国家权力的发现：从人文主义到近代自然法学说
摘要
“权力”在近代早期成为西方思想家讨论政治问题的基础概念。在此之前曾有过两种理解权力的方式。第一种存在于古典时期,其主要特点在于拒绝承认权力在政治生活中发挥的作用。古希腊城邦中的暴力机制尚处在萌芽状态,且希腊人相信公民团体内部不应该出现支配与被支配的强制性关系。希腊政治思想中也未曾形成专门表达权力的相关概念;相对而言,罗马人已经从共同体的自治状态中分化出抽象的政治权力,但是罗马人落后的理性思辨能力使他们在政治思想领域未能跟上其政治现状的发展,因而没有从权力的性质为起点开创全新的政治哲学。受古代政治思想的影响,文艺复兴时期的意大利人文主义者认为“政治学”应该是以正义为原则,以确保共同体善为目的的一门“技艺”。由于其共和国生活的传统,意大利城市的公民亦不愿意承认城市中存在确定的支配关系。权力观念只出现在用以保护统治者地位的学科——“国家理性”之中。
有关权力的另一种理解产生于中世纪。西北欧封建制度具有等级特征,但是封臣服从宗主倚靠的是契约关系而非强制力量。16世纪以布丹为代表的法国人文主义法学家充分借助历史资源,指出主权在立定法律和推行法律的过程中具有强制性,初步涉及到权力的本质。西班牙经院哲学家在解释世俗权力生成的过程中区分了权力和权威的差别,将自然法视为权力产生的动力。他们认为,人天生就有着过社会生活的倾向,主动结成了社会共同体,而共同体拥有一种力量,无论何种政体都是该力量的承担者。主权者具备的是权威,权力则来自共同体的让渡。此时在马基雅维里塔西陀主义者持有的,以维护国家存在为目的的国家理性学说在西北欧地区广泛流传,侵蚀着北方人文主义者塑造的“基督教君主”的信念。如利普修斯受国家理性的影响,提出权力是政治生活基础的观点。而国家理性与西班牙经院哲学的结合也催生出以格劳秀斯为代表的思想家,通过自然法理论论证世俗主权生成的必然性。此时的英国尚没有形成有关权力观念的思想体系,王权根据道德诫律为特征的自然法维系其正当性,从而阻碍了从强制力的角度理解权力的思想的形成。直到17世纪,自然法思想、主权理论和国家理性三大思潮已经逐渐合流,以强制力和暴力为特点的权力已经成为英国学者思考政治问题不可回避的现实。霍布斯借用自然科学中的推理模式,以每一个人在自然状态下所拥有的力量为逻辑起点,以自我保存的自然法的内在必然性为动力,放弃了经院哲学关于人天生具有社会性的假设,提出人为了脱离自然状态会将权力让渡给主权者形成政治生活中的至高力量。霍布斯拒绝使用历史经验的论证方法,从人的抽象本质出发建构了由个人到主权者的单线联系,回避了世俗权力生成过程中社会共同体起到的作用,从而将国家从社会中抽离开来,使得共同体的权力和社会权力被改造为国家权力。
“Power”has become the fundamental concept in discussing political subject by western thinkers in early modern area. Previously, there are two patterns for understand power. The first originated from Classical period, whose major characters is denied the function of Power in political life. The state violence of Ancient Greek Polis were in their infancy and Greek people considered there should not be any rule-ship, even more any force and violence inner the Citizen group. Greek political thought also has been no relative concept for power. Comparatively, Roman people abstracted political power from their community life, but their backward rational speculative capability delayed their political thought to follow the real condition, so they could not developed one political philosophy system based on quality of power. On the influence of Classical political thought, Italian humanist in Renaissance viewed politics as one“Art”for keep community’s good according to justice. Due to their republic tradition, citizens equally would not admit that there was certain rule-ship in their cities. At same time, power only emerged in the arts of preserving the domination over a people named“reason of state”.
Another thought about power came from Medieval ages. Feudal system in Northen and Western Eurpoe has hierarchy chracrictics, but what for maintain the obligation of subject to lord depends on contract rather than force. People in this age usually held opinion that the absolute power only in the hand of God, earthly human may possess Authority instead of Power. In 16th century, French legal humanist represented by Bodin, substantially drew support from history source, defined the essentiality of sovereign as legislative power and pointed that there is a kind of force when sovereignty make and execute laws, transferred the attention from authority to strength. Spain Scholastics made a distinction between“Power”and“Authority”, transformed Natural law of Thomas into law with necessity and force. They believed that there is one natural state before political society, and for natural inclining for social life, people actively gather into a social community possessing its power, and all regimes are holders of it. The Authority belongs to Sovereignty, while its power is transferred by community. In this area, the Reason of State for maintaining state from Machiavelli’s thought and Tacitism spread in North and West Europe widely, which shocked the“Christian Prince”image in Northern Humanists’thought. As Lipsius in Netherland, who claimed that Power is the foundation of political living. Moreover, the combing of Reason of State and Scholastic produced the thinker as Grotius who proved the necessity of burning of Sovereignty by the theory of Natural Law. In seventeenth century, three trends of thought, natural law, Only in Britain, there have not been any systematic thought treating idea of power. Kingship proved its Legitimacy by the Natural Law Characteristics Moral Principal, thereby which hindered the formation of thought viewed power from force or coerce. In 17th century, Sovereign theory and Reason of State generally flowed together, and the power embodies as force and violence has become inevitable fact when British thinkers discussed about political problems. Hobbes used the deduce module of Natural Science, began at power possessed by individual at Natural State, put natural law of self-persevering as motive force and abandons assumption of natural law of incline to Social life of everyone, pointed that for except natural state, everyone will transfer their individual power to sovereignty to form supreme power in political life. Hobbes refused historical experience method, established one-way relationship between individual and sovereignty, avoided to discuss the function of social community during the produce of earthly power, therefore using the abstract of individual endowed by natural law, separated state from society, so the power of community and society was transformed into state power
有关权力的另一种理解产生于中世纪。西北欧封建制度具有等级特征,但是封臣服从宗主倚靠的是契约关系而非强制力量。16世纪以布丹为代表的法国人文主义法学家充分借助历史资源,指出主权在立定法律和推行法律的过程中具有强制性,初步涉及到权力的本质。西班牙经院哲学家在解释世俗权力生成的过程中区分了权力和权威的差别,将自然法视为权力产生的动力。他们认为,人天生就有着过社会生活的倾向,主动结成了社会共同体,而共同体拥有一种力量,无论何种政体都是该力量的承担者。主权者具备的是权威,权力则来自共同体的让渡。此时在马基雅维里塔西陀主义者持有的,以维护国家存在为目的的国家理性学说在西北欧地区广泛流传,侵蚀着北方人文主义者塑造的“基督教君主”的信念。如利普修斯受国家理性的影响,提出权力是政治生活基础的观点。而国家理性与西班牙经院哲学的结合也催生出以格劳秀斯为代表的思想家,通过自然法理论论证世俗主权生成的必然性。此时的英国尚没有形成有关权力观念的思想体系,王权根据道德诫律为特征的自然法维系其正当性,从而阻碍了从强制力的角度理解权力的思想的形成。直到17世纪,自然法思想、主权理论和国家理性三大思潮已经逐渐合流,以强制力和暴力为特点的权力已经成为英国学者思考政治问题不可回避的现实。霍布斯借用自然科学中的推理模式,以每一个人在自然状态下所拥有的力量为逻辑起点,以自我保存的自然法的内在必然性为动力,放弃了经院哲学关于人天生具有社会性的假设,提出人为了脱离自然状态会将权力让渡给主权者形成政治生活中的至高力量。霍布斯拒绝使用历史经验的论证方法,从人的抽象本质出发建构了由个人到主权者的单线联系,回避了世俗权力生成过程中社会共同体起到的作用,从而将国家从社会中抽离开来,使得共同体的权力和社会权力被改造为国家权力。
“Power”has become the fundamental concept in discussing political subject by western thinkers in early modern area. Previously, there are two patterns for understand power. The first originated from Classical period, whose major characters is denied the function of Power in political life. The state violence of Ancient Greek Polis were in their infancy and Greek people considered there should not be any rule-ship, even more any force and violence inner the Citizen group. Greek political thought also has been no relative concept for power. Comparatively, Roman people abstracted political power from their community life, but their backward rational speculative capability delayed their political thought to follow the real condition, so they could not developed one political philosophy system based on quality of power. On the influence of Classical political thought, Italian humanist in Renaissance viewed politics as one“Art”for keep community’s good according to justice. Due to their republic tradition, citizens equally would not admit that there was certain rule-ship in their cities. At same time, power only emerged in the arts of preserving the domination over a people named“reason of state”.
Another thought about power came from Medieval ages. Feudal system in Northen and Western Eurpoe has hierarchy chracrictics, but what for maintain the obligation of subject to lord depends on contract rather than force. People in this age usually held opinion that the absolute power only in the hand of God, earthly human may possess Authority instead of Power. In 16th century, French legal humanist represented by Bodin, substantially drew support from history source, defined the essentiality of sovereign as legislative power and pointed that there is a kind of force when sovereignty make and execute laws, transferred the attention from authority to strength. Spain Scholastics made a distinction between“Power”and“Authority”, transformed Natural law of Thomas into law with necessity and force. They believed that there is one natural state before political society, and for natural inclining for social life, people actively gather into a social community possessing its power, and all regimes are holders of it. The Authority belongs to Sovereignty, while its power is transferred by community. In this area, the Reason of State for maintaining state from Machiavelli’s thought and Tacitism spread in North and West Europe widely, which shocked the“Christian Prince”image in Northern Humanists’thought. As Lipsius in Netherland, who claimed that Power is the foundation of political living. Moreover, the combing of Reason of State and Scholastic produced the thinker as Grotius who proved the necessity of burning of Sovereignty by the theory of Natural Law. In seventeenth century, three trends of thought, natural law, Only in Britain, there have not been any systematic thought treating idea of power. Kingship proved its Legitimacy by the Natural Law Characteristics Moral Principal, thereby which hindered the formation of thought viewed power from force or coerce. In 17th century, Sovereign theory and Reason of State generally flowed together, and the power embodies as force and violence has become inevitable fact when British thinkers discussed about political problems. Hobbes used the deduce module of Natural Science, began at power possessed by individual at Natural State, put natural law of self-persevering as motive force and abandons assumption of natural law of incline to Social life of everyone, pointed that for except natural state, everyone will transfer their individual power to sovereignty to form supreme power in political life. Hobbes refused historical experience method, established one-way relationship between individual and sovereignty, avoided to discuss the function of social community during the produce of earthly power, therefore using the abstract of individual endowed by natural law, separated state from society, so the power of community and society was transformed into state power
引文
①Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.19.《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》中,都有着将领无法说服士兵执行命令的记载。参见:修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,2008,第469页
②芬纳:《统治史:古代的王权和帝国》,马百亮、王霞译,华东师范大学出版社,2010年,第218页。
④关于这句话的希腊原文可以参见:Aristotle, The Politics, 1281a 11., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959,p.218.英文翻译见该书第219页;中文翻译见:亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆,2008年,第144页。
⑤Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott(Compiled.), Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, p.1013.
①Plato, The Republic, 336., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003, p.335.
②Plato, Gorgias, 483 d., in Michael Gagarin and Paul Woodruff(ed.), Early Greek Political Thought from Homes to Sophists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.310.
③戴维·米勒、韦农·波个丹诺(主编):《布莱克威尔政治学百科全书》,邓正来等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第641页。
①Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Republic, II. 56, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000, p.82,英文对照见该书第83页。
②Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Republic, II. 56, p.124,英文对照见该书第125页。
③Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Law, III. i.2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000, p.458-61.
①Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.24.
②丛日云:《西方政治文化传统》,黑龙江人民出版社,2000年,第452页。
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, New York·London: W·W·Norton & Company. 1984, p.205.
②斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》(上卷),奚瑞森、亚方译,商务印书馆,2002年,第32页。
①Plato, Gorgias, 483 d., in Michael Gagarin and Paul Woodruff(ed.), Early Greek Political Thought from Homes to Sophists, p.310.
②修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,2008,第469页。
①Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, II 1, Quaest. 91, art. 1-2. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
②Suarez,“On laws and lawgiver God”, cap.3,§10, p.9 in Selections from Three Works, ed. James Brown Scott, 2 vols, Oxford and London: Oxford University Press, 1944.
①曼斯菲尔德:《驯化君主》,冯克利译,译林出版社,2005年,第197页。
①Hans Baron: The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996, p.28,453.
②斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》(上卷),奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第32页。
③斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》(上卷),奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第495-499页。
①Walter Ullmann, Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977,Chs.4-5.
②Walter Ullmann, Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism, 1977,Chs.5-6.
③Paul Oskar Kristeller,“Review of Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism by Walter Ullmann”, in Medieval Academy of America, Vol. 54, No.2(Apr., 1979), pp.436-38.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
②London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman Law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983, Ch.3.
③London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman Law, pp.63-9.
①R. S, White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,.
②Samuel Mintz, The Hunting of Leviathan, Mich: UMI, 1958.
①Quentin Skinner,“Thomas Hobbes and His Disciples in France and England”, in Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 8, No.2(Jan., 1966), pp.153-667.
②Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
③Jon Parkin, Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England, The Royal Historical Society: The Boydell Press, 1999.
④Richard Tuck,Philosophy and Government, 1527-1651, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
①斯金纳:《观念史中的意涵与理解》,任军锋译,载《思想史研究》(第一期),上海:上海世纪出版集团,2006年,第134页。
①John M. Najemy(ed.), Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 1300-1550, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p.196.
②哈伊:《意大利文艺复兴的历史背景》,李玉成译,北京三联书店,1988年,第75页。
①Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968, p.76.
②Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, p.171.
③Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”,in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.99.
①Aristotle, The Politics, 1285a-1285b, pp.191-2.
②Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.3.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of state, pp.135-45.
①See:James Hankins,“Humanism and the origins of modern political thought”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, Cambridge University Press,1996.
②James Hankins,“Humanism and the origins of modern political thought”, in Jill Kraye(ed., The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, p.120.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, p.3.
②Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.55.
①Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, p.60.
②Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, pp.14-16.
③Salutati,“De Tyranno”, in Ephraim Emerton(ed.), Humanism and Tyranny, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925, p.75.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, p.18.
②Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, trans. by Nicholas Webb, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.97.
③See:Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, pp.76-79.
④See:Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language ofpolitics 1250-1600, p.90.
①Salutati,“De Tyranno”, in Ephraim Emerton(ed.), Humanism and Tyranny, p.74.
②Salutati,“De Tyranno”, in Ephraim Emerton(ed.), Humanism and Tyranny, p.76.
①Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, pp.169.
②Giovanni Pontano,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.70.
①Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, p.46.
②Giovanni Pontano,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.104.
③Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.99.
①Giovanni Pontano,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2,p.79.
②Eric Nelson,“The Problem of the Prince”, in James Hankins(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.320.
③Giuniano Maio,“On Majesty: Chaper 19: ON Magnificence: Selections”, trans. by Nicolas Webb, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.111.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, pp.24.
②Jill Kraye,“Moral philosophy”, in Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.111.
①Paul Kristeller,“Humanism”, in Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, p.334.
①George of Trebizond,“Preface to His Translation of Plato’s Laws”, trans. by John Monfasani, in e Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.129.
②Eric Nelson,“The Problem of the Prince”, in James Hankins(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance of Philosophy,p.116.
③Matteo Palmieri,“Civil life: Book II: Selections”, trans. David Marsh, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, pp.152-3.
①Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, trans. by Nicholas Webb, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.95.
①Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, pp.96-7.
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, New York·London: W·W·Norton & Company., pp.136-37.
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardin,p.136.
②Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardin,p. 107.
③Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, p.91.
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardin, p.205.
②Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, pp.106-7.
③伯克:《文艺复兴:中心与边缘》,东方出版社,2007年,第74页。
④Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968, p.412.
①Thomas Hobbes, Philosophical rudiments concerning government and society(De Cive), 1651, B.3.
①Quentin Skinner(1989),“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.90.
②Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.5.
③Maurizio Viroli,From Politics to Reason of State,p.97.
①Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.91.
②Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.106.
①Francesco Guicciardini: Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), Republican Realism in Renaissance Florence., New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. INC. p. 117.
②Francesco Guicciardini: Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), Republican Realism in Renaissance Florence, p.121.
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. by Russell Price, p.5.
④Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. by Russell Price, pp.72-5.
⑤马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年出版,第11页。
⑥Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, p.10.
⑦马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年出版,第50页。
①Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.37-8.
②马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年出版,第117页。
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.37-8.
④关于马基雅维里者两封信的意大利原文可以参见:Maurizio Viroli,From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, p. 146.信件的英译本收集在:James Atkinson and David Sices(trans and ed.), Machiavelli and his Friends: Their Personal Correspondence, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996, p.225-6, 293-4.但是该英译本当中没有对意大利原文“arte dello stato”进行准确的翻译,妨碍了读者理解马基雅维里stato的理解。
⑤中译本参照马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,2005年,第44页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans.by Ninian Hill Thomson., London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., 1, Paternoster Square., 1883, p.17.
①Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.109.
②Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.107.
①Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, Edited and Trans.by Alison Brown., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp.13-4.
②中译本参照马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第71页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans.by Ninian Hill Thomson, p.55.
③Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, pp.31-3.
④Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence,ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, pp.35-36.
①Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence,ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, p.37.
②Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence,ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, p.159.
①中译本参照马基雅维里《:论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第71页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans. by Ninian Hill Thomson, p.63.
②中译本参照马基雅维里《:论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第82页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, pp.67-8.
①Guicciardini,‘Considerations of the Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli’, in Trans.by James B. Atkinson and David Sices, The Sweetness of Power: Machiavelli’s Discourses & Guicciardini’s Considerations, DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press., 2002, p.400.
①Guicciardini: Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), p. 119.
②Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, p.131.
③Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, p.90.
①Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, pp.90.
②Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, pp.100.
③Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, pp.141.
①Felix Gilbert,‘Bernardo Rucellai and the Orti Oricellari: A Study on the Origin of Modern Political Thought’, Journal of the Warburg and Couortauld Institutes, p.54.
②Felix Gilbert,‘Bernardo Rucellai and the Orti Oricellari: A Study on the Origin of Modern Political Thought’, Journal of the Warburg and Couortauld Institutes, 12, p.54.
①中译本参照马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,第102-103页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, pp.90-1.
②《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,第102-103页;Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, pp.90-1.
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.37-8.
④马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第102-103页。
①Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.31.
②Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, p.62.
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, p.26.
①马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第102-103页。
①Pier Paolo Vergerio,“The Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.98.
②Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.45.
①索福克勒斯:《安提戈涅》,罗念生译,《埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种,索福克勒斯悲剧三种》,上海:世纪出版集团,2004年,第308-309页。
②索福克勒斯:《安提戈涅》,罗念生译,《埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种,索福克勒斯悲剧三种》,上海:世纪出版集团,2004年,第301页。
①James Hankins,‘Humanism and the Origins of Modern Political Thought’, in Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, p.123.
②James Hankins, Humanism and the Origins of Modern Political Thought, in Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, p.123.
①Francesco Petrarca,‘How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State’, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, p.52.
②Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, pp.136.
③Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, pp.150.
④Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic , pp.151.
⑤Poggio Bracciolini,“In Praise of the Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2,p.136.
①Pier Paolo Vergerio,“The Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.121.
②Matteo Palmieri,“Civil Life: Book II(Selections)”, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.165.
①Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.177.
①Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.185.
①Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements,”in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.190.
②Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements’, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.190.
③Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.190.
①关于十七世纪英国权力概念演变过程的研究,可参见:Richard Tuck,‘Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England, The Historical Journal, XVII, I(1974), pp.43-61.
①John Ponet, A short Treatise of Politic power, 1556, p.12.
②Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, Mary Dewar(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, p.53-4.
③R.W. Carlye and A.J. Carlyle, A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, Vol. VI, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1950, p. 365.
①Johannes Althusius, The Politics, Frederick S. Carney(trans. & eds.), Boston: Beacon Press, 1964, p.91.
①Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1963, p.38.
②Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Centry Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, p.41-3.
③Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, trans.by Beatrice Reynolds,New York, Columbia University Press, 1945, p.152.
①参见:Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, p.55.
②Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, p.46.
①马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第49页。
②A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.2. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Foundations of Corasius’Systematic Methodolgy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983, p.90-1.
③A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983, p.212.
①A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, p.99-100.
①A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, p.150.
②A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, p.151.
③参见:Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.152.
①Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.1.
②Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), p.91.
③Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), p.92.
④Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), p.56.
①Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.153.
②Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.32.
③Jean Bodin, The six books of commonweal, trans. by Richard Knolles, London: Impensis G. Bishop, 1606, p.210.
④Jean Bodin, The six books of commonweal, trans. by Richard Knolles, London: Impensis G. Bishop, 1606, p.35.
①Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance,“Introduction of Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.xxiii.
②Franciso de Vitoria,“On the American Indians”, Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.273.
①Franciso de Vitoria,“On the American Indians”, p.278.
②See:Brian C. Lockey, Law and Empire in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.28-9.
③Franciso de Vitoria,“On war of Law”, 1.1, Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, pp.297-8.
④Franciso de Vitoria,“On Law”, ST I-II. 94.2. in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.171.
①Franciso de Vitoria,“On Law”, ST I-II. 96.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writingspp, p.180-1.
②Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. i. 1., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.), Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1944.
③Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. v. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
④Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. v. 7., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
①Juan de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King, George Albert Moore(trans.), Maryland: The country Dollar Press, 1948, p. 111-3
②Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.2, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.7.
③Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.2, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.7.
④Juan de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King, p.112-3.
⑤Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.14.
①Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.4, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.11.
②Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.4, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.11.
③Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.16.
④Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.16.
⑤Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, III. ii. 1.
⑥Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, III. ii. 3.
①Franciso de Vitoria, On Civil Law, 1.2, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.7.
②Juan de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King, p.165.
①Tommaso Campanella,“The Monarchy of the Messiah(Selections)”, Brian p. Copenhaver(trans.), in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.p.47.
①Tommaso Campanella,“The Monarchy of the Messiah(Selections)”, p.49.
②Tommaso Campanella, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, London;Printed for philemon Stephens, 1654, p.1.
①Tommaso Campanella, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, pp.5-6.
②Tommaso Campanella, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, p.30.
①R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, p.49.
①Henry Robert, The famous History of Pheander, London: Printed by Thomas Fawcet, 1661, Sig. A.3.
②Edmund Spenser, The Fairy Queen, V. proem 9.
③Edmund Spenser, The Fairy Queen, V. vii. 9.
①Edmund Spenser, A View of The Present State of Ireland, London: The Scholartis Press, 1934, p.7-9.
②See:R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, p.45.
①莎士比亚:《辛白林》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》第七卷,上海:译林出版社,1998年,第126页。
①莎士比亚:《辛白林》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》第七卷,上海:译林出版社,1998年,第130-131页。
②Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(ed.& tran.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.57.
①Henrici de Braction, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, trans. by Travers Twiss, http;// heinonling.org, 1878, p.1.
②Henrici de Braction, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, p.13.
③S.F.C.密尔松:《普通法的历史基础》,李显东等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第24页。
④S.F.C.密尔松:《普通法的历史基础》,李显东等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第92页。
①Shelley Lockwood:“Introduction of On the laws and Governance of England”,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997, p.xxi.
②John Fortescue,“On the Nature of the Law of Nature”, On the laws and Governance of England,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997, p.130.
③King James VI and I,”Speech to parliament of 21 March 1610”, in Johann p. Sommerville(ed.), Plitical Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.185.
①Brian C. Lockey, Law and Empire in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.84-5.
②R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,p.48.
③R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,p.51
④R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,p.149.
⑤R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, p.48.
⑥罗门:《自然法的观念史和哲学》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年,第103页。
①伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第18页。
①Guillaume Bude,“On the Education of the prince”, trans. by Nell Kenny, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.259.
②Antonio, Guevara, The Dial of Princes, trans. by Thomas North, London, 1557, p.25-26.
③伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第19页。
④伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第21页。
①Antonio, Guevara, The Dial of Princes, trans.by Thomas North, London, 1557, C.1.
②“如果有人认真仔细地考察柏拉图为确保城邦的永恒与自由而为其设定的法律,他就不会否认,威尼斯自由的最初奠基者从柏拉图那里得到了建立政府的最初灵感。”参见,George of Trebizond,Preface to Plato’s Law, p.129
③伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第22页。
④Guillaume Bude,“On the Education of the prince”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.259.
①Reginald Pole,Apology ad Carolum Quintum(Selections), trans.by Nicholas Webb, p.276.
②Reginald Pole,Apology ad Carolum Quintum(Selections), trans.by Nicholas Webb, p.285.
③Thomas Elyot, The book named the Governor, London, 1534, p.167.
④Thomas Elyot, The book named the Governor, p.167-8.
⑤斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》,奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002,第375页。
①伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第162页。
②莫尔:《乌托邦》,戴镏龄译,商务印书馆,1996年,第94页。
①Edmond M. Beame,‘The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982), p.37.
②Edmond M. Beame,‘The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982), p.36.
①Edmond M. Beame,‘The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982), p.37.
②Sydeny Anglo, Machiavelli– The First Century : Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p.550.
③John Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.153.
①John Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.153.
①Sydeny Anglo, Machiavelli– The First Century : Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance, p.274-80.
①Innocent Gentillet, Discoverse upon the Meanes of well Governing and Maintaining in Good: Peace, a Kingome, or other Principalitie.Divided into three parts, namely, The Counsell, the Religion, and the Policie, which a Prince out to hold and follow: Against Nicholos Machiavell the Florentine, London, 1602, sig. A2.
①Innocent Gentillet, Discoverse upon the Meanes of well Governing and Maintaining in Good, sig. A.2.
①Innocent Gentillet, Discoverse upon the Meanes of well Governing and Maintaining in Good, p.74.
①Ascham, Roger, A report and discourse written by Roger Ascham, of the affaires and state of Germany and the Emperour Charles his court, duryng certaine yeares while the sayd Roger was there, London: Printed by Iohn Daye, dwelling ouer Aldersgate, 1570, p.27.
②Ascham, Roger, The scholemaster or plaine and perfite way of teachyng children, to vnderstand, write, and speake, the Latin tong but specially purposed for the priuate brynging vp of youth in ientlemen and noble mens houses, and commodious also for all such, as haue forgot the Latin tonge ... London.:Printed by Iohn Daye, dwelling ouer Aldersgate. Cum Gratia & Priuilegio Regiae Maiestatis, per Decennium.,1570, sig. A.6.
①Thomas, William, Clerk of the Council to Edward VI., The historie of Italie a boke excedyng profitable to be redde: because it intreateth of the astate of many and diuers common weales, how thei haue ben, [and] now be gouerned., ANNO DOMINI. M. D. XLIX. 1549, sig. A.2.
②莫布利的著作参见:Charles Merbvry, A Briefe Discovrse of Royall Monarchie, as of the best coomonweale: wherin the subiect may beholde the Sacred Maiestie of the Princes most Royall Estate., Longdon: Printed by Thomas Vautrollier dwelling in the Blackfrieres, by Ludgate, 1581.
①Letters and papers, Foreign and Domestic: Henry VIII, 1539, vol. xiv, pt.1(1891).
②Francis Hastings, A Watch-word to all religious, and true hearted Englishmen, 1598, p.93-4.
③, Thomas Harding, A Confutation of the Apologie, Antwerp, 1565, p.134.
④William Watson,Important Consideration,Published by sundry of us the secular Priests, 1601, p.42.
①Leslie, John, A treatise of treasons against of Queen Elizabeth and the Crown of England, 1572, sig, p.19.
②Leslie, John, A treatise of treasons against of Queen Elizabeth and the Crown of England, sig, p.10..
③Christopher Lever, Heaven and Earth, Religion and Policy, Printed by H.B. for Ieffrey Chorlton, and are to be sold at his shop, at the great North dore of Paules church,1608,p.1.
④Christopher Lever, Heaven and Earth, Religion and Policy, Printed by H.B. for Ieffrey Chorlton, and are to be sold at his shop, at the great North dore of Paules church,1608,p.61-2.
⑤Fitzherbert, Thomas, Policy and Religion, pt.i, 1650 p.40.
⑥Daniel Tuvil., The Dove and the Serpent., 1614, p.31.
①Stephen Gardiner, A Machiavellian Treatise, ed. and trans. Peter Samual Donaldson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 118.
②Stephen Gardiner, A Machiavellian Treatise, p.138.
①Stephen Gardiner, A Machiavellian Treatise, p.79.
②Anon, The Atheisticall Politition of a breife discourse concerning Ni. Maciavell, p.1.
①马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第85页。
①莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第164页。
②马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第80页。
③莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第165-166页。
④马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第87页。
①莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第166页。
①莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第123页。
①莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第224页。
②莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第226页。
①莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第240页。
②莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第276-277页。
①Angelo Poliziano,“A letter to Bartolomeo Scala in Defence of the Stoic Philosopher Epictetus”, by Jill Kraye, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.196.
①Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1976, p.132.
②马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第68页。
③Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1976, p.110.
④Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, p.127.
⑤Richard Tuck, Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State, in Burns(ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p.489.
①Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, p.143.
②Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, p.144.
③Richard Tuck,“Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State”, in Burns(ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought, p.486.
④See, Richard Tuck,“Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State”, in Burns(ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought, p.482.
①Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, trans. by William Jones, London, 1594, p.16
②Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.83.
③Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.66.
④Hobbes, Thomas, OF the Life and Hisory of Thucydides, in Thucydides, Eight books of the Peloponnesian War, trans. by Thomas Hobbes, London: Imprinted for Hen, 1629, fos 10b.
①Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.82.
②Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.82.
③Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.116
①Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.82.
②Thomas Hobbes,“Of the Life of and History of Thucydides”, in Thucydides, Eight Books of the Peloponnesian War, trans. by Thomas Hobbes, London: imprinted for Hen, 1629, fos. 10b.
①斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》,奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第386页。
②Jacob Heyndrix,“Political Education”, 1582, in Martin Van Gelderen(ed.), The Dutch Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.211.
③Jacob Heyndrix,“Political Education”, 1582, in Martin Van Gelderen(ed.), The Dutch Revolt, p.217.
①Jacob Heyndrix,“Political Education”, 1582, in Martin Van Gelderen(ed.), The Dutch Revolt, p.221.
①《论海上自由》是格劳秀斯的手稿《论捕获法》的第十二章,整部手稿直到1864年才被发现,格劳秀斯生前从未公开发表。
②Hugo Grotius, Freedom of the Seas, trans. by Van Deman Magoffin and James Brown Scott (ed.), 1916, p.1,3.
①Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty),trans. by Gwldys L. Williams, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1950, p.7.
②Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. i. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
③Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), p.6.
④Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. i. 4., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
⑤格劳秀斯的《论捕获法》的第十二章《论海上自由》写于1609年,在同期他的一些手稿中,其观点与他最终完成的手稿有很大的变动。因此可以推算,《论捕获法》的大部分章节在1609年之后经过长期的修改后完成,在这个过程挡住格劳秀斯逐步发展了他的国际法与万民法理论,有足够的时间接受苏亚雷斯的影响。
①Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, II. viii. 8., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
②Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), p.9.
③Richard Tuck,“Grotius and Selden”, in J.H. Burns(ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.512-3.
④参见:Richard Tuck,“Grotius and Selden”, p.513.
⑤Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), p.92.
①Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 4., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
②Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
③Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 21., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
①Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
②Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),I.3.7, London, 1783, p.63.
①Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),I.3.7, p.64.
②Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),I.1.14, p.15.
①Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.1.14, p.15.
②Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.2.1, , p.25.
③Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.2.1, p.26.
④Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.1.14, p.15.
①这方面的著作最杰出的代表是斯金纳的《霍布斯哲学中的理性与修辞》(Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoic in the Philosophy of Hobbes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.)
②斯金纳:《霍布斯哲学思想中的理性与修辞》,王加丰等译,华东师范大学出版社,2005年,第248页。
③见贾丁:《基督教君主的教育序言》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003年,第3页。
①霍布斯:《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年,第12页。
②Walter Raleigh, Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh, London, 1657, p.2.
③Brian Vickers, Introduction of The History of the Reign of King Henry VII, Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, p. Xv.
④Brian Vickers, Introduction of The History of the Reign of King Henry VII Xvii
①马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海:世纪出版集团,2008,第58页。
②马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海:世纪出版集团,2008,第56-58页。
③Richard Tuck,“Hobbes and Tacitus”, in G. A. J. Rogers and Tom Sorell(ed.), Hobbes and History, London and New York, 2000, p.106.
④H. Parker, The True Grounds of Ecclesiastical Regiment, London, 1641, D4v/E.
⑤转引自:Richard Tuck,“Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England”, in The Historical Journal, XVII, I(1974), pp.52.
①参见: Thomas Kuhn,“Mathematical and Experimental Traditions”in T.Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, 1997.
②Ian Maclean,“Expressing Nature’s Regularities and their Determinations in the Late Renaissance”, in Lorraine Daston and Michael Stolleis(ed.), Natural Law and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Europe, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2008, p.32.
①Richard Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, I.viii.3., London: Printed by Iohn Windet, 1604.
②Hobbes, The English Works, William Molesworth(ed.), Vol. VII, London: Longman, 1839, p.454.
②Steven Shapin: A Social History of Truth, Chicago and London: The Univeristy of Chicago Press, 1994, pp.330-33.
①Antonino Poppi,“Fate, fortune, providence and human freedom”, Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, p.643-7.
②Antonino Poppi,“Fate, fortune, providence and human freedom”, Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.648.
①Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1996, p.107.
②John Bramhall, A Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsical Necessity, 1656,ξξ7,32.
③John Bramhall, A Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsical Necessity, 1656,ξξ20,17.
④马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海:世纪出版集团,2008,第231页。
①Thomas Hobbes, Treatise of liberty and Necessity, 1654,ξ19.
①Thomas Hobbes, Elements of Law, I, xv, 1., London: Printed by T.R., 1652.
②Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1996, p.18.
③Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992, pp.21
④Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, pp.79-80.。
②Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p.63.
③Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992, pp.26-9.
①Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p.72-3.
②Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp.36.
①Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p.280.
②Tenison, The creed of Mr. Hobbes examined, London: Printed for Francis Tyton, 1670, pp.140-1.
③George Lawson, An Examination of the political part of Mr. Hobbs his Leviathan, London, 1657, p.69.
①Coke, Justice vindicated, London, 1660,“To the Reader”.
②Coke, Justice vindicated, p.33.
③J. Hall, Of Government and obedience as they stand directed and determined by Scripture and reason four books, London, 1654, p. 9.
①Mattew Wren, Monarchy Asserted, Oxford: Printed by W. Hall, 1659, pp.48-9.
①加林:《意大利人文主义》,李玉成译,三联书店,1999年,第34页。
①Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in The Earthly Republic, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, p.246.
②Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.287.
③Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.260.
④Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.263.
①Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.251.
1. Althusius, Johannes, The Politics, Frederick S. Carney(trans. & ed.), Boston: Beacon Press, 1964.
2. Andrew, Laurence, The noble life and natures of man of bestes, serpentys, fowles and fishes that be most known, 1527.
3. Andrewe, Thomas, The unmasking of a feminine Machiavell, London:Printed by Simon Stafford, 1604.
4. Anon, M’Hobbes considered,London: Printed for Andrew Crooke, 1662.
5. Anon, The Atheisticall Politition or a Breife Discourse concerning Ni. Machiavell (出版时间和出版地不明)
6. Aquinas,Thomas, Political Writings, edited and translated by R.W.Dyson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
7. Summa Theologiae, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
8. Aristotle, , The Politics , Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959
9. Ascham, Roger, A report and discourse written by Roger Ascham, of the affaires and state of Germany, London: Printed by Iohn Daye, 1570.
10. The scholemaster or plaine and perfite way of teaching children, London: Printed by Iohn Daye, 1570.
11. Baxter, Richard,The defence of the nonconformists plea for peace, London, Printed by B. Grifin, 1680.
12. Bethel, Slingsby, The interest of Princes and States, London: Printed for Wickins, 1680.
13. Bodin, Jean, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, translated by Beatrice Reynolds,New York, Columbia University Press, 1945.
14. On Sovereignty, edited and trans. by Julian H. Franklin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
15. The six books of commonweal, trans. by Richard Knolles, London: Impensis G. Bishop, 1606.
16. Bramhall, John, A Defence of True Liberty from antecedent and ExtrinsecallNecessity, being an answer to a late Book of Mr. Thomas Hobbes of Malmsbury, London: Printed for John Crook, 1655.
17. Castigations of Mr. Hobbes his last Animadversions in the case concerning Liberty and Universal necessity, London, Printed by E.T. 1657.
18. Bracciolini, Poggio,“On Avarice”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
19.“In Praise of the Venetian Republic:Selections”, trans. by Russell Price, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
20. Braction, Henrici de, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, trans. by Travers Twiss, http;// heinonling.org, 1878
21. Bruni, Leonardo,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.), The Earthly Republic, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
22. Bude, Guillaume,“On the Education of the prince”, trans. by Nell Kenny, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.259.
23. Campanella, Tommaso, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, London: Printed for Philemon Stephens, 1654
24.“The Monarch of the Messiah: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
25. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, The Republic and the Law, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
26. Charleton, Walter, A Brief discourse concerning the different wits of men, London: Printed by R.W., 1669.
27. Clarendon, Edward, A Brief view and survey of the dangerous and pernicious errors to Church and State in Mr. Hobbes’s Book Entitled LEVIATHAN, Oxon: Printed at the Theater, 1676.
28. Coke, Edward, Institutes of the Laws of England, Charles Butler(ed.), Philadelphia: Robert H. Small, 1853.
29. Report in English, London: Joseph Butterworth and Son, 1826.
30. Coke, Roger, Justice vindicated, London: Printed by Tho. Newcomb, 1660
31. Eachard, John, Some opinions of Mr. Hobbes considered in a second dialoguebetween Philautus and Timothy by the same author, London, Printed by J. Macock, 1673.
32. Elyot, Thomas The book named the Governor, 1534(出版地不详).
33. Fitzherbert, Thomas, A Treatise concerning Policy and Religion, Printed at Doway, 1606.
34. Fletcher, Henry, The Perfect Politician, London: Printed by J. Cottrel, 1600.
35. Fortescue, John, The government of England otherwise called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy, Clarendon Press, 1897.
36. A learned commendation of the politic laws of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
37. Gagarin, Michael and Woodruff, Paul (ed.), Early Greek Political Thought from Homes to Sophists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
38. Gardiner, Stephen, A Machiavellian Treatise, ed. and trans. by Peter Samual Donaldson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
39. Gelderen, Martin Van (ed.), The Dutch Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
40. Gentillet, Innocent, A discourse upon the Means of well governing and Maintaining in good peace, a Kingdome or other Principality, Against Nicholas Machiavell, trans. by Simon Patericke, London: Printed by Adam flip, 1602.
41. Grotius, Hugo, Freedom of the Seas, trans. by Van Deman Magoffin, James Brown Scott (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, 1916.。
42. Politick Maxims and observations, London: Printed for Humphrey Moseley, 1654.
43. De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), trans. by Gwldys L. Williams, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1950.
44. De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war), London: Printed for J. Watts, 1783
45. Guicciardini, Francesco, Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), Republican. Realism in Renaissance Florence., New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
46. Dialogue on the Government of Florence, Edited and Translated by Alison Brown., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
47.“Considerations of the Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli”, in Translated by James B. Atkinson and David Sices, The Sweetness of Power: Machiavelli’sDiscourses & Guicciardini’s Considerations, DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002.
48. Guevara, Antonio, The Dial of Princes, trans. by Thomas North, London, 1557
49. Hall , John. Of Government and obedience as they stand directed and determined by Scripture and reason four books, London: Printed by T. Newcomb, 1654
50. Hastings, Francis, A Watch-word to all religious, and true hearted Englishmen, London: Printed by Felix Kingston, 1598.
51. 46. Harding, Thomas, A Confutation of the Apologie, Antwerp, 1565.(出版商不明)
52. Henrici de Braction, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, trans. by Travers Twiss, London: Longman & Co., Paternoster Row; TRUBNER & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1883-89.
53. Henry, Rrobert. Pheander the Mayden Knight, London: Printed by Thomas Favvcet, 1661.
54. Hobbes,Thomas, Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society, Printed by f. g. 1651.
55. The English Works, William Molesworth(ed.), Vol. VII, London: Longman, 1839.
56. Elements of Law, London: Printed by T.R., 1652.
57. Three Discourses:A Critical Modern Edition of Newly Identified Work of the Yong Hobbes, Noel B. Reynolds and Arlene W. Saxonhouse(ed.), Chicago and London: The Univercity of Chicago Press, 1995.
58. Leviathan, edited by Richard Tuck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
59. Hooker, Richard, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Completed out of his own Manuscripts, London: Printed by Iohn Windet, 1604.
60. King James VI and I,“Speech to parliament of 21 March 1610”, in Johann p. Sommerville(ed.), Plitical Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
61. Lawson, George, An Examination of the political part of Mr. Hobbs his Leviathan, London: Printed by R. White, 1657.
62. Leslie, Jonh, A treatise of treasons against Elizabeth and the crowne of England, Printed in the yeare of our lord, 1572.
63. Lever, Christopher, Heaven and earth, religion and policy, Printed by H.B., 1608.
64. Queene Elizabeths teares, London: Printed for Nicholas and Humphrey Moseley, 1607.
65. Lipsius, Sixe Books of Politickes or Civil, London, Printed by Richard Field, 1594.
66. Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, Trans. by Russell Price, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Discourses on the first Decade of Titus Livius, Trans. by Ninian Thomson, London, Kegan Paul, 1883.
68. More, Henry, The immortality of the soul, Lodon, Printed by I. Flesher, 1659.
69. Morison, Richard, A remedy for sedition wherin are conteyned many things, 1556(出版商不明).
70. Neville, Henry, Machiavels vindication of Himself Wing(出版地、出版时间与出版商不明)。
71. Ortunez, de Calahorra, Diego, The mirror of Princely, London: printed by Thomas East, 1578.
72. Parker, Henry, The True Grounds of Ecclesiastical Regiment, London: Printed for Robert Bostock, 1641.
73. Parker, Samuel, 1640-1688, An Account of the nature and Extent of the divine dominion & goodnesse especially as they refer to the Origenian Hypothesis concerning the presxistence of souls together with a special account of the vanity and groundlessness of hypothesis it self, Oxford: Printed by W. Hall, , 1666.
74. Palmieri, Matteo,“Civil Life: Book II(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
75. Petrarca, Francesco, How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State, translated by Benjamin G. Kohl, in The Earthly Republic, Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G..Witt(edited.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.
76. Plato, The Republic, 336., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
77. Pole,Reginald, Apology ad Carolum Quintum(Selections), translated by Nicholas Webb,. Jill Kraye(edited), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
78. Poybius, The Histories, Book VI, II. 12. (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
79. Poliziano, Angelo,“A letter to Bartolomeo Scala in Defence of the StoicPhilosopher Epictetus”, by Jill Kraye, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997,
80. Ponet, John, A Short Treatise of Politic Power and of the true obedience, 1556(出版地和出版商不明).
81. Prynne, William, 1600-1669, The sword of Christian magistracy supported, London:Printed for Henry Bromese, 1653.
82. Raleigh, Walter, Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh, London, 1657.
83. Salutai,“De tyranno”, in Humanism and Tyranny, Ephraim Emerton(edited.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925.
84. Scala, Bartolomeo, Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements, Jill Kraye(edited), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
85. Selden, John, 1586-1654, The history of tithes that is, the practice of payment of them, 1618(出版地和出版商不明).
86. A briefe discourse, concerning the power of the peeres and commons of parliament, Printed in the yeere, 1640.
87. Smith, Thomas, De Republica Anglorum, Mary Dewar(ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1982.
88. Spenser, Edmund, The Fairy Queen,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
89. A View of the Present State of Ireland, London: Scholartis Press, 1934.
90. Suarez, Francisco,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, G. Williams(Edited.), Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez, Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1944.
91. Tension, Thomas, The creed of Mr. Hobbes, London: Printed for Francis Tyton, 1670.
92. Thomas, William,The history of Italie a boke excedying profitable to be read, 1549(出版地和出版商不明).
93. Thomas, William,“Clerk of the Council to Edward VI”, The historie of Italie a boke excedyng profitable to be redde: because it intreateth of the astate of many and diuers common weales, how thei haue ben, [and] now be gouerned, 1549(出版地和出版商不明)
94. Thucydides, Eight Books of the Pel oponnesian War, trans. by Thomas Hobbes, London: imprinted for Hen, 1629.
95. Merbvry, Charles, A Briefe Discovrse of Royall Monarchie, as of the bestcoomonweale: wherin the subiect may beholde the Sacred Maiestie of the Princes most Royall Estate., London:Printed by Thomas Vautrollier dwelling in the Blackfrieres, by Ludgate, 1581.
96. Vergerio, Pier Paolo,“The Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
97. Vitoria, Francisco, Politcial Writings, Anthony Pagden(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
98. Watson,William, Important Consideration,Published by sundry of us the secular Priests, 1601
99. Wren, Mattew, Monarchy Asserted, Oxford: Printed by W. Hall, 1659.
1. Anglo, Sydeny, Machiavelli– The First Century : Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
2. Baron, Hans: The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996
3. Beame, Edmond M.“The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation”, in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982).
4. Burns, J.H. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350--c.1450, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
5. Carlye, R.W. and Carlyle, A.J., A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, Vol. VI, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1950, p. 365.
6. Daston, Lorraine and Stolleis, Michael (edited), Natural Law and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Europe, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2008..
7. Fell, London, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman Law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983.
8. Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
9. Voll. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Foundations of Corasius’Systematic Methodolgy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983,.
10. Franklin, Julian H. , Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in TheMethodology of Law and History, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1963。
11. Gilbert, Felix, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, New York·London: W·W·Norton & Company, 1984.
12. Gerhard, Oestreich, Neostoicism and the early Modern State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1980.
13. Hankins, James, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
14. Hampsher-Monk, Iain, A History of Modern Political Thought, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992.
15. Kraye Jill, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
16. Kristeller, Paul Oskar,“Review of Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism by Walter Ullmann”, in Medieval Academy of America, Vol. 54, No.2(Apr., 1979)
17. Kuhn, Thomas,‘Mathematical and Experimental Traditions”in T.Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, 1997.
18. Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert (Compiled.), Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
19. Lockey, Brian C., Law and Empire in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.28-9.
20. Mintz, Samuel, The Hunting of Leviathan, Mich: UMI, 1958.
21. Martines, Lauro,Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.
22. Najemy, John(ed.), Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 1300-1550, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p.196.
23. Parkin, Jon, Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England, The Royal Historical Society: The Boydell Press, 1999.
24. Taming the Leviathan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
25. Raab, Felix ,The English Face of Machiavelli, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.
26. Rogers, G. A. J. and Sorell, Tom, Hobbes and History, London and New York, 2000,
27. Schmitt, Charles B., Skinner Quentin, Kessler Eckhard and Kraye Jill, TheCambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
28. Schellhase, Kenneth, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
29. Shapin, Steven: A Social History of Truth, Chicago and London: The Univeristy of Chicago Press, 1994.
30. Skinner, Quentin,“The States”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(edited), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.90.
31. Skinner, Quentin, Reason and Rhetoic in the Philosophy of Hobbes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
32. Tuck, Richard, Natural Rights Theories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
33. Tuck, Richard, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
34.“Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England”, in The Historical Journal, XVII, I(1974),
35. Ullmann,Walter, Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977
36. Viroli, Maurizio, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
37. White, R. S., Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,.
1.索福克勒斯:《安提戈涅》,罗念生译,《埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种,索福克勒斯悲剧三种》,上海世纪出版集团,2004年。
2.柏拉图:《理想国》,郭斌和,张树明译,商务印书馆,2002年。
3.亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆,2008年。
4.亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译,商务印书馆,2008年。
5.修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,2008年。
6.马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年。
7.马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,2005年。
8.莎士比亚:《威尼斯商人》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第一卷),译林出版社,1998年。
9.莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年。
10.莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年。
11.莎士比亚:《辛白林》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》第七卷,译林出版社,1998年。
12.莎士比亚:《亨利六世》(下),梁实秋译,中国广播电视出版社,远东图书公司,2001年。
13.伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海世纪出版集团,2003。
14.莫尔:《乌托邦》,戴镏龄译,商务印书馆,1996年。
15.霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复译,商务印书馆,1997年。
16.霍布斯:《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年。
17.丛日云:《西方政治文化传统》,黑龙江人民出版社,2000年。
18.戴维·米勒、韦农·波个丹诺(主编):《布莱克威尔政治学百科全书》,邓正来等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002年。
19.斯金纳:《观念史中的意涵与理解》,任军锋译,载《思想史研究》(第一期),上海:上海世纪出版集团,2006年。
20.迈内克:《马基雅维里主义:国家理由的兴起》,时殷弘译,商务印书馆,2008年。
21. S.F.C.密尔松:《普通法的历史基础》,李显东等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1999年。
22.加林:《意大利人文主义》,李玉成译,北京三联书店,1999年。
23.哈伊:《意大利文艺复兴的历史背景》,李玉成译,北京三联书店,1988年。
24.罗门:《自然法的观念史和哲学》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年。
25.曼斯菲尔德:《驯化君主》,冯克利译,译林出版社,2005年。
26.芬纳:《统治史:古代的王权和帝国》,马百亮、王霞译,华东师范大学出版社,2010年。
27.马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海世纪出版集团,2008。
28.夏平、谢弗:《利维坦与空气泵:霍布斯、波意耳与实验生活》,蔡佩君、区立远译,上海世纪出版集团,2008。
29.彼得·伯克:《欧洲文艺复兴:中心与边缘》,刘耀春译,东方出版社,2007。
②芬纳:《统治史:古代的王权和帝国》,马百亮、王霞译,华东师范大学出版社,2010年,第218页。
④关于这句话的希腊原文可以参见:Aristotle, The Politics, 1281a 11., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959,p.218.英文翻译见该书第219页;中文翻译见:亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆,2008年,第144页。
⑤Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott(Compiled.), Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, p.1013.
①Plato, The Republic, 336., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003, p.335.
②Plato, Gorgias, 483 d., in Michael Gagarin and Paul Woodruff(ed.), Early Greek Political Thought from Homes to Sophists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.310.
③戴维·米勒、韦农·波个丹诺(主编):《布莱克威尔政治学百科全书》,邓正来等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第641页。
①Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Republic, II. 56, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000, p.82,英文对照见该书第83页。
②Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Republic, II. 56, p.124,英文对照见该书第125页。
③Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Law, III. i.2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000, p.458-61.
①Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.24.
②丛日云:《西方政治文化传统》,黑龙江人民出版社,2000年,第452页。
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, New York·London: W·W·Norton & Company. 1984, p.205.
②斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》(上卷),奚瑞森、亚方译,商务印书馆,2002年,第32页。
①Plato, Gorgias, 483 d., in Michael Gagarin and Paul Woodruff(ed.), Early Greek Political Thought from Homes to Sophists, p.310.
②修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,2008,第469页。
①Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, II 1, Quaest. 91, art. 1-2. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
②Suarez,“On laws and lawgiver God”, cap.3,§10, p.9 in Selections from Three Works, ed. James Brown Scott, 2 vols, Oxford and London: Oxford University Press, 1944.
①曼斯菲尔德:《驯化君主》,冯克利译,译林出版社,2005年,第197页。
①Hans Baron: The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996, p.28,453.
②斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》(上卷),奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第32页。
③斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》(上卷),奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第495-499页。
①Walter Ullmann, Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977,Chs.4-5.
②Walter Ullmann, Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism, 1977,Chs.5-6.
③Paul Oskar Kristeller,“Review of Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism by Walter Ullmann”, in Medieval Academy of America, Vol. 54, No.2(Apr., 1979), pp.436-38.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
②London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman Law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983, Ch.3.
③London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman Law, pp.63-9.
①R. S, White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,.
②Samuel Mintz, The Hunting of Leviathan, Mich: UMI, 1958.
①Quentin Skinner,“Thomas Hobbes and His Disciples in France and England”, in Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 8, No.2(Jan., 1966), pp.153-667.
②Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
③Jon Parkin, Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England, The Royal Historical Society: The Boydell Press, 1999.
④Richard Tuck,Philosophy and Government, 1527-1651, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
①斯金纳:《观念史中的意涵与理解》,任军锋译,载《思想史研究》(第一期),上海:上海世纪出版集团,2006年,第134页。
①John M. Najemy(ed.), Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 1300-1550, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p.196.
②哈伊:《意大利文艺复兴的历史背景》,李玉成译,北京三联书店,1988年,第75页。
①Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968, p.76.
②Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, p.171.
③Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”,in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.99.
①Aristotle, The Politics, 1285a-1285b, pp.191-2.
②Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.3.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of state, pp.135-45.
①See:James Hankins,“Humanism and the origins of modern political thought”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, Cambridge University Press,1996.
②James Hankins,“Humanism and the origins of modern political thought”, in Jill Kraye(ed., The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, p.120.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, p.3.
②Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.55.
①Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, p.60.
②Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, pp.14-16.
③Salutati,“De Tyranno”, in Ephraim Emerton(ed.), Humanism and Tyranny, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925, p.75.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, p.18.
②Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, trans. by Nicholas Webb, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.97.
③See:Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, pp.76-79.
④See:Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language ofpolitics 1250-1600, p.90.
①Salutati,“De Tyranno”, in Ephraim Emerton(ed.), Humanism and Tyranny, p.74.
②Salutati,“De Tyranno”, in Ephraim Emerton(ed.), Humanism and Tyranny, p.76.
①Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, pp.169.
②Giovanni Pontano,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.70.
①Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, p.46.
②Giovanni Pontano,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.104.
③Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.99.
①Giovanni Pontano,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2,p.79.
②Eric Nelson,“The Problem of the Prince”, in James Hankins(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.320.
③Giuniano Maio,“On Majesty: Chaper 19: ON Magnificence: Selections”, trans. by Nicolas Webb, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.111.
①Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, pp.24.
②Jill Kraye,“Moral philosophy”, in Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.111.
①Paul Kristeller,“Humanism”, in Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, p.334.
①George of Trebizond,“Preface to His Translation of Plato’s Laws”, trans. by John Monfasani, in e Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.129.
②Eric Nelson,“The Problem of the Prince”, in James Hankins(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance of Philosophy,p.116.
③Matteo Palmieri,“Civil life: Book II: Selections”, trans. David Marsh, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, pp.152-3.
①Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, trans. by Nicholas Webb, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.95.
①Bartolomeo Sacchi,“On the Prince: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, pp.96-7.
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, New York·London: W·W·Norton & Company., pp.136-37.
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardin,p.136.
②Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardin,p. 107.
③Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, p.91.
①Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardin, p.205.
②Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, pp.106-7.
③伯克:《文艺复兴:中心与边缘》,东方出版社,2007年,第74页。
④Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968, p.412.
①Thomas Hobbes, Philosophical rudiments concerning government and society(De Cive), 1651, B.3.
①Quentin Skinner(1989),“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.90.
②Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.5.
③Maurizio Viroli,From Politics to Reason of State,p.97.
①Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.91.
②Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.106.
①Francesco Guicciardini: Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), Republican Realism in Renaissance Florence., New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. INC. p. 117.
②Francesco Guicciardini: Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), Republican Realism in Renaissance Florence, p.121.
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. by Russell Price, p.5.
④Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. by Russell Price, pp.72-5.
⑤马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年出版,第11页。
⑥Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, p.10.
⑦马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年出版,第50页。
①Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.37-8.
②马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年出版,第117页。
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.37-8.
④关于马基雅维里者两封信的意大利原文可以参见:Maurizio Viroli,From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, p. 146.信件的英译本收集在:James Atkinson and David Sices(trans and ed.), Machiavelli and his Friends: Their Personal Correspondence, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996, p.225-6, 293-4.但是该英译本当中没有对意大利原文“arte dello stato”进行准确的翻译,妨碍了读者理解马基雅维里stato的理解。
⑤中译本参照马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,2005年,第44页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans.by Ninian Hill Thomson., London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., 1, Paternoster Square., 1883, p.17.
①Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.109.
②Quentin Skinner,“The State”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter 5, p.107.
①Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, Edited and Trans.by Alison Brown., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp.13-4.
②中译本参照马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第71页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans.by Ninian Hill Thomson, p.55.
③Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, pp.31-3.
④Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence,ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, pp.35-36.
①Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence,ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, p.37.
②Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence,ed. & trans.by Alison Brown, p.159.
①中译本参照马基雅维里《:论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第71页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans. by Ninian Hill Thomson, p.63.
②中译本参照马基雅维里《:论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第82页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, pp.67-8.
①Guicciardini,‘Considerations of the Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli’, in Trans.by James B. Atkinson and David Sices, The Sweetness of Power: Machiavelli’s Discourses & Guicciardini’s Considerations, DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press., 2002, p.400.
①Guicciardini: Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), p. 119.
②Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, p.131.
③Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, p.90.
①Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, pp.90.
②Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, pp.100.
③Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, pp.141.
①Felix Gilbert,‘Bernardo Rucellai and the Orti Oricellari: A Study on the Origin of Modern Political Thought’, Journal of the Warburg and Couortauld Institutes, p.54.
②Felix Gilbert,‘Bernardo Rucellai and the Orti Oricellari: A Study on the Origin of Modern Political Thought’, Journal of the Warburg and Couortauld Institutes, 12, p.54.
①中译本参照马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,第102-103页。英译本参照:Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, pp.90-1.
②《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,第102-103页;Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, pp.90-1.
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.37-8.
④马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第102-103页。
①Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, pp.31.
②Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, p.62.
③Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.by Russell Price, p.26.
①马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第102-103页。
①Pier Paolo Vergerio,“The Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.98.
②Francesco Petrarca,“How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.45.
①索福克勒斯:《安提戈涅》,罗念生译,《埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种,索福克勒斯悲剧三种》,上海:世纪出版集团,2004年,第308-309页。
②索福克勒斯:《安提戈涅》,罗念生译,《埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种,索福克勒斯悲剧三种》,上海:世纪出版集团,2004年,第301页。
①James Hankins,‘Humanism and the Origins of Modern Political Thought’, in Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, p.123.
②James Hankins, Humanism and the Origins of Modern Political Thought, in Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, p.123.
①Francesco Petrarca,‘How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State’, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, p.52.
②Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, pp.136.
③Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic, pp.150.
④Leonardo Bruni,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.) The Earthly Republic , pp.151.
⑤Poggio Bracciolini,“In Praise of the Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2,p.136.
①Pier Paolo Vergerio,“The Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.121.
②Matteo Palmieri,“Civil Life: Book II(Selections)”, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.165.
①Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.177.
①Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.185.
①Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements,”in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.190.
②Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements’, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.190.
③Bartolomeo Scala,“Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, p.190.
①关于十七世纪英国权力概念演变过程的研究,可参见:Richard Tuck,‘Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England, The Historical Journal, XVII, I(1974), pp.43-61.
①John Ponet, A short Treatise of Politic power, 1556, p.12.
②Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, Mary Dewar(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, p.53-4.
③R.W. Carlye and A.J. Carlyle, A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, Vol. VI, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1950, p. 365.
①Johannes Althusius, The Politics, Frederick S. Carney(trans. & eds.), Boston: Beacon Press, 1964, p.91.
①Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1963, p.38.
②Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Centry Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, p.41-3.
③Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, trans.by Beatrice Reynolds,New York, Columbia University Press, 1945, p.152.
①参见:Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, p.55.
②Julian H. Franklin, Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in The Methodology of Law and History, p.46.
①马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:世纪出版集团,第49页。
②A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.2. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Foundations of Corasius’Systematic Methodolgy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983, p.90-1.
③A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983, p.212.
①A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, p.99-100.
①A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, p.150.
②A. London Fell, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol.1. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman law, p.151.
③参见:Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.152.
①Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.1.
②Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), p.91.
③Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), p.92.
④Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), p.56.
①Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.153.
②Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(trans. & ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.32.
③Jean Bodin, The six books of commonweal, trans. by Richard Knolles, London: Impensis G. Bishop, 1606, p.210.
④Jean Bodin, The six books of commonweal, trans. by Richard Knolles, London: Impensis G. Bishop, 1606, p.35.
①Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance,“Introduction of Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.xxiii.
②Franciso de Vitoria,“On the American Indians”, Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.273.
①Franciso de Vitoria,“On the American Indians”, p.278.
②See:Brian C. Lockey, Law and Empire in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.28-9.
③Franciso de Vitoria,“On war of Law”, 1.1, Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, pp.297-8.
④Franciso de Vitoria,“On Law”, ST I-II. 94.2. in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.171.
①Franciso de Vitoria,“On Law”, ST I-II. 96.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writingspp, p.180-1.
②Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. i. 1., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.), Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1944.
③Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. v. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
④Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. v. 7., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
①Juan de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King, George Albert Moore(trans.), Maryland: The country Dollar Press, 1948, p. 111-3
②Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.2, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.7.
③Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.2, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.7.
④Juan de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King, p.112-3.
⑤Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.14.
①Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.4, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.11.
②Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.4, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.11.
③Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.16.
④Franciso de Vitoria,“On Civil Law”, 1.5, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.16.
⑤Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, III. ii. 1.
⑥Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, III. ii. 3.
①Franciso de Vitoria, On Civil Law, 1.2, in Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance(ed.), Franciso de Vitoria Political Writings, p.7.
②Juan de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King, p.165.
①Tommaso Campanella,“The Monarchy of the Messiah(Selections)”, Brian p. Copenhaver(trans.), in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.p.47.
①Tommaso Campanella,“The Monarchy of the Messiah(Selections)”, p.49.
②Tommaso Campanella, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, London;Printed for philemon Stephens, 1654, p.1.
①Tommaso Campanella, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, pp.5-6.
②Tommaso Campanella, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, p.30.
①R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, p.49.
①Henry Robert, The famous History of Pheander, London: Printed by Thomas Fawcet, 1661, Sig. A.3.
②Edmund Spenser, The Fairy Queen, V. proem 9.
③Edmund Spenser, The Fairy Queen, V. vii. 9.
①Edmund Spenser, A View of The Present State of Ireland, London: The Scholartis Press, 1934, p.7-9.
②See:R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, p.45.
①莎士比亚:《辛白林》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》第七卷,上海:译林出版社,1998年,第126页。
①莎士比亚:《辛白林》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》第七卷,上海:译林出版社,1998年,第130-131页。
②Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty, Julian H. Franklin(ed.& tran.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.57.
①Henrici de Braction, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, trans. by Travers Twiss, http;// heinonling.org, 1878, p.1.
②Henrici de Braction, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, p.13.
③S.F.C.密尔松:《普通法的历史基础》,李显东等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第24页。
④S.F.C.密尔松:《普通法的历史基础》,李显东等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第92页。
①Shelley Lockwood:“Introduction of On the laws and Governance of England”,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997, p.xxi.
②John Fortescue,“On the Nature of the Law of Nature”, On the laws and Governance of England,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997, p.130.
③King James VI and I,”Speech to parliament of 21 March 1610”, in Johann p. Sommerville(ed.), Plitical Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.185.
①Brian C. Lockey, Law and Empire in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.84-5.
②R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,p.48.
③R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,p.51
④R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,p.149.
⑤R. S. White, Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, p.48.
⑥罗门:《自然法的观念史和哲学》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年,第103页。
①伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第18页。
①Guillaume Bude,“On the Education of the prince”, trans. by Nell Kenny, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.259.
②Antonio, Guevara, The Dial of Princes, trans. by Thomas North, London, 1557, p.25-26.
③伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第19页。
④伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第21页。
①Antonio, Guevara, The Dial of Princes, trans.by Thomas North, London, 1557, C.1.
②“如果有人认真仔细地考察柏拉图为确保城邦的永恒与自由而为其设定的法律,他就不会否认,威尼斯自由的最初奠基者从柏拉图那里得到了建立政府的最初灵感。”参见,George of Trebizond,Preface to Plato’s Law, p.129
③伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第22页。
④Guillaume Bude,“On the Education of the prince”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.259.
①Reginald Pole,Apology ad Carolum Quintum(Selections), trans.by Nicholas Webb, p.276.
②Reginald Pole,Apology ad Carolum Quintum(Selections), trans.by Nicholas Webb, p.285.
③Thomas Elyot, The book named the Governor, London, 1534, p.167.
④Thomas Elyot, The book named the Governor, p.167-8.
⑤斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》,奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002,第375页。
①伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003,第162页。
②莫尔:《乌托邦》,戴镏龄译,商务印书馆,1996年,第94页。
①Edmond M. Beame,‘The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982), p.37.
②Edmond M. Beame,‘The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982), p.36.
①Edmond M. Beame,‘The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982), p.37.
②Sydeny Anglo, Machiavelli– The First Century : Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p.550.
③John Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.153.
①John Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, p.153.
①Sydeny Anglo, Machiavelli– The First Century : Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance, p.274-80.
①Innocent Gentillet, Discoverse upon the Meanes of well Governing and Maintaining in Good: Peace, a Kingome, or other Principalitie.Divided into three parts, namely, The Counsell, the Religion, and the Policie, which a Prince out to hold and follow: Against Nicholos Machiavell the Florentine, London, 1602, sig. A2.
①Innocent Gentillet, Discoverse upon the Meanes of well Governing and Maintaining in Good, sig. A.2.
①Innocent Gentillet, Discoverse upon the Meanes of well Governing and Maintaining in Good, p.74.
①Ascham, Roger, A report and discourse written by Roger Ascham, of the affaires and state of Germany and the Emperour Charles his court, duryng certaine yeares while the sayd Roger was there, London: Printed by Iohn Daye, dwelling ouer Aldersgate, 1570, p.27.
②Ascham, Roger, The scholemaster or plaine and perfite way of teachyng children, to vnderstand, write, and speake, the Latin tong but specially purposed for the priuate brynging vp of youth in ientlemen and noble mens houses, and commodious also for all such, as haue forgot the Latin tonge ... London.:Printed by Iohn Daye, dwelling ouer Aldersgate. Cum Gratia & Priuilegio Regiae Maiestatis, per Decennium.,1570, sig. A.6.
①Thomas, William, Clerk of the Council to Edward VI., The historie of Italie a boke excedyng profitable to be redde: because it intreateth of the astate of many and diuers common weales, how thei haue ben, [and] now be gouerned., ANNO DOMINI. M. D. XLIX. 1549, sig. A.2.
②莫布利的著作参见:Charles Merbvry, A Briefe Discovrse of Royall Monarchie, as of the best coomonweale: wherin the subiect may beholde the Sacred Maiestie of the Princes most Royall Estate., Longdon: Printed by Thomas Vautrollier dwelling in the Blackfrieres, by Ludgate, 1581.
①Letters and papers, Foreign and Domestic: Henry VIII, 1539, vol. xiv, pt.1(1891).
②Francis Hastings, A Watch-word to all religious, and true hearted Englishmen, 1598, p.93-4.
③, Thomas Harding, A Confutation of the Apologie, Antwerp, 1565, p.134.
④William Watson,Important Consideration,Published by sundry of us the secular Priests, 1601, p.42.
①Leslie, John, A treatise of treasons against of Queen Elizabeth and the Crown of England, 1572, sig, p.19.
②Leslie, John, A treatise of treasons against of Queen Elizabeth and the Crown of England, sig, p.10..
③Christopher Lever, Heaven and Earth, Religion and Policy, Printed by H.B. for Ieffrey Chorlton, and are to be sold at his shop, at the great North dore of Paules church,1608,p.1.
④Christopher Lever, Heaven and Earth, Religion and Policy, Printed by H.B. for Ieffrey Chorlton, and are to be sold at his shop, at the great North dore of Paules church,1608,p.61-2.
⑤Fitzherbert, Thomas, Policy and Religion, pt.i, 1650 p.40.
⑥Daniel Tuvil., The Dove and the Serpent., 1614, p.31.
①Stephen Gardiner, A Machiavellian Treatise, ed. and trans. Peter Samual Donaldson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 118.
②Stephen Gardiner, A Machiavellian Treatise, p.138.
①Stephen Gardiner, A Machiavellian Treatise, p.79.
②Anon, The Atheisticall Politition of a breife discourse concerning Ni. Maciavell, p.1.
①马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第85页。
①莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第164页。
②马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第80页。
③莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第165-166页。
④马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第87页。
①莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第166页。
①莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年,第123页。
①莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第224页。
②莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第226页。
①莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第240页。
②莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年,第276-277页。
①Angelo Poliziano,“A letter to Bartolomeo Scala in Defence of the Stoic Philosopher Epictetus”, by Jill Kraye, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical text, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.196.
①Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1976, p.132.
②马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年,第68页。
③Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1976, p.110.
④Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, p.127.
⑤Richard Tuck, Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State, in Burns(ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p.489.
①Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, p.143.
②Kenneth, Schellhase, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, p.144.
③Richard Tuck,“Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State”, in Burns(ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought, p.486.
④See, Richard Tuck,“Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State”, in Burns(ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought, p.482.
①Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, trans. by William Jones, London, 1594, p.16
②Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.83.
③Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.66.
④Hobbes, Thomas, OF the Life and Hisory of Thucydides, in Thucydides, Eight books of the Peloponnesian War, trans. by Thomas Hobbes, London: Imprinted for Hen, 1629, fos 10b.
①Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.82.
②Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.82.
③Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.116
①Lipsius, Justus, Sixe Bookes of Politickes or ciuil doctrin, p.82.
②Thomas Hobbes,“Of the Life of and History of Thucydides”, in Thucydides, Eight Books of the Peloponnesian War, trans. by Thomas Hobbes, London: imprinted for Hen, 1629, fos. 10b.
①斯金纳:《近代政治思想的基础》,奚瑞森、亚方译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第386页。
②Jacob Heyndrix,“Political Education”, 1582, in Martin Van Gelderen(ed.), The Dutch Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.211.
③Jacob Heyndrix,“Political Education”, 1582, in Martin Van Gelderen(ed.), The Dutch Revolt, p.217.
①Jacob Heyndrix,“Political Education”, 1582, in Martin Van Gelderen(ed.), The Dutch Revolt, p.221.
①《论海上自由》是格劳秀斯的手稿《论捕获法》的第十二章,整部手稿直到1864年才被发现,格劳秀斯生前从未公开发表。
②Hugo Grotius, Freedom of the Seas, trans. by Van Deman Magoffin and James Brown Scott (ed.), 1916, p.1,3.
①Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty),trans. by Gwldys L. Williams, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1950, p.7.
②Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. i. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
③Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), p.6.
④Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, I. i. 4., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
⑤格劳秀斯的《论捕获法》的第十二章《论海上自由》写于1609年,在同期他的一些手稿中,其观点与他最终完成的手稿有很大的变动。因此可以推算,《论捕获法》的大部分章节在1609年之后经过长期的修改后完成,在这个过程挡住格劳秀斯逐步发展了他的国际法与万民法理论,有足够的时间接受苏亚雷斯的影响。
①Suarez,‘On Law and God the Lawgiver’, II. viii. 8., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
②Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), p.9.
③Richard Tuck,“Grotius and Selden”, in J.H. Burns(ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.512-3.
④参见:Richard Tuck,“Grotius and Selden”, p.513.
⑤Grotius, De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), p.92.
①Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 4., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
②Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
③Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 21., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
①Suarez,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, III. ii. 5., in G. Williams, Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez(ed.).
②Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),I.3.7, London, 1783, p.63.
①Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),I.3.7, p.64.
②Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),I.1.14, p.15.
①Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.1.14, p.15.
②Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.2.1, , p.25.
③Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.2.1, p.26.
④Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war),1.1.14, p.15.
①这方面的著作最杰出的代表是斯金纳的《霍布斯哲学中的理性与修辞》(Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoic in the Philosophy of Hobbes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.)
②斯金纳:《霍布斯哲学思想中的理性与修辞》,王加丰等译,华东师范大学出版社,2005年,第248页。
③见贾丁:《基督教君主的教育序言》,李康译,上海:世纪出版集团,2003年,第3页。
①霍布斯:《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年,第12页。
②Walter Raleigh, Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh, London, 1657, p.2.
③Brian Vickers, Introduction of The History of the Reign of King Henry VII, Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, p. Xv.
④Brian Vickers, Introduction of The History of the Reign of King Henry VII Xvii
①马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海:世纪出版集团,2008,第58页。
②马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海:世纪出版集团,2008,第56-58页。
③Richard Tuck,“Hobbes and Tacitus”, in G. A. J. Rogers and Tom Sorell(ed.), Hobbes and History, London and New York, 2000, p.106.
④H. Parker, The True Grounds of Ecclesiastical Regiment, London, 1641, D4v/E.
⑤转引自:Richard Tuck,“Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England”, in The Historical Journal, XVII, I(1974), pp.52.
①参见: Thomas Kuhn,“Mathematical and Experimental Traditions”in T.Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, 1997.
②Ian Maclean,“Expressing Nature’s Regularities and their Determinations in the Late Renaissance”, in Lorraine Daston and Michael Stolleis(ed.), Natural Law and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Europe, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2008, p.32.
①Richard Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, I.viii.3., London: Printed by Iohn Windet, 1604.
②Hobbes, The English Works, William Molesworth(ed.), Vol. VII, London: Longman, 1839, p.454.
②Steven Shapin: A Social History of Truth, Chicago and London: The Univeristy of Chicago Press, 1994, pp.330-33.
①Antonino Poppi,“Fate, fortune, providence and human freedom”, Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, p.643-7.
②Antonino Poppi,“Fate, fortune, providence and human freedom”, Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler and Jill Kraye(ed.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.648.
①Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1996, p.107.
②John Bramhall, A Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsical Necessity, 1656,ξξ7,32.
③John Bramhall, A Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsical Necessity, 1656,ξξ20,17.
④马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海:世纪出版集团,2008,第231页。
①Thomas Hobbes, Treatise of liberty and Necessity, 1654,ξ19.
①Thomas Hobbes, Elements of Law, I, xv, 1., London: Printed by T.R., 1652.
②Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1996, p.18.
③Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992, pp.21
④Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, pp.79-80.。
②Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p.63.
③Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992, pp.26-9.
①Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p.72-3.
②Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought, pp.36.
①Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p.280.
②Tenison, The creed of Mr. Hobbes examined, London: Printed for Francis Tyton, 1670, pp.140-1.
③George Lawson, An Examination of the political part of Mr. Hobbs his Leviathan, London, 1657, p.69.
①Coke, Justice vindicated, London, 1660,“To the Reader”.
②Coke, Justice vindicated, p.33.
③J. Hall, Of Government and obedience as they stand directed and determined by Scripture and reason four books, London, 1654, p. 9.
①Mattew Wren, Monarchy Asserted, Oxford: Printed by W. Hall, 1659, pp.48-9.
①加林:《意大利人文主义》,李玉成译,三联书店,1999年,第34页。
①Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in The Earthly Republic, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, p.246.
②Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.287.
③Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.260.
④Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.263.
①Poggio Bracciolini,“On Avarice”, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, p.251.
1. Althusius, Johannes, The Politics, Frederick S. Carney(trans. & ed.), Boston: Beacon Press, 1964.
2. Andrew, Laurence, The noble life and natures of man of bestes, serpentys, fowles and fishes that be most known, 1527.
3. Andrewe, Thomas, The unmasking of a feminine Machiavell, London:Printed by Simon Stafford, 1604.
4. Anon, M’Hobbes considered,London: Printed for Andrew Crooke, 1662.
5. Anon, The Atheisticall Politition or a Breife Discourse concerning Ni. Machiavell (出版时间和出版地不明)
6. Aquinas,Thomas, Political Writings, edited and translated by R.W.Dyson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
7. Summa Theologiae, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
8. Aristotle, , The Politics , Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959
9. Ascham, Roger, A report and discourse written by Roger Ascham, of the affaires and state of Germany, London: Printed by Iohn Daye, 1570.
10. The scholemaster or plaine and perfite way of teaching children, London: Printed by Iohn Daye, 1570.
11. Baxter, Richard,The defence of the nonconformists plea for peace, London, Printed by B. Grifin, 1680.
12. Bethel, Slingsby, The interest of Princes and States, London: Printed for Wickins, 1680.
13. Bodin, Jean, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, translated by Beatrice Reynolds,New York, Columbia University Press, 1945.
14. On Sovereignty, edited and trans. by Julian H. Franklin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
15. The six books of commonweal, trans. by Richard Knolles, London: Impensis G. Bishop, 1606.
16. Bramhall, John, A Defence of True Liberty from antecedent and ExtrinsecallNecessity, being an answer to a late Book of Mr. Thomas Hobbes of Malmsbury, London: Printed for John Crook, 1655.
17. Castigations of Mr. Hobbes his last Animadversions in the case concerning Liberty and Universal necessity, London, Printed by E.T. 1657.
18. Bracciolini, Poggio,“On Avarice”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt(ed.), The Earthly Republic, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
19.“In Praise of the Venetian Republic:Selections”, trans. by Russell Price, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
20. Braction, Henrici de, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, trans. by Travers Twiss, http;// heinonling.org, 1878
21. Bruni, Leonardo,“Panegyric to the City of Florence”, trans. by Benjamin G. Kohl, in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (ed.), The Earthly Republic, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
22. Bude, Guillaume,“On the Education of the prince”, trans. by Nell Kenny, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.259.
23. Campanella, Tommaso, A Discourse touching The Spanish Monarch, London: Printed for Philemon Stephens, 1654
24.“The Monarch of the Messiah: Selections”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
25. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, The Republic and the Law, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
26. Charleton, Walter, A Brief discourse concerning the different wits of men, London: Printed by R.W., 1669.
27. Clarendon, Edward, A Brief view and survey of the dangerous and pernicious errors to Church and State in Mr. Hobbes’s Book Entitled LEVIATHAN, Oxon: Printed at the Theater, 1676.
28. Coke, Edward, Institutes of the Laws of England, Charles Butler(ed.), Philadelphia: Robert H. Small, 1853.
29. Report in English, London: Joseph Butterworth and Son, 1826.
30. Coke, Roger, Justice vindicated, London: Printed by Tho. Newcomb, 1660
31. Eachard, John, Some opinions of Mr. Hobbes considered in a second dialoguebetween Philautus and Timothy by the same author, London, Printed by J. Macock, 1673.
32. Elyot, Thomas The book named the Governor, 1534(出版地不详).
33. Fitzherbert, Thomas, A Treatise concerning Policy and Religion, Printed at Doway, 1606.
34. Fletcher, Henry, The Perfect Politician, London: Printed by J. Cottrel, 1600.
35. Fortescue, John, The government of England otherwise called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy, Clarendon Press, 1897.
36. A learned commendation of the politic laws of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
37. Gagarin, Michael and Woodruff, Paul (ed.), Early Greek Political Thought from Homes to Sophists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
38. Gardiner, Stephen, A Machiavellian Treatise, ed. and trans. by Peter Samual Donaldson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
39. Gelderen, Martin Van (ed.), The Dutch Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
40. Gentillet, Innocent, A discourse upon the Means of well governing and Maintaining in good peace, a Kingdome or other Principality, Against Nicholas Machiavell, trans. by Simon Patericke, London: Printed by Adam flip, 1602.
41. Grotius, Hugo, Freedom of the Seas, trans. by Van Deman Magoffin, James Brown Scott (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, 1916.。
42. Politick Maxims and observations, London: Printed for Humphrey Moseley, 1654.
43. De iure praedae commentarius (Commentary on the law of prize and booty), trans. by Gwldys L. Williams, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1950.
44. De jure belli ac pacis (The rights of peace and war), London: Printed for J. Watts, 1783
45. Guicciardini, Francesco, Discorso di Logrogno, in Athanasios Moulakis(ed.), Republican. Realism in Renaissance Florence., New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
46. Dialogue on the Government of Florence, Edited and Translated by Alison Brown., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
47.“Considerations of the Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli”, in Translated by James B. Atkinson and David Sices, The Sweetness of Power: Machiavelli’sDiscourses & Guicciardini’s Considerations, DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002.
48. Guevara, Antonio, The Dial of Princes, trans. by Thomas North, London, 1557
49. Hall , John. Of Government and obedience as they stand directed and determined by Scripture and reason four books, London: Printed by T. Newcomb, 1654
50. Hastings, Francis, A Watch-word to all religious, and true hearted Englishmen, London: Printed by Felix Kingston, 1598.
51. 46. Harding, Thomas, A Confutation of the Apologie, Antwerp, 1565.(出版商不明)
52. Henrici de Braction, Laws and Customs of England, Book I, trans. by Travers Twiss, London: Longman & Co., Paternoster Row; TRUBNER & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1883-89.
53. Henry, Rrobert. Pheander the Mayden Knight, London: Printed by Thomas Favvcet, 1661.
54. Hobbes,Thomas, Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society, Printed by f. g. 1651.
55. The English Works, William Molesworth(ed.), Vol. VII, London: Longman, 1839.
56. Elements of Law, London: Printed by T.R., 1652.
57. Three Discourses:A Critical Modern Edition of Newly Identified Work of the Yong Hobbes, Noel B. Reynolds and Arlene W. Saxonhouse(ed.), Chicago and London: The Univercity of Chicago Press, 1995.
58. Leviathan, edited by Richard Tuck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
59. Hooker, Richard, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Completed out of his own Manuscripts, London: Printed by Iohn Windet, 1604.
60. King James VI and I,“Speech to parliament of 21 March 1610”, in Johann p. Sommerville(ed.), Plitical Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
61. Lawson, George, An Examination of the political part of Mr. Hobbs his Leviathan, London: Printed by R. White, 1657.
62. Leslie, Jonh, A treatise of treasons against Elizabeth and the crowne of England, Printed in the yeare of our lord, 1572.
63. Lever, Christopher, Heaven and earth, religion and policy, Printed by H.B., 1608.
64. Queene Elizabeths teares, London: Printed for Nicholas and Humphrey Moseley, 1607.
65. Lipsius, Sixe Books of Politickes or Civil, London, Printed by Richard Field, 1594.
66. Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, Trans. by Russell Price, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Discourses on the first Decade of Titus Livius, Trans. by Ninian Thomson, London, Kegan Paul, 1883.
68. More, Henry, The immortality of the soul, Lodon, Printed by I. Flesher, 1659.
69. Morison, Richard, A remedy for sedition wherin are conteyned many things, 1556(出版商不明).
70. Neville, Henry, Machiavels vindication of Himself Wing(出版地、出版时间与出版商不明)。
71. Ortunez, de Calahorra, Diego, The mirror of Princely, London: printed by Thomas East, 1578.
72. Parker, Henry, The True Grounds of Ecclesiastical Regiment, London: Printed for Robert Bostock, 1641.
73. Parker, Samuel, 1640-1688, An Account of the nature and Extent of the divine dominion & goodnesse especially as they refer to the Origenian Hypothesis concerning the presxistence of souls together with a special account of the vanity and groundlessness of hypothesis it self, Oxford: Printed by W. Hall, , 1666.
74. Palmieri, Matteo,“Civil Life: Book II(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
75. Petrarca, Francesco, How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State, translated by Benjamin G. Kohl, in The Earthly Republic, Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G..Witt(edited.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.
76. Plato, The Republic, 336., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
77. Pole,Reginald, Apology ad Carolum Quintum(Selections), translated by Nicholas Webb,. Jill Kraye(edited), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
78. Poybius, The Histories, Book VI, II. 12. (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
79. Poliziano, Angelo,“A letter to Bartolomeo Scala in Defence of the StoicPhilosopher Epictetus”, by Jill Kraye, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Vol.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997,
80. Ponet, John, A Short Treatise of Politic Power and of the true obedience, 1556(出版地和出版商不明).
81. Prynne, William, 1600-1669, The sword of Christian magistracy supported, London:Printed for Henry Bromese, 1653.
82. Raleigh, Walter, Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh, London, 1657.
83. Salutai,“De tyranno”, in Humanism and Tyranny, Ephraim Emerton(edited.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925.
84. Scala, Bartolomeo, Dialogue on Laws and Legal Judgements, Jill Kraye(edited), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
85. Selden, John, 1586-1654, The history of tithes that is, the practice of payment of them, 1618(出版地和出版商不明).
86. A briefe discourse, concerning the power of the peeres and commons of parliament, Printed in the yeere, 1640.
87. Smith, Thomas, De Republica Anglorum, Mary Dewar(ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1982.
88. Spenser, Edmund, The Fairy Queen,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
89. A View of the Present State of Ireland, London: Scholartis Press, 1934.
90. Suarez, Francisco,“On Law and God the Lawgiver”, G. Williams(Edited.), Selection of Three Works of Francisco Suarez, Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1944.
91. Tension, Thomas, The creed of Mr. Hobbes, London: Printed for Francis Tyton, 1670.
92. Thomas, William,The history of Italie a boke excedying profitable to be read, 1549(出版地和出版商不明).
93. Thomas, William,“Clerk of the Council to Edward VI”, The historie of Italie a boke excedyng profitable to be redde: because it intreateth of the astate of many and diuers common weales, how thei haue ben, [and] now be gouerned, 1549(出版地和出版商不明)
94. Thucydides, Eight Books of the Pel oponnesian War, trans. by Thomas Hobbes, London: imprinted for Hen, 1629.
95. Merbvry, Charles, A Briefe Discovrse of Royall Monarchie, as of the bestcoomonweale: wherin the subiect may beholde the Sacred Maiestie of the Princes most Royall Estate., London:Printed by Thomas Vautrollier dwelling in the Blackfrieres, by Ludgate, 1581.
96. Vergerio, Pier Paolo,“The Venetian Republic(Selections)”, in Jill Kraye(ed.), Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
97. Vitoria, Francisco, Politcial Writings, Anthony Pagden(ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
98. Watson,William, Important Consideration,Published by sundry of us the secular Priests, 1601
99. Wren, Mattew, Monarchy Asserted, Oxford: Printed by W. Hall, 1659.
1. Anglo, Sydeny, Machiavelli– The First Century : Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
2. Baron, Hans: The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996
3. Beame, Edmond M.“The Use and Abuse of Machiavelli: The Sixteenth-Century French Adaptation”, in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.43, No.1(Jan.- Mar., 1982).
4. Burns, J.H. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350--c.1450, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
5. Carlye, R.W. and Carlyle, A.J., A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, Vol. VI, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1950, p. 365.
6. Daston, Lorraine and Stolleis, Michael (edited), Natural Law and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Europe, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2008..
7. Fell, London, Origins of Legislative Sovereignty and the Legislative State, Vol. Corasius and the Renaissance Systematization of Roman Law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983.
8. Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
9. Voll. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Foundations of Corasius’Systematic Methodolgy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager,Gunn & Hain, Publishers, Inc, 1983,.
10. Franklin, Julian H. , Jean and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in TheMethodology of Law and History, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1963。
11. Gilbert, Felix, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteeth-Century Florence, New York·London: W·W·Norton & Company, 1984.
12. Gerhard, Oestreich, Neostoicism and the early Modern State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1980.
13. Hankins, James, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
14. Hampsher-Monk, Iain, A History of Modern Political Thought, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992.
15. Kraye Jill, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
16. Kristeller, Paul Oskar,“Review of Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism by Walter Ullmann”, in Medieval Academy of America, Vol. 54, No.2(Apr., 1979)
17. Kuhn, Thomas,‘Mathematical and Experimental Traditions”in T.Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, 1997.
18. Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert (Compiled.), Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
19. Lockey, Brian C., Law and Empire in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.28-9.
20. Mintz, Samuel, The Hunting of Leviathan, Mich: UMI, 1958.
21. Martines, Lauro,Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.
22. Najemy, John(ed.), Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 1300-1550, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p.196.
23. Parkin, Jon, Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England, The Royal Historical Society: The Boydell Press, 1999.
24. Taming the Leviathan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
25. Raab, Felix ,The English Face of Machiavelli, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.
26. Rogers, G. A. J. and Sorell, Tom, Hobbes and History, London and New York, 2000,
27. Schmitt, Charles B., Skinner Quentin, Kessler Eckhard and Kraye Jill, TheCambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
28. Schellhase, Kenneth, Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
29. Shapin, Steven: A Social History of Truth, Chicago and London: The Univeristy of Chicago Press, 1994.
30. Skinner, Quentin,“The States”, in Terence Ball, James Farrell and Russell L. Hanson(edited), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.90.
31. Skinner, Quentin, Reason and Rhetoic in the Philosophy of Hobbes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
32. Tuck, Richard, Natural Rights Theories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
33. Tuck, Richard, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
34.“Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England”, in The Historical Journal, XVII, I(1974),
35. Ullmann,Walter, Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977
36. Viroli, Maurizio, From Politics to Reason of State: The acquisition and transformation of the language of politics 1250-1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
37. White, R. S., Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,.
1.索福克勒斯:《安提戈涅》,罗念生译,《埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种,索福克勒斯悲剧三种》,上海世纪出版集团,2004年。
2.柏拉图:《理想国》,郭斌和,张树明译,商务印书馆,2002年。
3.亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆,2008年。
4.亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译,商务印书馆,2008年。
5.修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,2008年。
6.马基雅维里:《君主论》,潘汉典译,商务印书馆,2005年。
7.马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海世纪出版集团,2005年。
8.莎士比亚:《威尼斯商人》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第一卷),译林出版社,1998年。
9.莎士比亚:《亨利五世》,刘炳善译,《莎士比亚全集》(第四卷),译林出版社,1998年。
10.莎士比亚:《麦克白》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》(第六卷),译林出版社,1998年。
11.莎士比亚:《辛白林》,朱生豪译,《莎士比亚全集》第七卷,译林出版社,1998年。
12.莎士比亚:《亨利六世》(下),梁实秋译,中国广播电视出版社,远东图书公司,2001年。
13.伊拉斯谟:《基督教君主的教育》,李康译,上海世纪出版集团,2003。
14.莫尔:《乌托邦》,戴镏龄译,商务印书馆,1996年。
15.霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复译,商务印书馆,1997年。
16.霍布斯:《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年。
17.丛日云:《西方政治文化传统》,黑龙江人民出版社,2000年。
18.戴维·米勒、韦农·波个丹诺(主编):《布莱克威尔政治学百科全书》,邓正来等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002年。
19.斯金纳:《观念史中的意涵与理解》,任军锋译,载《思想史研究》(第一期),上海:上海世纪出版集团,2006年。
20.迈内克:《马基雅维里主义:国家理由的兴起》,时殷弘译,商务印书馆,2008年。
21. S.F.C.密尔松:《普通法的历史基础》,李显东等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1999年。
22.加林:《意大利人文主义》,李玉成译,北京三联书店,1999年。
23.哈伊:《意大利文艺复兴的历史背景》,李玉成译,北京三联书店,1988年。
24.罗门:《自然法的观念史和哲学》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2005年。
25.曼斯菲尔德:《驯化君主》,冯克利译,译林出版社,2005年。
26.芬纳:《统治史:古代的王权和帝国》,马百亮、王霞译,华东师范大学出版社,2010年。
27.马蒂尼奇:《霍布斯传》,陈玉明译,上海世纪出版集团,2008。
28.夏平、谢弗:《利维坦与空气泵:霍布斯、波意耳与实验生活》,蔡佩君、区立远译,上海世纪出版集团,2008。
29.彼得·伯克:《欧洲文艺复兴:中心与边缘》,刘耀春译,东方出版社,2007。