的准确性高，但识别速度优势不明显，运动员更倾向于准确的反应；（2）乒乓球员对三个特征信息的感知阶段，大脑皮层激活时程短，激活程度较低，投入的心理资源较少；（3）乒乓球员对三个特征信息的识别阶段，知觉检测速度快，动用资源少，工作记忆表征更新程度大。6、乒乓球运动员在不同提示条件下利用三个特征构成的客体信息判断乒乓球发球旋转的过程中，大脑皮层额-中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分，额-中央区、顶-枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分。（1）乒乓球运动员识别发球旋转方式的准确性高，体现出明显的专家优势，并且在识别速度上出现了显著的提示效应；（2）乒乓球运动员在有效提示条件下感知特异性特征的速度快，并且在N1成分上体现出了显著的提示效应；（3）乒乓球运动员在有提示条件下均采取了更为有效的加工策略，促进记忆编码（速度变快），并且在P3成分潜伏期上体现出了显著的提示效应。
研究结论：1、乒乓球运动员对发球旋转的知觉判断准确性的规律是一特征>三特征>二特征的一个折线变化趋势，说明对发球旋转的准确判断是依据一个动态的信息结构模式进行的；2、乒乓球运动员在运动经验的作用下，能够提取运动信息中的某个或某些关键性特征，依据这些特征或特征构成的客体完成对发球旋转的知觉判断；3、乒乓球运动员对发球旋转的知觉判断过程中能够合理的配置认知资源，一般规律是：感知阶段投入较少，消耗时间较短，额-中央区到顶-枕区特征整合功能较强，枕区对与专项运动相关的刺激物理特征相对敏感；识别阶段投入较多，消耗时间较少，额-中央区知觉检测速度快，工作记忆表征更新程度大，抑制功能较强；4、乒乓球运动员随着信息量的增加更倾向于准确的反应。由一特征增加到二特征时，表现出较强的特征整合功能；当增加到三特征时，特征分析和匹配识别阶段均投入了更少的心理资源，说明长时记忆中对发球旋转的表征方式是一个动态的信息结构模式；5、乒乓球运动员在有效提示条件下，反应得到易化，他们长时记忆中贮存的对发球旋转的表征方式被预先激活，额-中央区到顶-枕区激活时程缩短，激活程度降低，说明特征分析和匹配识别阶段均投入了更少的心理资源。
Based on researches ofsport techniquepattern recognition, this articleproposedtwo basic hypotheses according to Feature Integration Theory (FIT),FeatureTheory(FT),Inhibitory Contro1Theory(ICT),Spreading Activation Theory(SAT):1、Infact, the whole technical motionwas just the information structure pattern,athletes’judgment for the motion was just pattern recognition for motion informationstructure pattern;2、Athletes could simplifymotion information structure pattern byusing their expertise,extract one or somefeatures and accomplish the judgment,decision-making, response according to this features. In the article,“experts-novices”,“oddball”,“Go/NoGo” and “Cuing” paradigm were used toaccomplishlaboratory experiments. From the point ofkinematics and sportsbiomechanics, this article analyzed mechanics basis and manufacturedinformationstructure patternpictures on table tennisservices from one to three features by3Dtechnology. The participants(second grade table tennis athletesand majoring collegestudents) were asked to judge serve rotation on the base of the above pictures.Byusing E-prime2.0software,64-channel event-related potentials(ERPs) and16-channelsurfaceelectromyogram(sEMG) recording system, the data on reaction time (RT)andaccuracy(ACC), latency and amplitude of ERPs, the premotor time (PMT)and themotor time(MT) of sEMG was acquired to demonstrate the abovehypothesesincluding six experiments of threeresearches,exploreinformation structurepattern what table tennis athletes for perceptually judging serve rotation utilized andrevealneural mechanismofpattern recognition.
The results showed:1、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serverotation by one feature(batting parts),C1and P1components were induced in occipitalregion, N1in central region and P3in frontal-central and parietal-occipital region.(1)in the phase of perception, table tennis athletes’ cerebral cortex was activated higherlevel in comparison with majoring college students, athletes’ brain plasticity probablyoccurred because of long term exercise training, which was very sensitive to physicalfeatures of relevant movement stimuli;(2)in the phase of recognition, table tennisathletes’cerebral cortex was activated also higher with faster recognition speed, andmental resource was more devoted.2、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judgingserve rotation and response by one feature(batting parts),N2and P3components were induced in frontal-central region.(1)table tennis athletesrecognizedserve rotationmore quickly andaccurately for speciallypositive stimulus(Go) and recognizedpositive stimulus(Go) more highly than negative stimulus(NoGo);(2) table tennisathletes’ cerebral cortex was activated higher level in comparison with majoringcollege studentsin frontal-central region;(3) significant “Go/NoGo” effect wasappeared in table tennis athletes, that was greater NoGo-N2and NoGo-P3amplitude,table tennis athletes hadstrongerinhibition function.3、in the process of table tennisathletes’ judging serve rotation and response by two features(batting parts andbatangles), N1and P2components were induced in parietal-occipital region, N2andP3in frontal-central region.(1)table tennis athletesrecognizedserve rotation moreaccurately, it looked that they tend to respond more accurately;(2) in the phase ofperception, table tennis athletes’ cerebral cortex was activated in shorter time, higherattention, quicker feature integration speed;(3)in the phase of recognition, table tennisathletes saved time and resource in stimuli classification to determine implication ofstimuli later.4、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serve rotation andresponse by two features(batting parts and batangles) in three different cuingconditions, N1componentwas induced in frontal-centralregion, P3in frontal-centraland parietal-occipital region.(1) table tennis athletes recognized serve rotation morequickly and accurately,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in recognition speedand accuracy;(2) in the cuing condition, table tennis athletes’perception forspecificity features was more quickly,cerebral cortex was activated higherlevel,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in N1amplitude;(3) in the cuingcondition, table tennis athletesadopted more effectiveprocessing strategy topromotememory code (more mental resource)andsignificant “Cuing” effect wasappeared in P3amplitude.5、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serverotation and response by three features(battingparts, batangles and motor direction),N1, P2, N2and P3components were induced in frontal-central region.(1)table tennisathletesrecognizedserve rotation more accurately, it looked that they tend to respondmore accurately;(2) in the phase of perception, table tennis athletes’ cerebral cortexwas activatedless level in shorter time, mental resource was less devoted;(3)in thephase of recognition, table tennis athletes’perceptiondetection was more quickly,mental resourcewas less devoted, representation and update of working memory wasgreater.6、in the process of table tennis athletes’ judging serve rotation and responseby three features(batting parts, bat angles and motor direction) in three different cuingconditions, N1componentwas induced in frontal-centralregion, P3in frontal-centraland parietal-occipital region.(1) table tennis athletes recognized serve rotation more quickly and accurately,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in recognition speed;(2) in the valid cuing condition, table tennis athletes’perception for specificity featureswas more quickly,significant “Cuing” effect was appeared in N1component;(3) in thecuing condition, table tennis athletesadopted more effectiveprocessing strategy topromotememory code(more quickly speed) andsignificant “Cuing” effect wasappeared in P3latency.
The conclusions were:1、table tennis athletes’ perceptually judging serverotation accurately was inclined to one feature> three features> two features, whichimplied that they were based on a dynamic information structure pattern to judgingserve rotation accurately;2、table tennis athletes could extract one or some features toaccomplish the judgment by using their expertise;3、table tennis athletes couldallocate cognitive resource, the universal law was: in the phase of perception, mentalresource was less devoted in shorter time, greater feature integration function infrontal-central and parietal-occipital region, very sensitive to physical features ofrelevant movement stimuli in occipital region; in the phase of recognition, mentalresource was more devoted in shorter time, perception detection was more quickly,greater representation and update of working memory and inhibition function;4、tabletennis athletes were inclined to response more accurately as the increasing ofinformation traffic. Mental resource was devoted less in the phase of feature analysisand matching recognition, it implied table tennis athletes’ representation was adynamic information structure pattern;5、 table tennis athletes’ response wasfacilitated under the condition of valid clues and their representation to serve rotationwas activated in advance, cerebral cortex was activated less level in shorter time infrontal-central and parietal-occipital region, it implied that mental resource wasdevoted less in the phase of feature analysis and matching recognition.
引文
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