太平洋富钴结壳生长速率的综合研究
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摘要
富钴结壳生长缓慢，每百万年仅生长几毫米，是古海洋学和全球变化研究的理想“化石”。本研究用多种测量手段和年代学方法进行了太平洋富钴结壳元素、同位素地球化学行为及生长年代学的综合研究，获得以下成果：
(1)用质子激发X荧光分析(PIXE)测得结壳CAD15和MHD59中21种常微量元素的含量，并详细研究了结壳中各元素的深度分布特征及各元素间的相关关系。
(2)用α能谱分析了14块结壳中U、Th同位素及~(231)Pa比活度，根据其深度分布特征，得到太平洋富钴结壳的平均生长速率分别为3.14 mm／Ma(~(230)Th_(ex)法)、3.32mm／Ma(~(230)Th_(ex)／~(232)Th法)、6.30 mm／Ma(~(231)pa_(ex)法)和1.71 mm／Ma(~(234)U_(ex)法)。
(3)用加速器质谱(AMS)测得结壳CAD15和MHD59中的~(10)Be／~9Be比值和~(10)Be含量，证实二者均随深度的增加而指数衰减，由此获得两结壳的生长速率分别为2.19和2.55 mm／Ma，未磷酸盐化层段的生成年代分别为26.94 Ma B．P．和19.22 Ma B．P．。
(4)应用Co年代学模式与Fe、Mn含量的结核生长速率经验公式估算了结壳CAD15和MHD59的生长速率与生成年代，根据两结壳的Co含量及~(10)Be法所得生长速率，提出修正后的新的Co年代学模式。
(5) U系4种测年法所得结果均证实了西太平洋结壳的生长速率高于中太平洋。太平洋富钴结壳生长速率的水平分布呈现南部高于北部、西部高于东部。结壳生长速率与水深之间呈线性负相关关系。
(6)本研究用U系4种测年法、~(10)Be法、Co年代学及Fe-Mn经验公式共7种方法进行了太平洋富钴结壳生长速率的比较研究。结果表明，由于U同位素在结壳中的严重扩散，~(234)U_(ex)法最不可靠；~(231)Pa_(ex)法则由于~(231)Pa在结壳中的比活度低及其独特的化学性质，造成分离与测定的困难，使该法应用受到限制；鉴于~(230)Th在海洋水柱中有恒定的产生速率，加之强颗粒活性特征，使~(230)Th_(ex)法和~(230)Th_(ex)／~(232)Th法成为4种U系测年法中相对可靠、同时也获得广泛应用的方法。~(10)Be法同样是一种可靠的结壳测年法，它适合于10 Ma以内的结壳定年，而基于~(230)Th_(ex)的两种测年法适合于53万年以内的结壳定年研究。
多种测年法综合比较研究表明，这些方法各有其适用性和局限性，应根据具体情况加以选择；同时，尽可能将各种测年法综合使用，以获得更准确的测年结果。
Ferromanganese crusts grow very slowly on the substrate rock at rates of several mmper Ma and can therefore provide a long-term history of marine environments and globalchanges. In this dissertation, fourteen ferromanganese crusts from Pacific Seamounts havecomprehensively studied to expound the geochemistry of elements and isotopes and theinformation of their genesis using various analytical tools and geochronological methods.The principal results are as follows:
(1) The multielemental analyses of CAD15 and MHD59 crusts have been carried outby the Proton Induced X-ray Emission(PIXE) method. The profiles and possibleinterelemental correlation of some elements e.g., Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, have been discussed.
(2) Specific activities of U, Th isotopes and ~(231)Pa were measured in 14 crusts fromthe Pacific Seamounts. The depth profiles of these radioactive isotopes have been used toestimate growth rates which are 3.14 mm/Ma(~(230)Th_(ex) method), 3.32 mm/Ma(~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Thmethod), 6.30 mm/Ma(~(231)Pa_(ex) method) and 1.71 mm/Ma(~(234)U_(ex) method) respectively.
(3) AMS using HI-13 accelerator of ~(10)Be/~9Be ratio and ~(10)Be depth profiles in theCAD15 and MHD59 crusts from the Pacific seamounts, have showed an exponentialdecrease and yielded growth rates of 2.19 and 2.55 mm/Ma for CAD15 and MHD59respectively.
(4) The growth rates and ages of CAD15 and MHD59 crusts have also beencalculated according to the Co chronology method proposed by Puteanus and Halbach andLyle' empirical formula based on Fe and Mn contents. Furthermore, based on the analysisof cobalt contents of CAD15 and MHD59 and their growth rates determination by the ~(10)Bemethod, a new empirical formula has been derived.
(5) The growth rates of the western Pacific have been observed higher than thecentral Pacific for 4 U-series datings. The geographic variation of the growth rates of theferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Seamounts were showed that the growth rates in the south and the west are higher than in the north and in the east respectively. A negative linearcorrelation of the growth rates of the crusts with the water depths has been observed.
(6) This study has adopted seven dating methods, including 4 U-series methods, ~(10)Bemethod, Co chronology, empirical formula based on Fe and Mn contents, to investigatethe growth rates of cobalt-rich crusts from the Pacific Seamounts. ~(234)U_(ex) method has beenconsidered as an unbelievable dating method due to a relatively large diffusion coefficienturanium isotope in crusts. Low activity and special chemistry of ~(231)Pa in crusts can bringdifficult analyses and therefore limit the ~(231)Pa_(ex) method. Due to a constant supply of ~(230)Thin water column and its strong particle-reactive, ~(230)Th_(ex) and ~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Th dating methodscan obtain relatively precise growth rates which are, however, restricted to the last about530 kyr. The application of cosmogenic ~(10)Be, which appears to give reliable results whennormalized to stable ~9Be, extends chronologies back to～10 Ma.
These dating methods have each advantage and limit so that the selective andcombined application is very essential to obtain a better dating.
(1)用质子激发X荧光分析(PIXE)测得结壳CAD15和MHD59中21种常微量元素的含量，并详细研究了结壳中各元素的深度分布特征及各元素间的相关关系。
(2)用α能谱分析了14块结壳中U、Th同位素及~(231)Pa比活度，根据其深度分布特征，得到太平洋富钴结壳的平均生长速率分别为3.14 mm／Ma(~(230)Th_(ex)法)、3.32mm／Ma(~(230)Th_(ex)／~(232)Th法)、6.30 mm／Ma(~(231)pa_(ex)法)和1.71 mm／Ma(~(234)U_(ex)法)。
(3)用加速器质谱(AMS)测得结壳CAD15和MHD59中的~(10)Be／~9Be比值和~(10)Be含量，证实二者均随深度的增加而指数衰减，由此获得两结壳的生长速率分别为2.19和2.55 mm／Ma，未磷酸盐化层段的生成年代分别为26.94 Ma B．P．和19.22 Ma B．P．。
(4)应用Co年代学模式与Fe、Mn含量的结核生长速率经验公式估算了结壳CAD15和MHD59的生长速率与生成年代，根据两结壳的Co含量及~(10)Be法所得生长速率，提出修正后的新的Co年代学模式。
(5) U系4种测年法所得结果均证实了西太平洋结壳的生长速率高于中太平洋。太平洋富钴结壳生长速率的水平分布呈现南部高于北部、西部高于东部。结壳生长速率与水深之间呈线性负相关关系。
(6)本研究用U系4种测年法、~(10)Be法、Co年代学及Fe-Mn经验公式共7种方法进行了太平洋富钴结壳生长速率的比较研究。结果表明，由于U同位素在结壳中的严重扩散，~(234)U_(ex)法最不可靠；~(231)Pa_(ex)法则由于~(231)Pa在结壳中的比活度低及其独特的化学性质，造成分离与测定的困难，使该法应用受到限制；鉴于~(230)Th在海洋水柱中有恒定的产生速率，加之强颗粒活性特征，使~(230)Th_(ex)法和~(230)Th_(ex)／~(232)Th法成为4种U系测年法中相对可靠、同时也获得广泛应用的方法。~(10)Be法同样是一种可靠的结壳测年法，它适合于10 Ma以内的结壳定年，而基于~(230)Th_(ex)的两种测年法适合于53万年以内的结壳定年研究。
多种测年法综合比较研究表明，这些方法各有其适用性和局限性，应根据具体情况加以选择；同时，尽可能将各种测年法综合使用，以获得更准确的测年结果。
Ferromanganese crusts grow very slowly on the substrate rock at rates of several mmper Ma and can therefore provide a long-term history of marine environments and globalchanges. In this dissertation, fourteen ferromanganese crusts from Pacific Seamounts havecomprehensively studied to expound the geochemistry of elements and isotopes and theinformation of their genesis using various analytical tools and geochronological methods.The principal results are as follows:
(1) The multielemental analyses of CAD15 and MHD59 crusts have been carried outby the Proton Induced X-ray Emission(PIXE) method. The profiles and possibleinterelemental correlation of some elements e.g., Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, have been discussed.
(2) Specific activities of U, Th isotopes and ~(231)Pa were measured in 14 crusts fromthe Pacific Seamounts. The depth profiles of these radioactive isotopes have been used toestimate growth rates which are 3.14 mm/Ma(~(230)Th_(ex) method), 3.32 mm/Ma(~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Thmethod), 6.30 mm/Ma(~(231)Pa_(ex) method) and 1.71 mm/Ma(~(234)U_(ex) method) respectively.
(3) AMS using HI-13 accelerator of ~(10)Be/~9Be ratio and ~(10)Be depth profiles in theCAD15 and MHD59 crusts from the Pacific seamounts, have showed an exponentialdecrease and yielded growth rates of 2.19 and 2.55 mm/Ma for CAD15 and MHD59respectively.
(4) The growth rates and ages of CAD15 and MHD59 crusts have also beencalculated according to the Co chronology method proposed by Puteanus and Halbach andLyle' empirical formula based on Fe and Mn contents. Furthermore, based on the analysisof cobalt contents of CAD15 and MHD59 and their growth rates determination by the ~(10)Bemethod, a new empirical formula has been derived.
(5) The growth rates of the western Pacific have been observed higher than thecentral Pacific for 4 U-series datings. The geographic variation of the growth rates of theferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Seamounts were showed that the growth rates in the south and the west are higher than in the north and in the east respectively. A negative linearcorrelation of the growth rates of the crusts with the water depths has been observed.
(6) This study has adopted seven dating methods, including 4 U-series methods, ~(10)Bemethod, Co chronology, empirical formula based on Fe and Mn contents, to investigatethe growth rates of cobalt-rich crusts from the Pacific Seamounts. ~(234)U_(ex) method has beenconsidered as an unbelievable dating method due to a relatively large diffusion coefficienturanium isotope in crusts. Low activity and special chemistry of ~(231)Pa in crusts can bringdifficult analyses and therefore limit the ~(231)Pa_(ex) method. Due to a constant supply of ~(230)Thin water column and its strong particle-reactive, ~(230)Th_(ex) and ~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Th dating methodscan obtain relatively precise growth rates which are, however, restricted to the last about530 kyr. The application of cosmogenic ~(10)Be, which appears to give reliable results whennormalized to stable ~9Be, extends chronologies back to～10 Ma.
These dating methods have each advantage and limit so that the selective andcombined application is very essential to obtain a better dating.
引文
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