甘草质量与生境的关系及其可持续发展研究
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摘要
中药材甘草为豆科植物乌拉尔甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.、胀果甘草Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.或光果甘草Glycyrrhiza glabra L的干燥根及根茎。
本文运用群落生态学、种群生态学研究方法对分布于我国东北、华北、西北胀果甘草、光果甘草、乌拉尔甘草典型群落进行了综合调查。并以乌拉尔甘草为研究对象,通过围栏封育、人工栽培间作试验和野生乌拉尔甘草采挖试验,通过丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合多元线性回归和相关分析,研究了甘草群落的变化和甘草质量、产量与管理方式和环境因子的相关关系,为指导野生甘草的保护和野外人工种植甘草提供参考依据,主要研究结果如下：
1.从群落生态学的角度,对我国重点甘草分布区甘草群落生活型谱、群落的物种多样性特点、群落样地间相似性进行了研究：从种群生态学的角度,运用负二项分布K值、扩散指数C、丛生指数Ⅰ、聚块性指标M/M等聚集度指标对野生甘草所在典型群落甘草的空间分布格局进行了分析。
2.随着封育年限的增加,乌拉尔甘草群落物种丰富度增加,多样性先增加后降低,均匀度逐渐下降,多数物种分布由随机分布转向聚集分布。乌拉尔甘草种群随着封育时间的延长,重要值下降。甘草酸、甘草苷含量在封育3年时含量最高,封育5年时反而有所下降,甘草的产量随着封育年限的增加而增加,呈现先快后慢的趋势。
3.甘草苷与海拔、年平均温度、年平均积温(≥10℃)极显著负相关,而与年平均降水量、湿润度、经度、纬度呈极显著正相关,甘草酸则与环境因子相关性较弱,逐步回归模型如下：
y=1.971+0.025x1-0.369x2-0.00lx3,R2=0.935
y为甘草苷含量,x1为经度,x2为年均温度,x3为海拔。
4.群落特征对甘草质量有指示意义。甘草酸与物种丰富度IGA、物种丰富度IMA极显著正相关,与Shannon-Wienner多样性指数显著正相关,与甘草重要值极显著负相关；甘草苷与物种丰富度IGA、物种丰富度Shannon-Wienner多样性指数、群落地上总生物量极显著正相关。
5.通过研究栽培技术对野生乌拉尔甘草群落及质量的影响研究,得出如下结论：①不同采挖方式和采挖强度对甘草群落的物种丰富度、物种多样性影响不显著,采挖方式和采挖强度对甘草群落均匀度影响显著。②从有利于群落稳定和防止环境沙化方面来说,应采取点状采挖方式和低强度采挖。③采挖方式和采挖强度对甘草生长量的影响没有达到显著水平,但采挖方式对甘草直径产生显著影响,块状采挖时甘草根茎直径最大。④采挖方式和采挖强度的交互作用对乌拉尔甘草根茎长度影响显著,块状采挖且采挖强度在20%时收获的甘草根茎最长。⑤采挖方式会对甘草质量产生显著影响,块状采挖甘草酸含量最高。⑥采挖方式和采挖强度的交互作用会对甘草苷含量产生影响,块状采挖和采挖量为20%以及条状采挖、采挖量为50%时甘草苷含量较高。
6.野外人工种植乌拉尔甘草调查表明,选择适当的种植地进行野外人工种植乌拉尔甘草是可行的。对乌拉尔甘草和草麻黄的套种实验说明,乌拉尔甘草和草麻黄不适宜在一起套种。
7.生态环境对甘草(根茎)显微结构的影响：①产地不同的同种甘草(野生)的木栓层厚度、导管直径、导管长度不同。②不同生长年限的同种甘草(栽培)的木栓层厚度和导管排列环数不同(横切面),生长年限越长,木栓层的细胞层数和导管排列环数越多,如栽培2年者导管排列环数为2,栽培5年者导管排列环数为4。③不同种甘草的显微结构相似,但木栓层厚度有所不同,生长年限相同时(5年),胀果甘草比光果甘草和甘草的木栓层细胞层数多。④“铁心甘草”(断面中央为灰棕色或黑褐色)的显微构造较特殊,髓部有1至多个木栓环。
本文的研究特色和创新点为：①对影响甘草质量的各种环境因子综合分析,建立了相关模型；②研究了采挖方式和围栏时间对甘草质量的影响,为指导合理采挖野外甘草提供依据；③运用逐步回归法建立了甘草质量和群落特征的关系模型。
In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the typical community of Glycyrrhiza inflata, G. glabra and G. uralensis were conducted by using community ecology, population ecology method in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China. G. uralensis in Hangjinqi was selected as study material, and fencing, wild uralensis excavation in different methods and artificial cultivation experiment and test were carred out to analyze the relationship among the community, quality of licorice root, and habitat environment. By using the richness indices, diversity indices, evenness indices and multi-factors liner regression, correlation analysis, we studied the relationships among licorice root quality, community change, environmental factors and productivity and management methods. The results of this paper provided references for the protection of wild licorice and licorice field cultivation.
1. From the perspective of community ecology, spectrum of community life form, community characteristics of the species diversity, community similarity between plots of the key licorice communities in the North China was investigated. From the perspective of population ecology, the spatial distribution pattern of Glycyrrhiza living in different areas was analyzed through cluster-intensity coefficients, such as K-value of negative binomial, dispersal index(C),clumping index(Ⅰ) and index of patching intensity(M*/M).
2. With fencing enclosure time, licorice species richness increased, while its diversity was firstly increased and then decreased, finally gradually diminished. For most species, their spatial pattern in community shifted from the random distribution to aggregated distribution and the important value of licorice in the population decreased. Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid content in the licorice root was the highest after 3 years fencing enclosure, but slightly decreased in the fifth years. The output of licorice root and Rhizome increased with the enclosure years, but the increasing rate was slow down gradually.
3. Liquiritin was significantly negatively correlated with altitude, average temperature, annual average accumulated temperature (≥10℃), while it was highly significant positively correlated with annual average precipitation, moisture, longitude, latitude. Its regression equation is as following, y=1.971+0.025x1-0.369x2-0.001x3, (R2=0.935). where y the glycyrrhizin content; x1 the longitude; x2 the annual average temperature; x3 the elevation. However, Glycyrrhizin showed weak correlation with these environmental factors.
4. Community characteristics could give some implications for the licorice quality. Glycyrrhizic acid and species richness (IGA,IMA) is significantly positively related;, Glycyrrhizic acid has the remarkable correlation with species diversity (Shannon-Wienner diversity index); Important values of licorice is significant negative correlated with Glycyrrhizic acid; Furthermore, significant positive correlations are found between Liquiritin and the richness of species richness, species richness IMA, species diversity, Shannon-Wienner diversity index and the total aboveground biomass.
5. Different excavation methods and excavation intensity in two years do not give significant influences on the species richness and species diversity in licorice community, but the community evenness had significant differences. The point-like excavation method as well as low-intensity licorice excavation method are conducive to community stability and the prevention of further desertification. Excavation methods and excavation intensity had no significant influence on growth of Glycyrrhiza, but the diameter of licorice root or rhizome changed significantly. The largest licorice root diameter was found in the block excavation method. Interaction between excavation methods and excavation intensity significantly affected the length of licorice roots, The licorice root is the longest under the block excavation method and at an intensity of 20%. The excavation methods also significant affect on the quality of licorice; the highest content of glycyrrhizic acid was found in the block excavation method. The interaction of excavation methods and excavation intensity could affect the content of glycyrrhizin. The excavation method that block excavation and 20% excavation intentsity or strip excavation and 50% intensity could improve the content of glycyrrhizin.
6. Field surveys showed that the it is feasible to G. uralensis cultivation in the appropriate field without further man-made management. The intercropping experiment of Licorice and Ephedra showed that these two species is not suitable grow together.
7. By anatomical observation of the roots and rhizomes of 3 species in licorice, the microstructure of licorice roots of the same species in different regions were significantly different, which made it is difficult to distinguish different kinds of licorice roots from their anatomical features. The quality of licorice roots from different reigons had significantly differences, but there were no significant differences among those three kinds of licorice species. "Tiexin licorice"(the central section is grayish brown or dark brown) has the special microstructure that one or more rings is constructed with cork cell in the marrow.
The research characteristic and innovation of this thesis are as follows:(I)A model is established after an overall analysis of the possible effect of the various environment on the quality licorice.(2) The effects of the excavation method and the time fence years on the liquorice quality have been systematically studied, and the scientific information is provided to conduct dig wild licorice.(3)The model between licorice quality and community characteristics are established with MLR.
本文运用群落生态学、种群生态学研究方法对分布于我国东北、华北、西北胀果甘草、光果甘草、乌拉尔甘草典型群落进行了综合调查。并以乌拉尔甘草为研究对象,通过围栏封育、人工栽培间作试验和野生乌拉尔甘草采挖试验,通过丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合多元线性回归和相关分析,研究了甘草群落的变化和甘草质量、产量与管理方式和环境因子的相关关系,为指导野生甘草的保护和野外人工种植甘草提供参考依据,主要研究结果如下：
1.从群落生态学的角度,对我国重点甘草分布区甘草群落生活型谱、群落的物种多样性特点、群落样地间相似性进行了研究：从种群生态学的角度,运用负二项分布K值、扩散指数C、丛生指数Ⅰ、聚块性指标M/M等聚集度指标对野生甘草所在典型群落甘草的空间分布格局进行了分析。
2.随着封育年限的增加,乌拉尔甘草群落物种丰富度增加,多样性先增加后降低,均匀度逐渐下降,多数物种分布由随机分布转向聚集分布。乌拉尔甘草种群随着封育时间的延长,重要值下降。甘草酸、甘草苷含量在封育3年时含量最高,封育5年时反而有所下降,甘草的产量随着封育年限的增加而增加,呈现先快后慢的趋势。
3.甘草苷与海拔、年平均温度、年平均积温(≥10℃)极显著负相关,而与年平均降水量、湿润度、经度、纬度呈极显著正相关,甘草酸则与环境因子相关性较弱,逐步回归模型如下：
y=1.971+0.025x1-0.369x2-0.00lx3,R2=0.935
y为甘草苷含量,x1为经度,x2为年均温度,x3为海拔。
4.群落特征对甘草质量有指示意义。甘草酸与物种丰富度IGA、物种丰富度IMA极显著正相关,与Shannon-Wienner多样性指数显著正相关,与甘草重要值极显著负相关；甘草苷与物种丰富度IGA、物种丰富度Shannon-Wienner多样性指数、群落地上总生物量极显著正相关。
5.通过研究栽培技术对野生乌拉尔甘草群落及质量的影响研究,得出如下结论：①不同采挖方式和采挖强度对甘草群落的物种丰富度、物种多样性影响不显著,采挖方式和采挖强度对甘草群落均匀度影响显著。②从有利于群落稳定和防止环境沙化方面来说,应采取点状采挖方式和低强度采挖。③采挖方式和采挖强度对甘草生长量的影响没有达到显著水平,但采挖方式对甘草直径产生显著影响,块状采挖时甘草根茎直径最大。④采挖方式和采挖强度的交互作用对乌拉尔甘草根茎长度影响显著,块状采挖且采挖强度在20%时收获的甘草根茎最长。⑤采挖方式会对甘草质量产生显著影响,块状采挖甘草酸含量最高。⑥采挖方式和采挖强度的交互作用会对甘草苷含量产生影响,块状采挖和采挖量为20%以及条状采挖、采挖量为50%时甘草苷含量较高。
6.野外人工种植乌拉尔甘草调查表明,选择适当的种植地进行野外人工种植乌拉尔甘草是可行的。对乌拉尔甘草和草麻黄的套种实验说明,乌拉尔甘草和草麻黄不适宜在一起套种。
7.生态环境对甘草(根茎)显微结构的影响：①产地不同的同种甘草(野生)的木栓层厚度、导管直径、导管长度不同。②不同生长年限的同种甘草(栽培)的木栓层厚度和导管排列环数不同(横切面),生长年限越长,木栓层的细胞层数和导管排列环数越多,如栽培2年者导管排列环数为2,栽培5年者导管排列环数为4。③不同种甘草的显微结构相似,但木栓层厚度有所不同,生长年限相同时(5年),胀果甘草比光果甘草和甘草的木栓层细胞层数多。④“铁心甘草”(断面中央为灰棕色或黑褐色)的显微构造较特殊,髓部有1至多个木栓环。
本文的研究特色和创新点为：①对影响甘草质量的各种环境因子综合分析,建立了相关模型；②研究了采挖方式和围栏时间对甘草质量的影响,为指导合理采挖野外甘草提供依据；③运用逐步回归法建立了甘草质量和群落特征的关系模型。
In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the typical community of Glycyrrhiza inflata, G. glabra and G. uralensis were conducted by using community ecology, population ecology method in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China. G. uralensis in Hangjinqi was selected as study material, and fencing, wild uralensis excavation in different methods and artificial cultivation experiment and test were carred out to analyze the relationship among the community, quality of licorice root, and habitat environment. By using the richness indices, diversity indices, evenness indices and multi-factors liner regression, correlation analysis, we studied the relationships among licorice root quality, community change, environmental factors and productivity and management methods. The results of this paper provided references for the protection of wild licorice and licorice field cultivation.
1. From the perspective of community ecology, spectrum of community life form, community characteristics of the species diversity, community similarity between plots of the key licorice communities in the North China was investigated. From the perspective of population ecology, the spatial distribution pattern of Glycyrrhiza living in different areas was analyzed through cluster-intensity coefficients, such as K-value of negative binomial, dispersal index(C),clumping index(Ⅰ) and index of patching intensity(M*/M).
2. With fencing enclosure time, licorice species richness increased, while its diversity was firstly increased and then decreased, finally gradually diminished. For most species, their spatial pattern in community shifted from the random distribution to aggregated distribution and the important value of licorice in the population decreased. Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid content in the licorice root was the highest after 3 years fencing enclosure, but slightly decreased in the fifth years. The output of licorice root and Rhizome increased with the enclosure years, but the increasing rate was slow down gradually.
3. Liquiritin was significantly negatively correlated with altitude, average temperature, annual average accumulated temperature (≥10℃), while it was highly significant positively correlated with annual average precipitation, moisture, longitude, latitude. Its regression equation is as following, y=1.971+0.025x1-0.369x2-0.001x3, (R2=0.935). where y the glycyrrhizin content; x1 the longitude; x2 the annual average temperature; x3 the elevation. However, Glycyrrhizin showed weak correlation with these environmental factors.
4. Community characteristics could give some implications for the licorice quality. Glycyrrhizic acid and species richness (IGA,IMA) is significantly positively related;, Glycyrrhizic acid has the remarkable correlation with species diversity (Shannon-Wienner diversity index); Important values of licorice is significant negative correlated with Glycyrrhizic acid; Furthermore, significant positive correlations are found between Liquiritin and the richness of species richness, species richness IMA, species diversity, Shannon-Wienner diversity index and the total aboveground biomass.
5. Different excavation methods and excavation intensity in two years do not give significant influences on the species richness and species diversity in licorice community, but the community evenness had significant differences. The point-like excavation method as well as low-intensity licorice excavation method are conducive to community stability and the prevention of further desertification. Excavation methods and excavation intensity had no significant influence on growth of Glycyrrhiza, but the diameter of licorice root or rhizome changed significantly. The largest licorice root diameter was found in the block excavation method. Interaction between excavation methods and excavation intensity significantly affected the length of licorice roots, The licorice root is the longest under the block excavation method and at an intensity of 20%. The excavation methods also significant affect on the quality of licorice; the highest content of glycyrrhizic acid was found in the block excavation method. The interaction of excavation methods and excavation intensity could affect the content of glycyrrhizin. The excavation method that block excavation and 20% excavation intentsity or strip excavation and 50% intensity could improve the content of glycyrrhizin.
6. Field surveys showed that the it is feasible to G. uralensis cultivation in the appropriate field without further man-made management. The intercropping experiment of Licorice and Ephedra showed that these two species is not suitable grow together.
7. By anatomical observation of the roots and rhizomes of 3 species in licorice, the microstructure of licorice roots of the same species in different regions were significantly different, which made it is difficult to distinguish different kinds of licorice roots from their anatomical features. The quality of licorice roots from different reigons had significantly differences, but there were no significant differences among those three kinds of licorice species. "Tiexin licorice"(the central section is grayish brown or dark brown) has the special microstructure that one or more rings is constructed with cork cell in the marrow.
The research characteristic and innovation of this thesis are as follows:(I)A model is established after an overall analysis of the possible effect of the various environment on the quality licorice.(2) The effects of the excavation method and the time fence years on the liquorice quality have been systematically studied, and the scientific information is provided to conduct dig wild licorice.(3)The model between licorice quality and community characteristics are established with MLR.
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