裸燕麦水分高效利用种质筛选及水氮利用效率机制研究
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摘要
裸燕麦原产于干旱、半干旱、土壤贫瘠区域,具有耐旱不耐水、耐贫瘠不耐高肥特征。水分与氮素利用效率低是限制燕麦生产的基本因素。通过对不同裸燕麦种质的水分与氮素高效利用机制进行研究,可为燕麦生产水肥管理与燕麦育种工作提供理论依据与技术参考。本研究于2011-2013年在张家口市农科院坝上试验基地进行。选用12个裸燕麦种质进行抗旱性鉴定、水分与氮素利用效率机制研究,主要得出如下结论：
1、防雨棚试验与大田试验结果一致表明,坝莜1号干旱产量指数、丰水产量指数、产量-水分高效利用指数在1.00左右,以其为对照得出,品系200242255、200233831、200215132为水高效种质,坝莜9号为典型抗旱种质,坝莜3号为水敏感种质,冀张莜4号为水中效种质,坝莜6号、坝莜8号、坝莜12号属于水低效种质。
2、与充足水分相比,坝莜1号在轻度水分胁迫下,开花前期光合速率(Pn)无显著差异(P>0.05),气孔导度(Gs)由0.29降至0.22,差异极显著(P<0.01),胞间C02浓度(Ci)由125.51降至84.35,差异极显著(P<0.01),表明光合作用主要受气孔因素的限制；灌浆期Pn从75.15降至51.65,差异极显著(P<0.01),Gs无显著差异(P>0.05),Ci从0.46降至0.33,差异极显著(P<0.01),表明叶肉细胞光合活性受到损害,光合作用主要受非气孔因素限制；在重度水分胁迫下,开花前期光合性能与轻度水分胁迫处理无显著差异(P>0.05),灌浆期较轻度胁迫处理,光合性能显著下降(P<0.05)；200242255和坝莜9号在轻度水分胁迫下,开花前期至乳熟期Pn下降均主要受气孔因素限制,随着胁迫时间延长有向非气孔因素转变的趋势；在重度水分胁迫下,开花前期与灌浆期主要受气孔因素限制,乳熟期转变为主要受非气孔因素限制；坝莜3号在轻度水分胁迫下,开花前期Pn降低主要受气孔因素影响,灌浆期转变为主要受非气孔因素影响；在重度水分胁迫下,开花前期Pn降低表现为受非气孔因素限制。以上结果表明：与对照坝莜1号相比,200242255与坝莜9号在相同水平水分胁迫下光合作用的气孔限制向非气孔限制转变的时间更长,说明其叶肉细胞具有更强的抵御水分胁迫以保证光合作用正常进行的能力,坝莜3号在相同水平水分胁迫下光合作用的气孔限制向非气孔限制转变的时间更短,说明其叶肉细胞光合活性更易受到水分胁迫的损害。
3、不同种质裸燕麦氮效率试验结果表明：坝莜1号属于高氮高效种质；200242255与200233831属于低氮高效种质；坝莜3号属于氮高效种质,坝莜12号、坝莜6号与坝莜3号类似；坝莜9号与冀张莜4号属于氮低效种质。不同裸燕麦种质氮素利用能力存在差异。SIET试验结果表明在低浓度N03-处理下,坝莜9号最高吸收速率出现在1750μm处,坝莜3号出现在2250μm处,坝莜3号在根尖4个测定点的吸收速率显著高于坝莜9号(P<0.05);高浓度N03-处理下,两品种吸收速率最高部位一致,在2250μm处差异不显著(P>0.05),在2750μm测定点处坝莜3号出现外排趋势,坝莜9号则有高的吸收速率,坝莜9号对高氮素条件表现出较好的适应性。
4.应用EST-PCR技术对200242255、200242221、20024216进行分子鉴定结果表明,以上种质均含有坝上野燕麦特异基因片段,在分子层面证明其为坝上野燕麦与裸燕麦种间远缘杂交后代。综合上述研究,该类种质为水高效、低氮高效种质。
Water Naked oat (Avena nuda L.) is native to arid, semi-arid and poor soils areas, and has the characteristic of drought and barren soil tolerance. Water and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was the main restriction factors in oat production. Through the study of water and NUE of different varieties, we can provide the theoretical basis and technical reference for oat production and breeding. This research was conducted in Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences at2011-2013. Twelve naked oat varieties were selected to study the drought resistance, water and nitrogen use efficiency mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. Rainproof and field experiment shows the same result. Drought production index, wet production index, yield-efficient water utilization index of Bayou1was about1.00. Take Bayou1as control,200242255,2002233831and200215132were water efficient variety, Bayou9was drought resistance variety, Bayou3was water sensitive variety, Jizhangyou4was moderate water efficiency variety, Bayou6,8and12were low water efficiency variety.
2. In the early phase of flowing, the photosynthesis of Bayou1was restricted by stoma. In filling stage, stoma was the main limiting factors under mild water stress, while other effects were the main limiting factors under severe water stress. In the early phase of flowing, the photosynthesis of Bayou3was restricted by stoma under mild waterstress, it was opposite under severe waterstress. In filling stage, non-stoma factor was restricted to photosynthesis. Bayou9and200242255under mild water stress from early phase of flowing to milky ripe stage, the data of Pn, Gs and Ci shows change rule of mainly restrict factor from stoma to non-stoma.
3. The result of nitrogen efficiency experiment shows:Bayou1has higher NUE at high nitrogen fertilizer condition, Bayou3,6and12were high NUE variety.200242255and200233831have higher NUE at low nitrogen fertilizer condition, Bayou9and Jizhangyou4were low NUE variety. Different naked oat varieties have different NUE. SIET experiment shows that when under low NO3treatment, the highest absorption rate of Bayou9and3were present at1750μm and2250μm, respectively. The absorption rate of Bayou3was significantly higher than Bayou3. When under high NO3-treatment, the highest absorption rate of Bayou9and3were all present at2250μm. Bayou3shows Efflux trend at2750μm, while Bayou9shows high absorption rate, this means Bayou9has a better adaptability under higher nitrogen fertilizer condition.
4. EST-PCR experiment shows:200242255,200242221and20024216all contain a specific gene fragment of wild oat, and they were inter-species hybrid offspring of wild oat and naked oat.
1、防雨棚试验与大田试验结果一致表明,坝莜1号干旱产量指数、丰水产量指数、产量-水分高效利用指数在1.00左右,以其为对照得出,品系200242255、200233831、200215132为水高效种质,坝莜9号为典型抗旱种质,坝莜3号为水敏感种质,冀张莜4号为水中效种质,坝莜6号、坝莜8号、坝莜12号属于水低效种质。
2、与充足水分相比,坝莜1号在轻度水分胁迫下,开花前期光合速率(Pn)无显著差异(P>0.05),气孔导度(Gs)由0.29降至0.22,差异极显著(P<0.01),胞间C02浓度(Ci)由125.51降至84.35,差异极显著(P<0.01),表明光合作用主要受气孔因素的限制；灌浆期Pn从75.15降至51.65,差异极显著(P<0.01),Gs无显著差异(P>0.05),Ci从0.46降至0.33,差异极显著(P<0.01),表明叶肉细胞光合活性受到损害,光合作用主要受非气孔因素限制；在重度水分胁迫下,开花前期光合性能与轻度水分胁迫处理无显著差异(P>0.05),灌浆期较轻度胁迫处理,光合性能显著下降(P<0.05)；200242255和坝莜9号在轻度水分胁迫下,开花前期至乳熟期Pn下降均主要受气孔因素限制,随着胁迫时间延长有向非气孔因素转变的趋势；在重度水分胁迫下,开花前期与灌浆期主要受气孔因素限制,乳熟期转变为主要受非气孔因素限制；坝莜3号在轻度水分胁迫下,开花前期Pn降低主要受气孔因素影响,灌浆期转变为主要受非气孔因素影响；在重度水分胁迫下,开花前期Pn降低表现为受非气孔因素限制。以上结果表明：与对照坝莜1号相比,200242255与坝莜9号在相同水平水分胁迫下光合作用的气孔限制向非气孔限制转变的时间更长,说明其叶肉细胞具有更强的抵御水分胁迫以保证光合作用正常进行的能力,坝莜3号在相同水平水分胁迫下光合作用的气孔限制向非气孔限制转变的时间更短,说明其叶肉细胞光合活性更易受到水分胁迫的损害。
3、不同种质裸燕麦氮效率试验结果表明：坝莜1号属于高氮高效种质；200242255与200233831属于低氮高效种质；坝莜3号属于氮高效种质,坝莜12号、坝莜6号与坝莜3号类似；坝莜9号与冀张莜4号属于氮低效种质。不同裸燕麦种质氮素利用能力存在差异。SIET试验结果表明在低浓度N03-处理下,坝莜9号最高吸收速率出现在1750μm处,坝莜3号出现在2250μm处,坝莜3号在根尖4个测定点的吸收速率显著高于坝莜9号(P<0.05);高浓度N03-处理下,两品种吸收速率最高部位一致,在2250μm处差异不显著(P>0.05),在2750μm测定点处坝莜3号出现外排趋势,坝莜9号则有高的吸收速率,坝莜9号对高氮素条件表现出较好的适应性。
4.应用EST-PCR技术对200242255、200242221、20024216进行分子鉴定结果表明,以上种质均含有坝上野燕麦特异基因片段,在分子层面证明其为坝上野燕麦与裸燕麦种间远缘杂交后代。综合上述研究,该类种质为水高效、低氮高效种质。
Water Naked oat (Avena nuda L.) is native to arid, semi-arid and poor soils areas, and has the characteristic of drought and barren soil tolerance. Water and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was the main restriction factors in oat production. Through the study of water and NUE of different varieties, we can provide the theoretical basis and technical reference for oat production and breeding. This research was conducted in Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences at2011-2013. Twelve naked oat varieties were selected to study the drought resistance, water and nitrogen use efficiency mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. Rainproof and field experiment shows the same result. Drought production index, wet production index, yield-efficient water utilization index of Bayou1was about1.00. Take Bayou1as control,200242255,2002233831and200215132were water efficient variety, Bayou9was drought resistance variety, Bayou3was water sensitive variety, Jizhangyou4was moderate water efficiency variety, Bayou6,8and12were low water efficiency variety.
2. In the early phase of flowing, the photosynthesis of Bayou1was restricted by stoma. In filling stage, stoma was the main limiting factors under mild water stress, while other effects were the main limiting factors under severe water stress. In the early phase of flowing, the photosynthesis of Bayou3was restricted by stoma under mild waterstress, it was opposite under severe waterstress. In filling stage, non-stoma factor was restricted to photosynthesis. Bayou9and200242255under mild water stress from early phase of flowing to milky ripe stage, the data of Pn, Gs and Ci shows change rule of mainly restrict factor from stoma to non-stoma.
3. The result of nitrogen efficiency experiment shows:Bayou1has higher NUE at high nitrogen fertilizer condition, Bayou3,6and12were high NUE variety.200242255and200233831have higher NUE at low nitrogen fertilizer condition, Bayou9and Jizhangyou4were low NUE variety. Different naked oat varieties have different NUE. SIET experiment shows that when under low NO3treatment, the highest absorption rate of Bayou9and3were present at1750μm and2250μm, respectively. The absorption rate of Bayou3was significantly higher than Bayou3. When under high NO3-treatment, the highest absorption rate of Bayou9and3were all present at2250μm. Bayou3shows Efflux trend at2750μm, while Bayou9shows high absorption rate, this means Bayou9has a better adaptability under higher nitrogen fertilizer condition.
4. EST-PCR experiment shows:200242255,200242221and20024216all contain a specific gene fragment of wild oat, and they were inter-species hybrid offspring of wild oat and naked oat.
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