南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环
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摘要
物质流是生态系统的基本功能之一,物质的流动是循环的,属于生物地球化学循环。1991年开始正式实施的国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)就侧重研究物质的生物地球化学循环,其目标就是为了阐述、了解控制地球系统及其演化的相互作用的物理、化学和生物过程,以及了解人类活动在其中所起的作用。
磷是基本生源要素之一,磷循环一般起始于岩石风化,终止于水中沉积物,因而是属于沉积型循环；磷循环周期非常漫长,沉积在水中沉积物的磷难以及时返回陆地,因而,磷循环也是不完全的循环。目前,不少研究者对21世纪全球可能产生的磷匮乏表示担忧。海洋沉积物是非常巨大的磷库,海洋中的磷可以通过海平面上升、海水上涌、捕捞鱼虾和鸟类转移等方式返回陆地。但目前对磷返回陆地的机理及量的研究还比较有限。
海-陆生态系统间的作用是相互的。南极企鹅、海豹等海洋生物以南大洋中磷虾、鱼类等为食物,在无冰区繁殖、栖息期间会以粪便、死亡残体、蛋卵等形式转移大量的海洋来源磷到陆地,因此,本文拟以南极为研究区域,研究封闭和开放尺度下南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环。涉及的内容摘要如下：
1)通过食物链,磷在南大洋不同营养环节中得到了富集,生物及其粪便对磷的富集系数可高达1.59×104-3.58×106。企鹅是南极数量最多的海鸟类群。我们选择南极洲三个重要的企鹅聚居地,对企鹅以粪便形式转移的磷的量进行了估算,结果表明,阿德雷岛、西福尔丘陵、罗斯岛成年企鹅以粪便形式转移海洋中的磷的量可分别达：12349kg/y,167036kg/y和24200kg/y。它相当于一年中有5.77×1012-2.37×1013kg海水中的磷输入到陆地,从而维持了南极无冰区生态系统的多样性。然后,讨论了生物转移量的不确定因素,如气候、环境、人类干扰、食物可利用性等。
2)利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了南极中山站地区四个点位苔藓植物及其下覆砂土样品中Fe、Mg、P、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ni和Pb的元素含量,探讨了不同生境苔藓植物的元素含量特征及其与环境的关系。结果表明,四个点位苔藓、下覆砂土元素含量具有一定的差异性,均以Fe含量最高,四个点位均值分别为10014.73mg/kg、24405.48mg/kg,其次是Mg,而其他八个元素在苔藓和下覆砂土中含量大小顺序不一致。本文进一步分析了苔藓植物元素含量与下覆砂土、海拔高度、海鸟活动、海洋环境以及人类活动之间的关系。最后,对苔藓与下覆砂土元素之间的相关性进行了讨论。
3)应用淡水沉积物磷形态标准测试程序(SMT法)调查了西南极阿德雷岛2个柱状沉积物磷的存在形态和分布特征,结合苔藓植物和企鹅粪无机磷和有机磷占总磷的百分比,分析了两个剖面物质来源、各形态磷之间以及与沉积物烧失量(LOI550℃)、含水率、TC、TN之间的相关性,并讨论磷的潜在生物可利用性。
结果表明,苔藓植物无机磷(IP)占总磷(TP)的比例较低(28.71%)。两个剖面都受到苔藓和企鹅输入的影响,G1剖面企鹅输入比例(95.05%)大于Q2剖面(90.99%)。G1、Q2剖面总磷(TP)含量分别为1032-4898mg/kg和960-2127mg/kg,IP是两个柱状沉积物中的主要部分。但是,两个剖面各个形态P分布及变化趋势是不一致的,各个磷形态之间以及磷形态与烧失量、含水率、TC、TN相关性也存在差异。经估算,G1和Q2剖面生物可利用性磷(BAP)的含量均值分别为1322.17mg/kg和683.51mg/kg,因而,G1剖面磷的潜在生物可利用性较高,向水体释放磷的潜力大,这对维持南极无冰区贫瘠的生态系统生物多样性等具有非常重要的意义。
4)以西南极法尔兹半岛为例,对企鹅、海豹传输的营养物质磷在陆地、淡水生态系统中的记录进行了分析研究,结果表明,海洋动物输入的营养物质磷一般会增加土壤、植物、水体及沉积物等环境介质磷含量。
5)以南极近海阿德雷岛为例,研究了磷的生物地球化学循环过程及其机理,估算了磷循环通量。结果表明,南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环主要包括了磷在海洋-陆地-淡水湖泊/溪流-海洋的迁移过程。在该岛,磷的外来营养源包括物理输入、生物输入和大气沉降输入3种,其中生物输入(企鹅粪)占94.34%-99.74%,居于主导地位。磷的输出方式包括大气输出、物理输出(水流和风的输出),其中,以水流方式输出的物质的量较大。此外,以生物方式输入的磷在南极无冰区的保存量约为1358.39kg/y,其余则输入到近海中。
本文创新点如下：
1)首次从封闭和开放尺度上研究南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环机制及循环通量,阐明了海洋向陆地的物质转移方式及其对无冰区生态系统的影响,以及陆地向海洋的物质转移方式及其对近海生态系统的影响,并从定量角度出发,明确企鹅转移的海洋来源的磷在南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环中的重要作用。
2)从南极苔藓植物、企鹅粪的无机磷和有机磷占总磷的比例出发,结合沉积物磷形态分析结果,从定量角度出发研究沉积物剖面物质来源,该方法可能是对利用有机地球化学方法分析企鹅和植物物质来源的有力补充。
One of the basic functions of the ecosystem is the material flow. Material flow is cycle, which belongs to the biogeochemical cycles. The formal implementation of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) in1991focuses on the biogeochemical cycles of material, and its goal is to illustrate the physical, chemical and biological processes which control of the earth system and its evolution of interacting, and to understand the function of human activity in the biogeochemical cycles of material.
Phosphorus (P) is one of the basic biogenic elements. The cycle of P generally starts from the weathering of rocks and terminates in sediment. Thus, it belongs to the sedimentary cycle. Moreover, the period of P cycle is very long, so the deposition of P in the sediment is difficult in returning to the land timely. Thus, P cycle is also an incomplete cycle. Currently, many researchers have expressed worry about the global P scarcity in the21st century. The marine sediments have enormous P, which can return to land by sea level rise, upwelling seawater, commercial fishing and birds transfer. However, the study of the mechanism and the amount of P transfer from marine to the land is still limited.
The marine ecosystem is dynamically interrelated with the terrestrial ecosystem. Antarctic penguins, seals and other marine organisms feed on the krill, fish and other foods in the Southern Ocean. When they breed regularly in the ice-free areas, they will transfer a large number of P in the form of gunao, debris, eggs, etc., from sea to land. Thus, this paper chooses Antarctica as study area, and focus on the closed and open scale of P biogeochemical cycles in the ice-free area and inshore zone. The contents are summarized as follows:
1) In organisms (or guano) of different trophic levels, P content is enriched by as high as1.59×104-3.58×106times relative to the background value through the food chains of the Southern Ocean. Penguins are the largest number of seabirds in Antarctica. We chose three important colonies of penguins, the most important seabirds in Antarctica, and computed the annual quantity of P transferred by penguins from sea to land. Our results showed that adult penguins in Ardley Island, Vestfold Hills and Ross Island, could transfer in the form of guano up to12349kg/y,167036kg/y, and224200kg/y of P, respectively, over the entire breeding period. These quantities are equivalent of an annual input of5,77x1012-2.37×1013kg of seawater to land of Antarctica. Finally, we discussed in detail the factors of climate, environment, human disturbance, and food availability, etc., that impact of P transfer.
2) This study focuses on the characteristic of elemental concentrations of moss, Andreaea Hedw and its relationships with different habitat environments at Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica. For this purpose, samples of moss and the underlying sand substrates from4sites around Zhongshan Station were collected and analyzed for the elemental concentrations of Fe、Mg、P、Na、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、 Ni and Pb. The elemental concentrations of mosses and sand substrates among the4sampling sites show some different characteristics. The average concentration of Fe in mosses and sands show highest level with10014.73mg/kg and24405.48mg/kg, respectively. Element Mg had the second highest mean concentration in both moss and sand, while the concentrations of the other8elements were inconsistent between moss and sand. Moreover, the relationships between elemental concentrations in moss and its habitat environments such as sand substrate, altitude, seabird impact, marine influence as well as the anthropogenic factor were discussed. Finally, we analyzed the relationship among mosses and the sand substrates.
3) Distribution and vertical variation of P forms in the sediment cores from two typical lakes of Ardley Island were studied, using the standard measurement and test (SMT) procedure of P forms for the freshwater sediment. Combined with the percentages of inorganic phosphorous (IP) and organic phosphorous (OP) to total P (TP) in mosses and penguin guano, we analyzed the sources of material in the two profiles, and studied the correlation coefficients among the forms of P. Moreover, the correlation coefficients between sediment P and the loss on ignition at550℃, water content, TC and TN. Finally, the potential bio-availability phosphorus (BAP) was discussed.
The results showed that IP has smaller proportion (28.71%) to TP in mosses. The two profiles were both affected by moss and penguin guano, and G1was more strongly influenced by penguin (95.05%) than Q2(90.99%). The TP concentration of G1and Q2were1032-4898mg/kg and960-2127mg/kg, respectively, and IP was the main part of the two core sediments. However, the distribution and vertical variation of P forms in the two profiles were inconsistent. Besides, difference was obvious in the correlation coefficients between different P fractions and sediment geochemical characteristics (loss on ignition at550℃, water content, TC, TN) in the two studied profiles. Estimation showed that the average contents of bio-availability phosphorus (BAP) in Gl and Q2were1322.17mg/kg and683.51mg/kg. Thus, Gl profile had much higher BAP than Q2, and the potential release of P to water bodies was also higher, which would have extremely role in maintenance the biodiversity of barren Antarctic ice-free ecosystems.
4) Taking the Fildes Peninsula in West Antarctica as an example, we investigated the records of P transported by penguins, seals in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Results showed that the input of P by marine animals would generally increase the P content in soil, plants, water and sediments etc.
5) Taking Ardley Island, the maritime Antarctic, for instance, we studied the transport process and mechanism of the biogeochemical cycling of P and estimated the fluxes of P cycle. Results showed that P biogeochemical cycle in Antarctica includes the migration and transformation of P in the sea-land-lakes/streams-sea. In this island, there were three ways of external input, including physical transport, bio-transport, and atmospheric deposition. Remarkably, the P transported by penguins in the form of guano accounted for94.34%-99.74%of the total P input, thus has the dominant role. The output ways of P included atmospheric output, physical output (that is, water and wind output), and the amount of material output by water was biggest among the three ways. In addition, the amount of P conserved on ice-free areas by bio-transport of P was about1358.39kg/y, and most of them were entering into offshore of Antarctica.
The innovations are as follows:
1) For the first time, we study the biogeochemical cycling mechanism and cycle flux of P in ice-free areas and inshore zone in Antarctica from the closed and open scale. Then, we illustrate the ways of material transferred from sea to land and the influences that material pose on ecosystems of ice-free areas. Also, the ways of material transport to inshore zone and its impacts on coastal ecosystems are also discussed. Finally, we explicitly explain the dominant role of penguin in the biogeochemical of P in ice-free area and inshore zone of Antarctica.
2) Distinguish the proportion of IP and OP to TP in mosses and penguin guano, combined with the forms of P in sediments, we investigate the material sources in sediments. This method will be the powerful compliment to the way, which uses organic geochemistry in distinguishing the sources from penguins and plants.
磷是基本生源要素之一,磷循环一般起始于岩石风化,终止于水中沉积物,因而是属于沉积型循环；磷循环周期非常漫长,沉积在水中沉积物的磷难以及时返回陆地,因而,磷循环也是不完全的循环。目前,不少研究者对21世纪全球可能产生的磷匮乏表示担忧。海洋沉积物是非常巨大的磷库,海洋中的磷可以通过海平面上升、海水上涌、捕捞鱼虾和鸟类转移等方式返回陆地。但目前对磷返回陆地的机理及量的研究还比较有限。
海-陆生态系统间的作用是相互的。南极企鹅、海豹等海洋生物以南大洋中磷虾、鱼类等为食物,在无冰区繁殖、栖息期间会以粪便、死亡残体、蛋卵等形式转移大量的海洋来源磷到陆地,因此,本文拟以南极为研究区域,研究封闭和开放尺度下南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环。涉及的内容摘要如下：
1)通过食物链,磷在南大洋不同营养环节中得到了富集,生物及其粪便对磷的富集系数可高达1.59×104-3.58×106。企鹅是南极数量最多的海鸟类群。我们选择南极洲三个重要的企鹅聚居地,对企鹅以粪便形式转移的磷的量进行了估算,结果表明,阿德雷岛、西福尔丘陵、罗斯岛成年企鹅以粪便形式转移海洋中的磷的量可分别达：12349kg/y,167036kg/y和24200kg/y。它相当于一年中有5.77×1012-2.37×1013kg海水中的磷输入到陆地,从而维持了南极无冰区生态系统的多样性。然后,讨论了生物转移量的不确定因素,如气候、环境、人类干扰、食物可利用性等。
2)利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了南极中山站地区四个点位苔藓植物及其下覆砂土样品中Fe、Mg、P、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ni和Pb的元素含量,探讨了不同生境苔藓植物的元素含量特征及其与环境的关系。结果表明,四个点位苔藓、下覆砂土元素含量具有一定的差异性,均以Fe含量最高,四个点位均值分别为10014.73mg/kg、24405.48mg/kg,其次是Mg,而其他八个元素在苔藓和下覆砂土中含量大小顺序不一致。本文进一步分析了苔藓植物元素含量与下覆砂土、海拔高度、海鸟活动、海洋环境以及人类活动之间的关系。最后,对苔藓与下覆砂土元素之间的相关性进行了讨论。
3)应用淡水沉积物磷形态标准测试程序(SMT法)调查了西南极阿德雷岛2个柱状沉积物磷的存在形态和分布特征,结合苔藓植物和企鹅粪无机磷和有机磷占总磷的百分比,分析了两个剖面物质来源、各形态磷之间以及与沉积物烧失量(LOI550℃)、含水率、TC、TN之间的相关性,并讨论磷的潜在生物可利用性。
结果表明,苔藓植物无机磷(IP)占总磷(TP)的比例较低(28.71%)。两个剖面都受到苔藓和企鹅输入的影响,G1剖面企鹅输入比例(95.05%)大于Q2剖面(90.99%)。G1、Q2剖面总磷(TP)含量分别为1032-4898mg/kg和960-2127mg/kg,IP是两个柱状沉积物中的主要部分。但是,两个剖面各个形态P分布及变化趋势是不一致的,各个磷形态之间以及磷形态与烧失量、含水率、TC、TN相关性也存在差异。经估算,G1和Q2剖面生物可利用性磷(BAP)的含量均值分别为1322.17mg/kg和683.51mg/kg,因而,G1剖面磷的潜在生物可利用性较高,向水体释放磷的潜力大,这对维持南极无冰区贫瘠的生态系统生物多样性等具有非常重要的意义。
4)以西南极法尔兹半岛为例,对企鹅、海豹传输的营养物质磷在陆地、淡水生态系统中的记录进行了分析研究,结果表明,海洋动物输入的营养物质磷一般会增加土壤、植物、水体及沉积物等环境介质磷含量。
5)以南极近海阿德雷岛为例,研究了磷的生物地球化学循环过程及其机理,估算了磷循环通量。结果表明,南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环主要包括了磷在海洋-陆地-淡水湖泊/溪流-海洋的迁移过程。在该岛,磷的外来营养源包括物理输入、生物输入和大气沉降输入3种,其中生物输入(企鹅粪)占94.34%-99.74%,居于主导地位。磷的输出方式包括大气输出、物理输出(水流和风的输出),其中,以水流方式输出的物质的量较大。此外,以生物方式输入的磷在南极无冰区的保存量约为1358.39kg/y,其余则输入到近海中。
本文创新点如下：
1)首次从封闭和开放尺度上研究南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环机制及循环通量,阐明了海洋向陆地的物质转移方式及其对无冰区生态系统的影响,以及陆地向海洋的物质转移方式及其对近海生态系统的影响,并从定量角度出发,明确企鹅转移的海洋来源的磷在南极无冰区和近海磷的生物地球化学循环中的重要作用。
2)从南极苔藓植物、企鹅粪的无机磷和有机磷占总磷的比例出发,结合沉积物磷形态分析结果,从定量角度出发研究沉积物剖面物质来源,该方法可能是对利用有机地球化学方法分析企鹅和植物物质来源的有力补充。
One of the basic functions of the ecosystem is the material flow. Material flow is cycle, which belongs to the biogeochemical cycles. The formal implementation of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) in1991focuses on the biogeochemical cycles of material, and its goal is to illustrate the physical, chemical and biological processes which control of the earth system and its evolution of interacting, and to understand the function of human activity in the biogeochemical cycles of material.
Phosphorus (P) is one of the basic biogenic elements. The cycle of P generally starts from the weathering of rocks and terminates in sediment. Thus, it belongs to the sedimentary cycle. Moreover, the period of P cycle is very long, so the deposition of P in the sediment is difficult in returning to the land timely. Thus, P cycle is also an incomplete cycle. Currently, many researchers have expressed worry about the global P scarcity in the21st century. The marine sediments have enormous P, which can return to land by sea level rise, upwelling seawater, commercial fishing and birds transfer. However, the study of the mechanism and the amount of P transfer from marine to the land is still limited.
The marine ecosystem is dynamically interrelated with the terrestrial ecosystem. Antarctic penguins, seals and other marine organisms feed on the krill, fish and other foods in the Southern Ocean. When they breed regularly in the ice-free areas, they will transfer a large number of P in the form of gunao, debris, eggs, etc., from sea to land. Thus, this paper chooses Antarctica as study area, and focus on the closed and open scale of P biogeochemical cycles in the ice-free area and inshore zone. The contents are summarized as follows:
1) In organisms (or guano) of different trophic levels, P content is enriched by as high as1.59×104-3.58×106times relative to the background value through the food chains of the Southern Ocean. Penguins are the largest number of seabirds in Antarctica. We chose three important colonies of penguins, the most important seabirds in Antarctica, and computed the annual quantity of P transferred by penguins from sea to land. Our results showed that adult penguins in Ardley Island, Vestfold Hills and Ross Island, could transfer in the form of guano up to12349kg/y,167036kg/y, and224200kg/y of P, respectively, over the entire breeding period. These quantities are equivalent of an annual input of5,77x1012-2.37×1013kg of seawater to land of Antarctica. Finally, we discussed in detail the factors of climate, environment, human disturbance, and food availability, etc., that impact of P transfer.
2) This study focuses on the characteristic of elemental concentrations of moss, Andreaea Hedw and its relationships with different habitat environments at Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica. For this purpose, samples of moss and the underlying sand substrates from4sites around Zhongshan Station were collected and analyzed for the elemental concentrations of Fe、Mg、P、Na、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、 Ni and Pb. The elemental concentrations of mosses and sand substrates among the4sampling sites show some different characteristics. The average concentration of Fe in mosses and sands show highest level with10014.73mg/kg and24405.48mg/kg, respectively. Element Mg had the second highest mean concentration in both moss and sand, while the concentrations of the other8elements were inconsistent between moss and sand. Moreover, the relationships between elemental concentrations in moss and its habitat environments such as sand substrate, altitude, seabird impact, marine influence as well as the anthropogenic factor were discussed. Finally, we analyzed the relationship among mosses and the sand substrates.
3) Distribution and vertical variation of P forms in the sediment cores from two typical lakes of Ardley Island were studied, using the standard measurement and test (SMT) procedure of P forms for the freshwater sediment. Combined with the percentages of inorganic phosphorous (IP) and organic phosphorous (OP) to total P (TP) in mosses and penguin guano, we analyzed the sources of material in the two profiles, and studied the correlation coefficients among the forms of P. Moreover, the correlation coefficients between sediment P and the loss on ignition at550℃, water content, TC and TN. Finally, the potential bio-availability phosphorus (BAP) was discussed.
The results showed that IP has smaller proportion (28.71%) to TP in mosses. The two profiles were both affected by moss and penguin guano, and G1was more strongly influenced by penguin (95.05%) than Q2(90.99%). The TP concentration of G1and Q2were1032-4898mg/kg and960-2127mg/kg, respectively, and IP was the main part of the two core sediments. However, the distribution and vertical variation of P forms in the two profiles were inconsistent. Besides, difference was obvious in the correlation coefficients between different P fractions and sediment geochemical characteristics (loss on ignition at550℃, water content, TC, TN) in the two studied profiles. Estimation showed that the average contents of bio-availability phosphorus (BAP) in Gl and Q2were1322.17mg/kg and683.51mg/kg. Thus, Gl profile had much higher BAP than Q2, and the potential release of P to water bodies was also higher, which would have extremely role in maintenance the biodiversity of barren Antarctic ice-free ecosystems.
4) Taking the Fildes Peninsula in West Antarctica as an example, we investigated the records of P transported by penguins, seals in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Results showed that the input of P by marine animals would generally increase the P content in soil, plants, water and sediments etc.
5) Taking Ardley Island, the maritime Antarctic, for instance, we studied the transport process and mechanism of the biogeochemical cycling of P and estimated the fluxes of P cycle. Results showed that P biogeochemical cycle in Antarctica includes the migration and transformation of P in the sea-land-lakes/streams-sea. In this island, there were three ways of external input, including physical transport, bio-transport, and atmospheric deposition. Remarkably, the P transported by penguins in the form of guano accounted for94.34%-99.74%of the total P input, thus has the dominant role. The output ways of P included atmospheric output, physical output (that is, water and wind output), and the amount of material output by water was biggest among the three ways. In addition, the amount of P conserved on ice-free areas by bio-transport of P was about1358.39kg/y, and most of them were entering into offshore of Antarctica.
The innovations are as follows:
1) For the first time, we study the biogeochemical cycling mechanism and cycle flux of P in ice-free areas and inshore zone in Antarctica from the closed and open scale. Then, we illustrate the ways of material transferred from sea to land and the influences that material pose on ecosystems of ice-free areas. Also, the ways of material transport to inshore zone and its impacts on coastal ecosystems are also discussed. Finally, we explicitly explain the dominant role of penguin in the biogeochemical of P in ice-free area and inshore zone of Antarctica.
2) Distinguish the proportion of IP and OP to TP in mosses and penguin guano, combined with the forms of P in sediments, we investigate the material sources in sediments. This method will be the powerful compliment to the way, which uses organic geochemistry in distinguishing the sources from penguins and plants.
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