芫菁的人工饲养和生殖生态研究
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摘要
本文对在福州分布的红头豆芫菁(Epicauta ruficeps Illiger)、细纹豆芫菁(Epicauta mannerheim Makl)及大斑芫菁(Mylabris phalerata Pallas)的生态环境，人工饲养方法，人工饲养下的生活史和生殖生态进行了初步的研究.通过对三种芫菁的性行为，对两性生殖系统解剖及组织学研究，比较三种芫菁生殖系统整体及显微构造，确定芫菁素在各器官中分布状况，讨论了精包形成过程中雄性生殖腺产物进入雌虫精包托的顺序，探讨了交配时芫菁素在两性生殖腺运转的过程.
结果表明：1.三种芫菁成虫喜在山脚、路旁及山窝的斜坡有蝗虫出没或生长有土牛膝、空心莲子草、葛藤、花生、盐肤木、蕨、海金沙、大青等低矮植物的地方活动.2.成虫的人工饲料适于成虫的成活和繁殖.3.三种芫菁的雌虫平均寿命均长于雄虫，雌虫一般交配两次，雄虫则可交配二至三次.雌虫一般产两次卵，大斑芫菁各发育阶段的发育历期为：卵43天，三爪蚴15天，二龄幼虫16天，三龄幼虫22天，四龄幼虫151天（过冬），五龄幼虫20天，蛹20天.卵在产出后15天左右眼点现，17天左右上颚现，18天左右附肢现.4.三种芫菁的性行为反映了种属间行为的异同程度.5.三种芫菁的雌生殖系统除卵巢、侧、中输卵管外，还包括一个大的精包托及受精囊与受精囊腺.雄性生殖系统具3对附腺和精巢，输精管及射精管.三者在雌雄生殖腺上的异同，可作为分类的依据.6.芫菁素主要贮存在雄性的第一附腺内，通过交配形成的精包，进入雌虫的精包托中，进而被卵吸收，从而保护卵不被天敌伤害.与McCormick和杨兆芬用化学方法得出的结果相符.
This paper pilotly studied on ecological environment , artificial rearing method, life history and breeding ecology of three species of meloids distributed in FuZhou---Epicauta ruficeps Illiger、Epicauta mannerheimi、Mylabris phalerata. The mating behaviors were observed, the reproductive system of both female and male of three meloids were dissected and histological studies were made, the internal structure and microstructure of reproductive system of three meloids were compared, and distributed situation of canthardin in each reproductive organ was examined. This paper also discussed the secretion sequences from male accessory glands and vasa deferentia passing into female spermatophoral receptacle in spermatophore formation. Moreover, discussed the transfering progress of cantharidin between the partners during copulation.
The results showed that: 1.the adults of three meloids mostly appear at foothill, roadside, versant where grasshoppers existed or where low plants such as Achyranthes aspera L., Alternanthera philoxeroides, Pueraria lobata, Arachis hypogaea , Rhus(Tourn.)L.emend. Moench , Pteridium aquilinum , Lygodium japonicum , Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum grew. 2.The artificial food adapted to the surviving and breeding of the adults. 3.The average life-span of the female adults were all longer than those of the males. The females usually mated twice , the males could mate twice or three times. The females usually oviposited twice. Each stadium of Mylabris phalerata in average was:egg-43day;1st instar-15day;2nd instar-16day; 3rd instar-22day; 4th instar-151 day (through winter);5th instar-20 day; pupa-20day. Respectively, eyespot, mandibles and limbs appeared at about 15th, 17th, 19th day respectively after the egg was laid. 4.The mating behavior of the three meloids reflected the degree in similarity and difference between species and between genera.5. In addition to the ovaries ,lateral and common oviducts, the female reproductive system of the three meloids including a voluminous spermatophoral receptacle, an accessory gland and a spermatheca. The reproductive system of the male have three pairs of accessory glands plus the testes ,vasa deferentia and an ejaculatory duct. The morphological differences and similarities of reproductive glands in the three beetles could be used in taxonomy. 6.Cantharidin was mostly stored in the first pairs of male accessory gland , it passed into female spermatopheral receptacle through newly formed spermatophore during conpulation, then absorbed by eggs, when laid in the earth cantharidin may protect eggs from hurting by natural enemies. It concords with the results of McCormick and Yang Zhao Feng in chemical way.
结果表明：1.三种芫菁成虫喜在山脚、路旁及山窝的斜坡有蝗虫出没或生长有土牛膝、空心莲子草、葛藤、花生、盐肤木、蕨、海金沙、大青等低矮植物的地方活动.2.成虫的人工饲料适于成虫的成活和繁殖.3.三种芫菁的雌虫平均寿命均长于雄虫，雌虫一般交配两次，雄虫则可交配二至三次.雌虫一般产两次卵，大斑芫菁各发育阶段的发育历期为：卵43天，三爪蚴15天，二龄幼虫16天，三龄幼虫22天，四龄幼虫151天（过冬），五龄幼虫20天，蛹20天.卵在产出后15天左右眼点现，17天左右上颚现，18天左右附肢现.4.三种芫菁的性行为反映了种属间行为的异同程度.5.三种芫菁的雌生殖系统除卵巢、侧、中输卵管外，还包括一个大的精包托及受精囊与受精囊腺.雄性生殖系统具3对附腺和精巢，输精管及射精管.三者在雌雄生殖腺上的异同，可作为分类的依据.6.芫菁素主要贮存在雄性的第一附腺内，通过交配形成的精包，进入雌虫的精包托中，进而被卵吸收，从而保护卵不被天敌伤害.与McCormick和杨兆芬用化学方法得出的结果相符.
This paper pilotly studied on ecological environment , artificial rearing method, life history and breeding ecology of three species of meloids distributed in FuZhou---Epicauta ruficeps Illiger、Epicauta mannerheimi、Mylabris phalerata. The mating behaviors were observed, the reproductive system of both female and male of three meloids were dissected and histological studies were made, the internal structure and microstructure of reproductive system of three meloids were compared, and distributed situation of canthardin in each reproductive organ was examined. This paper also discussed the secretion sequences from male accessory glands and vasa deferentia passing into female spermatophoral receptacle in spermatophore formation. Moreover, discussed the transfering progress of cantharidin between the partners during copulation.
The results showed that: 1.the adults of three meloids mostly appear at foothill, roadside, versant where grasshoppers existed or where low plants such as Achyranthes aspera L., Alternanthera philoxeroides, Pueraria lobata, Arachis hypogaea , Rhus(Tourn.)L.emend. Moench , Pteridium aquilinum , Lygodium japonicum , Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum grew. 2.The artificial food adapted to the surviving and breeding of the adults. 3.The average life-span of the female adults were all longer than those of the males. The females usually mated twice , the males could mate twice or three times. The females usually oviposited twice. Each stadium of Mylabris phalerata in average was:egg-43day;1st instar-15day;2nd instar-16day; 3rd instar-22day; 4th instar-151 day (through winter);5th instar-20 day; pupa-20day. Respectively, eyespot, mandibles and limbs appeared at about 15th, 17th, 19th day respectively after the egg was laid. 4.The mating behavior of the three meloids reflected the degree in similarity and difference between species and between genera.5. In addition to the ovaries ,lateral and common oviducts, the female reproductive system of the three meloids including a voluminous spermatophoral receptacle, an accessory gland and a spermatheca. The reproductive system of the male have three pairs of accessory glands plus the testes ,vasa deferentia and an ejaculatory duct. The morphological differences and similarities of reproductive glands in the three beetles could be used in taxonomy. 6.Cantharidin was mostly stored in the first pairs of male accessory gland , it passed into female spermatopheral receptacle through newly formed spermatophore during conpulation, then absorbed by eggs, when laid in the earth cantharidin may protect eggs from hurting by natural enemies. It concords with the results of McCormick and Yang Zhao Feng in chemical way.
引文
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