石羊河流域中下游河岸植被变化及其驱动因素研究
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摘要
本文应用空间和时间序列分析方法,利用遥感影像与石羊河流域中下游的不同河段植被、土壤和水文调查数据,以石羊河流域的红崖山水库为界,分析了其之上长流水河段和以下断流河段的河流变迁、径流、水质、地下水位年际变化。从河流水文过程、存在和完整性丧失的角度,探讨了石羊河中下游不同河段在不同时空尺度上的植被特征、水文变化以及与区域生态环境之间的耦合关系。通过典型植被带河流方向的土壤理化性质空间变化特征研究,阐明了土壤理化性质对植被梯度变化的影响及关系。同时,分析探讨了河岸植被的生态功能、河流变迁及其与区域荒漠化的关系,说明了石羊河流域河曲的空间位置及其在生态综合治理中的重要性,为石羊河中下游生态治理提供了理论依据和建议。通过研究得出以下初步结论：
(1)石羊河流域中下游的大部分河段的右岸植被带较左岸宽而丰富度大;河岸植被带宽度最小约30m,最大约3000m；河岸植被受人为影响较大,在石羊河干流区段,自中游至下游的河岸植被依次为人工杨树河岸林、沙枣河岸林、柽柳+柳树+沙枣河岸林、柽柳+沙蒿灌丛、白刺+人工沙枣林,典型河岸植被的横向变化梯度明显。
(2)石羊河流域中下游的河岸植物群落中共有木本植物14种,草本植物22种；植被的优势种群为荒漠植物类群,其中频度较大的优势种有：沙蒿、白刺、柽柳、芦苇等,优势种的分布格局为聚集分布。河岸植被属于荒漠植被型组,共有5个植被型、6个植被亚型、12个群系组、20个群系和30个群丛。石羊河流域的中下游河岸植被趋于简单和衰退状态,植被盖度以15%≤fg<30%的中盖度面积最大,盖度与河床间距成指数函数分布。
(3)石羊河对河岸区域的地下水位作用区间在不同河段的差异较大。在红水河河谷的季节性流水河段,河溪影响地下水区间小于5m；在丰水河段的河漫滩则约为1000m；涸水河段古河床的500m区间内的土壤水分较好。植被对河流的响应区间大于地下水位。随着河流的消亡和地下水位下降,与之相适应的植被发生演替,从沼泽草甸、典型草甸演化为盐化草甸,荒漠河岸林退化为灌丛,演化为灌木荒漠和小灌木荒漠或一年生草本植被。
(4)在石羊河流域水文演变过程中,留下了大量的水生和草甸植被的痕迹。民勤盆地的“柴湾”走向正好与古大西河的走向一致,“柴湾”沿大西河的东南岸生长,是遗留至今的古大西河河岸林。近年来区域地表径流量虽为丰水年,但现有的流量对河岸植被的影响较小。
(5)石羊河中下游的河岸植被盖度和物种丰富度的变化与土壤性质的变化相-致。河岸植被的盖度和丰富度与土壤的含水量和土壤水溶性盐的含量相关性显著。河岸植被的良好生长促进河岸土壤的演化与形成。
(6)石羊河中下游河岸植被可分为6个类型：季节性流水的河谷小灌木荒漠、泉水汇流的河谷地禾草盐化草甸、丰水段的河漫滩荒漠河岸乔木林、丰水段的河漫滩荒漠河岸灌木林、涸水段的人工渠系灌丛、涸水段人工渠系小灌木荒漠。石羊河中下游河岸植被分布的主要驱动因素是气候和河流径流量,但流水地貌、土壤生境和人为干扰也促进了河岸植被类型的形成。
(7)石羊河中下游河岸植被具有多种生态功能,支持区域的多样性,提供物种源(基因库)和栖息地,调节区域微气候,具有缓冲带作用,防护河岸,稳定河床,减轻区域风沙和洪水的危害,保护人居环境；河岸植被也是景观廊道,具有连接作用,输送有机物质,增加系统能量,也为人们提供了休闲娱乐的优良户外活动场所。
(8)石羊河中下游的河岸植被目前处于退化状态,人为活动引起的生态用水量减少、地下水位持续下降、造林密度过大和疏于管理等是其退化的主导因素。根据石羊河中下游的河岸植被的特征和区域荒漠化发展的现状,提出以下河岸植被保育和荒漠化防治建议：加大全流域教育投资力度,建立环境监测系统,加强石羊河中下游河岸植被的管理；充分利用河岸带水资源优势,补充完善河岸植被,加快退化植被的恢复,建立区域植被防护体系；外流域调水,补给流域水资源缺口；以流域为单元,统筹合理利用水资源；严禁开荒,加大局部防治力度,遏制区域荒漠化。
The riparian vegetation character, aspect of precipitation, river change, runoff, water quality, annual change of ground water, soil and relation with vegetation at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang river basin were discussed by a method of time and spetial series, remote material, investigation results and correlation analysis on vegetation, soil and hydrology at up and lower zone of Shiyang river body with runoff or not by a bound of Hongya reserveoir. The spatial and time change of vegetation and hydrology and coupling relation with environment were studied by hydrological process, existence and lose of wholeness. The aspect of soil of riparian zone and relation with vegetation were measured and analyzed at line and cross direction. In addition, the function, change of river with desertification was studied. Then theory according and advice were given for ecological improvement of middle and lower of Shiyang River basin. The main conclusions as follows:
(1) The width and abundance of vegetation of right bank is larger than that of left bank. The minimum width of riparianvegetation is about 30m and maximum width of 3000m. It is extremely serious that the riparian vegetation is effected by artificial activity, and then the types of riparian vegetation on the bank of main body of Shiyang River are artificial forest of Populus spp., Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix spp+Salix spp.+Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix spp+Artemisia areanaria and Nitraria tangutorum+ Elaeagnus angustifolia along with bank at different altitude. The gradient change is obvious at broadwise of typical riparian vegetation.
(2) There are 14 species of woody plants and 22 herbs of riparian community at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang River basin. The dominant species with more frequency are Artemisia areanaria Nitraria spp., Tamarix spp., and Phragmites communis. The distribution of dominant population is aggregative. The vegetation is desert vegetation type group, and there are 5 vegetation types,6 second vegetation types,12 vegetation form groups,20 vegetation forms and 30 associations. The community change of riparian vegetation tends towards simple and retrogradation status. The dominant population of riparian is desert population.The largest area of plant coverage is 15%≤fg＜30%, and the relation between coverage and distance is exponential function.
(3) The difference of average precipitation from middle to lower reaches is 60 mm, but it is not obvious that precipitation effects riparian vegetation. The difference of distance that river effects ground water is obvious at different river section. The affect distance to ground water by river is 5m at valley of Hongshui River with season runoff. And the width is 1000m that river effects ground water at flood plain of river part with rich water, while respond width of vegetation to the excudation of river water is larger than that of ground water table.There is much moisture of soil at 500m distance from river bed without water at lower reaches of Shiyang river basin. It will be known by the future of different vegetation located bank with water or not. With river escape, the evolution of vegetation is swamp to meadow and saline meadow; desert riparian forest change into bush to desert shrub and small shrub desert and annual vegetation.
(4) The large area with aquatic mark and meadow remains were found at Shiyang River basin with the hydrological change. The direction of "Caiwan" is with the direction of Daxi River, and the "Caiwan" is the riparian forest that grown at bank of Daxi River.Acorrding to hydrological process of Shiyang river at recent year, the amount of the river at middle and lower reaches was high flow with globe warm; but the used water was increasing, the quantity of flow from up reaches was decreasing, it is not obvious that the riparian vegetation was effected by runoff.
(5) The coverage and richness of riparian vegetation at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang river accord with hydrology and texture and chemical character of soil, but the maximum of coverage and richness is not corresponding with soil character. The coverage and richness of riparian vegetation is positive correlation with moisture and chemical character of soil.
(6) The affect factor to riparian vegetation main is rate of flow and climate, but stream morphology, soil character and artificial disturbance promote the form of riparian vegetation. The riparian vegetation at middle and lower of Shiyang river basin is divided into 6 types:small shrub with season runoff at valley, saline grass meadow with spring water at valley, desert riparian tree with rich water at flood plain, shrub riparian vegetation with rich water at flood plain, shrub at channel without runoff, small shrub at channel without runoff.
(7)The river bed and relic of river bed is located oasis border, and give a function without replacement. There are many ecological function of riparian vegetation, which hold out region diversity, provide species source and perch place, adjust micro-region climate, buffer function, protected bank, stabilized river bed, decreased harm of wind-sand and flood, protected environment of residence. The riparian is a landscape corridor and juncture. Riparian supply matter organic and increase system energy, in addition riparian is a good open place for entertainment.
(8) At present, the riparian vegetation at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang River Basin is a degeneration station which is affected by natural factors of disease and insect, morphology, abnormity climate and so on. It is the dominant factor that the flux of runoff decrease, ground water table goes down continually and make up large density forest with extensive management to arise ecological problem. The riparian vegetation is protected and raised to defend region desertification. The desertification is decreased by the process to improve the riparian vegetation. The advice on revegetation and decreasing desertification is given by riparian vegetation character and station of desertification. The investment of education will be increased, established the monitor system, and the management of riparian vegetation should be enhanced. The water resource advantage of bank will be used to makeup riparian vegetation, and accelerate restoration of degenerate vegetation for establishment of protected system. The water will be transferred to supply lack of water, reasonably used the water resource by all of river basin. The land reclamation should be forbidden, and enhance the region improvement to contain region desertification.
(1)石羊河流域中下游的大部分河段的右岸植被带较左岸宽而丰富度大;河岸植被带宽度最小约30m,最大约3000m；河岸植被受人为影响较大,在石羊河干流区段,自中游至下游的河岸植被依次为人工杨树河岸林、沙枣河岸林、柽柳+柳树+沙枣河岸林、柽柳+沙蒿灌丛、白刺+人工沙枣林,典型河岸植被的横向变化梯度明显。
(2)石羊河流域中下游的河岸植物群落中共有木本植物14种,草本植物22种；植被的优势种群为荒漠植物类群,其中频度较大的优势种有：沙蒿、白刺、柽柳、芦苇等,优势种的分布格局为聚集分布。河岸植被属于荒漠植被型组,共有5个植被型、6个植被亚型、12个群系组、20个群系和30个群丛。石羊河流域的中下游河岸植被趋于简单和衰退状态,植被盖度以15%≤fg<30%的中盖度面积最大,盖度与河床间距成指数函数分布。
(3)石羊河对河岸区域的地下水位作用区间在不同河段的差异较大。在红水河河谷的季节性流水河段,河溪影响地下水区间小于5m；在丰水河段的河漫滩则约为1000m；涸水河段古河床的500m区间内的土壤水分较好。植被对河流的响应区间大于地下水位。随着河流的消亡和地下水位下降,与之相适应的植被发生演替,从沼泽草甸、典型草甸演化为盐化草甸,荒漠河岸林退化为灌丛,演化为灌木荒漠和小灌木荒漠或一年生草本植被。
(4)在石羊河流域水文演变过程中,留下了大量的水生和草甸植被的痕迹。民勤盆地的“柴湾”走向正好与古大西河的走向一致,“柴湾”沿大西河的东南岸生长,是遗留至今的古大西河河岸林。近年来区域地表径流量虽为丰水年,但现有的流量对河岸植被的影响较小。
(5)石羊河中下游的河岸植被盖度和物种丰富度的变化与土壤性质的变化相-致。河岸植被的盖度和丰富度与土壤的含水量和土壤水溶性盐的含量相关性显著。河岸植被的良好生长促进河岸土壤的演化与形成。
(6)石羊河中下游河岸植被可分为6个类型：季节性流水的河谷小灌木荒漠、泉水汇流的河谷地禾草盐化草甸、丰水段的河漫滩荒漠河岸乔木林、丰水段的河漫滩荒漠河岸灌木林、涸水段的人工渠系灌丛、涸水段人工渠系小灌木荒漠。石羊河中下游河岸植被分布的主要驱动因素是气候和河流径流量,但流水地貌、土壤生境和人为干扰也促进了河岸植被类型的形成。
(7)石羊河中下游河岸植被具有多种生态功能,支持区域的多样性,提供物种源(基因库)和栖息地,调节区域微气候,具有缓冲带作用,防护河岸,稳定河床,减轻区域风沙和洪水的危害,保护人居环境；河岸植被也是景观廊道,具有连接作用,输送有机物质,增加系统能量,也为人们提供了休闲娱乐的优良户外活动场所。
(8)石羊河中下游的河岸植被目前处于退化状态,人为活动引起的生态用水量减少、地下水位持续下降、造林密度过大和疏于管理等是其退化的主导因素。根据石羊河中下游的河岸植被的特征和区域荒漠化发展的现状,提出以下河岸植被保育和荒漠化防治建议：加大全流域教育投资力度,建立环境监测系统,加强石羊河中下游河岸植被的管理；充分利用河岸带水资源优势,补充完善河岸植被,加快退化植被的恢复,建立区域植被防护体系；外流域调水,补给流域水资源缺口；以流域为单元,统筹合理利用水资源；严禁开荒,加大局部防治力度,遏制区域荒漠化。
The riparian vegetation character, aspect of precipitation, river change, runoff, water quality, annual change of ground water, soil and relation with vegetation at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang river basin were discussed by a method of time and spetial series, remote material, investigation results and correlation analysis on vegetation, soil and hydrology at up and lower zone of Shiyang river body with runoff or not by a bound of Hongya reserveoir. The spatial and time change of vegetation and hydrology and coupling relation with environment were studied by hydrological process, existence and lose of wholeness. The aspect of soil of riparian zone and relation with vegetation were measured and analyzed at line and cross direction. In addition, the function, change of river with desertification was studied. Then theory according and advice were given for ecological improvement of middle and lower of Shiyang River basin. The main conclusions as follows:
(1) The width and abundance of vegetation of right bank is larger than that of left bank. The minimum width of riparianvegetation is about 30m and maximum width of 3000m. It is extremely serious that the riparian vegetation is effected by artificial activity, and then the types of riparian vegetation on the bank of main body of Shiyang River are artificial forest of Populus spp., Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix spp+Salix spp.+Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix spp+Artemisia areanaria and Nitraria tangutorum+ Elaeagnus angustifolia along with bank at different altitude. The gradient change is obvious at broadwise of typical riparian vegetation.
(2) There are 14 species of woody plants and 22 herbs of riparian community at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang River basin. The dominant species with more frequency are Artemisia areanaria Nitraria spp., Tamarix spp., and Phragmites communis. The distribution of dominant population is aggregative. The vegetation is desert vegetation type group, and there are 5 vegetation types,6 second vegetation types,12 vegetation form groups,20 vegetation forms and 30 associations. The community change of riparian vegetation tends towards simple and retrogradation status. The dominant population of riparian is desert population.The largest area of plant coverage is 15%≤fg＜30%, and the relation between coverage and distance is exponential function.
(3) The difference of average precipitation from middle to lower reaches is 60 mm, but it is not obvious that precipitation effects riparian vegetation. The difference of distance that river effects ground water is obvious at different river section. The affect distance to ground water by river is 5m at valley of Hongshui River with season runoff. And the width is 1000m that river effects ground water at flood plain of river part with rich water, while respond width of vegetation to the excudation of river water is larger than that of ground water table.There is much moisture of soil at 500m distance from river bed without water at lower reaches of Shiyang river basin. It will be known by the future of different vegetation located bank with water or not. With river escape, the evolution of vegetation is swamp to meadow and saline meadow; desert riparian forest change into bush to desert shrub and small shrub desert and annual vegetation.
(4) The large area with aquatic mark and meadow remains were found at Shiyang River basin with the hydrological change. The direction of "Caiwan" is with the direction of Daxi River, and the "Caiwan" is the riparian forest that grown at bank of Daxi River.Acorrding to hydrological process of Shiyang river at recent year, the amount of the river at middle and lower reaches was high flow with globe warm; but the used water was increasing, the quantity of flow from up reaches was decreasing, it is not obvious that the riparian vegetation was effected by runoff.
(5) The coverage and richness of riparian vegetation at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang river accord with hydrology and texture and chemical character of soil, but the maximum of coverage and richness is not corresponding with soil character. The coverage and richness of riparian vegetation is positive correlation with moisture and chemical character of soil.
(6) The affect factor to riparian vegetation main is rate of flow and climate, but stream morphology, soil character and artificial disturbance promote the form of riparian vegetation. The riparian vegetation at middle and lower of Shiyang river basin is divided into 6 types:small shrub with season runoff at valley, saline grass meadow with spring water at valley, desert riparian tree with rich water at flood plain, shrub riparian vegetation with rich water at flood plain, shrub at channel without runoff, small shrub at channel without runoff.
(7)The river bed and relic of river bed is located oasis border, and give a function without replacement. There are many ecological function of riparian vegetation, which hold out region diversity, provide species source and perch place, adjust micro-region climate, buffer function, protected bank, stabilized river bed, decreased harm of wind-sand and flood, protected environment of residence. The riparian is a landscape corridor and juncture. Riparian supply matter organic and increase system energy, in addition riparian is a good open place for entertainment.
(8) At present, the riparian vegetation at middle and lower reaches of Shiyang River Basin is a degeneration station which is affected by natural factors of disease and insect, morphology, abnormity climate and so on. It is the dominant factor that the flux of runoff decrease, ground water table goes down continually and make up large density forest with extensive management to arise ecological problem. The riparian vegetation is protected and raised to defend region desertification. The desertification is decreased by the process to improve the riparian vegetation. The advice on revegetation and decreasing desertification is given by riparian vegetation character and station of desertification. The investment of education will be increased, established the monitor system, and the management of riparian vegetation should be enhanced. The water resource advantage of bank will be used to makeup riparian vegetation, and accelerate restoration of degenerate vegetation for establishment of protected system. The water will be transferred to supply lack of water, reasonably used the water resource by all of river basin. The land reclamation should be forbidden, and enhance the region improvement to contain region desertification.
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