干旱区绿洲后备耕地资源开发适宜性研究
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摘要
土地利用状况直接影响着绿洲的生态稳定和社会经济发展。选取条件适宜的土地进行合理开发,可以有效平衡耕地数量和质量,对绿洲生态系统起到改良作用,从而保障绿洲的可持续发展。近年来干旱区绿洲的经济发展带动绿洲人口增长,土地承载压力也随之增加;对土地资源的盲目开发导致耕地质量下降,绿洲边缘区荒漠化现象严重,土地利用结构进一步恶化。为保证耕地保有量,确保耕地总量的动态平衡,国家提出“耕地占补平衡”的要求,而土地资源的有限性、干旱区生态系统的脆弱性使得补充耕地的难度日益增加,如何针对干旱区特点,确定符合可持续发展观的后备耕地资源,已成为现阶段土地资源研究工作中的重点之一。
本文选取典型干旱区渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲作为靶区,基于“3S”技术,在充分的野外实测数据、土地利用数据和遥感影像等资料支持下,分析渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用的现状结构及特点,提取自然、生态、社会等方面共17个适用于干旱区绿洲的后备耕地资源适宜性评价因子,应用空间插值法、多元回归分析法、神经网络模型、层次分析法等地统计方法和数学方法,构建了以自然适宜性子系统为基础,以生态适宜性和社会适宜性子系统为辅助参考的评价模型,最终对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲后备耕地资源进行适宜性评价研究,并划分后备耕地资源开发的适宜等级区域。
研究得出以下结论:
(1)研究区自然、生态、社会适宜程度均属适中,总体上呈现出以现有绿洲为中心,向东、向西逐级递减的趋势。
(2)适宜度较高的评价单元绝大部分位于渭干河-库车河-塔里木河间的三角洲区域。在确保生态环境安全的情况下,该区域有望成为未来后备耕地资源开发的重点方向。
(3)适宜或较适宜开发的后备耕地资源共计257901.56hm2。在水源丰沛、资金充裕的条件下,若全部开发,预计净增加耕地面积可达200000.00hm2以上。其余区域应注重现有耕地质量的保持和提高,维持生态环境的稳定性。
(4)就各县而言,库车县、沙雅县各方面适宜度均得分较高,适宜开发的后备耕地资源分布较多,其中库车县略高于沙雅县;而新和县后备耕地资源因自然适宜度偏低,需限制开发。库车、沙雅、新和三县有必要树立相互协作、和谐发展的策略,尝试探索更为合理的土地利用结构和资源分配方式,避免形成各自为营、重复开发建设的局面。
(5)研究区今后的后备耕地资源开发工作应重点偏向库车县、沙雅县,以库车、沙雅之间红旗镇-哈尼喀塔木乡-新垦农场一线为主。而新和县应注重土地整理,改善现有耕地质量,填补现有农区耕地间的空白区域,从而使耕地资源的质与量均实现较大突破。后备耕地资源开发的同时需注意防治次生盐渍化、风沙等生态安全问题,应合理分配资源,做好林网灌排等配套设施的建设工作,保证研究区的可持续发展。
Land-utilization pattern directly impacts the ecological stability and social-economy development of oases. Adequate exploit towards suitable land is considered an effective way to balance the quantity and quality of arable land, improving the oasis ecological system, so as to ensure the sustainable development of oases. Economic growth in arid oases has led to growth on population, accompanies with land utilization pressure; blind exploit on land resources has resulted in the decline of arable land quality, ahead with severe impacts towards desertification in the edges of oases and further deterioration of land use structure. In order to ensure the quantity of reserved arable land, and to keep the dynamic equilibrium of arable land, the policy“balance between land consumption and supply”has been put forward and adopted. However, the limit of land resources and the vulnerability of the ecology system in arid area have increased the difficulty of keep the land supplement; determination of reserved arable land with capability of sustainable development has been a key task on land researches at the current stage.
This paper focuses on Ugan-Kuqa Rivers delta oasis, a typical arid zone, as the target. Based on“3S”technology, under the support of sufficient fieldwork observation, land utilization data and satellite images, this paper analyses the current land utilization patterns and characteristics; extracts 17 evaluation indicators in natural, ecological and social aspects that are applicable for reserved arable land cultivation suitability; establishes a suitability assessment model based on natural suitability sub-system, taking ecological suitability and social suitability sub-systems as cooperative references, with geo-statistical and mathematical methods such as spatial interpolation, multiple regression analysis, neural network modeling and AHP; assesses and analyses the suitability of reserved arable land cultivation in Ugan-Kuqa Rivers delta; classifies different suitability zones of reserved land cultivation.
Conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) Both natural, ecological and social suitability in the study area are moderate, which declines gradually towards east and west from the current oasis zone.
(2) Most of assessment units with higher suitability are located within the delta area between Ugan River– Kuqa River - Tarim River. Under the condition of ecological environment safety being ensured, this area is expected to become the main concentration in future reserved arable land cultivation.
(3) The total area of reserved arable land assessed“suitable”or“preferred”are 257901.56hm2. Given the condition of sufficient water supply and capital support, the full cultivation is expected to bring over 20000.00hm2 net increase of arable land area. The remaining part of the study area should concentrate on maintenance and enhancement of the current quality of arable land, keeping the stability of the ecological environment.
(4) Taking counties concerned, Kuqa county and Xaya county achieves higher scores on both 4 types of suitability, with more distribution of suitable reserved arable land. Suitability index of Kuqa county is slightly over Xaya county. Cultivation of reserved arable land resources in Toksu county should be restrained because of a lower natural suitability index. It is necessary for the counties of Kuqa, Xaya and Toksu to set up strategies of mutual cooperation and harmonious development, attempt to explore a more adequate land utilization pattern and resource allocation, in order to avoid the situation of isolation and repeat construction.
(5) Future works of reserved arable land cultivation in the study area should focus on Kuqa county and Xaya county, mainly along the line Hongqi– Hanikatam - Xinken Farm between Kuqa and Xaya. In Toksu, efforts should be focused on enhancing the quality of current arable land, filling the blanks between current agricultural areas, in order to achieve a major breakthrough on both quality and quantity of arable land. It is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of secondary salinization, sand and other ecological threatens. Resources should be reasonably allocated; construction on forest system, irrigation and drainage facilities should be done, to ensure the sustainable development in the study area.
本文选取典型干旱区渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲作为靶区,基于“3S”技术,在充分的野外实测数据、土地利用数据和遥感影像等资料支持下,分析渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用的现状结构及特点,提取自然、生态、社会等方面共17个适用于干旱区绿洲的后备耕地资源适宜性评价因子,应用空间插值法、多元回归分析法、神经网络模型、层次分析法等地统计方法和数学方法,构建了以自然适宜性子系统为基础,以生态适宜性和社会适宜性子系统为辅助参考的评价模型,最终对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲后备耕地资源进行适宜性评价研究,并划分后备耕地资源开发的适宜等级区域。
研究得出以下结论:
(1)研究区自然、生态、社会适宜程度均属适中,总体上呈现出以现有绿洲为中心,向东、向西逐级递减的趋势。
(2)适宜度较高的评价单元绝大部分位于渭干河-库车河-塔里木河间的三角洲区域。在确保生态环境安全的情况下,该区域有望成为未来后备耕地资源开发的重点方向。
(3)适宜或较适宜开发的后备耕地资源共计257901.56hm2。在水源丰沛、资金充裕的条件下,若全部开发,预计净增加耕地面积可达200000.00hm2以上。其余区域应注重现有耕地质量的保持和提高,维持生态环境的稳定性。
(4)就各县而言,库车县、沙雅县各方面适宜度均得分较高,适宜开发的后备耕地资源分布较多,其中库车县略高于沙雅县;而新和县后备耕地资源因自然适宜度偏低,需限制开发。库车、沙雅、新和三县有必要树立相互协作、和谐发展的策略,尝试探索更为合理的土地利用结构和资源分配方式,避免形成各自为营、重复开发建设的局面。
(5)研究区今后的后备耕地资源开发工作应重点偏向库车县、沙雅县,以库车、沙雅之间红旗镇-哈尼喀塔木乡-新垦农场一线为主。而新和县应注重土地整理,改善现有耕地质量,填补现有农区耕地间的空白区域,从而使耕地资源的质与量均实现较大突破。后备耕地资源开发的同时需注意防治次生盐渍化、风沙等生态安全问题,应合理分配资源,做好林网灌排等配套设施的建设工作,保证研究区的可持续发展。
Land-utilization pattern directly impacts the ecological stability and social-economy development of oases. Adequate exploit towards suitable land is considered an effective way to balance the quantity and quality of arable land, improving the oasis ecological system, so as to ensure the sustainable development of oases. Economic growth in arid oases has led to growth on population, accompanies with land utilization pressure; blind exploit on land resources has resulted in the decline of arable land quality, ahead with severe impacts towards desertification in the edges of oases and further deterioration of land use structure. In order to ensure the quantity of reserved arable land, and to keep the dynamic equilibrium of arable land, the policy“balance between land consumption and supply”has been put forward and adopted. However, the limit of land resources and the vulnerability of the ecology system in arid area have increased the difficulty of keep the land supplement; determination of reserved arable land with capability of sustainable development has been a key task on land researches at the current stage.
This paper focuses on Ugan-Kuqa Rivers delta oasis, a typical arid zone, as the target. Based on“3S”technology, under the support of sufficient fieldwork observation, land utilization data and satellite images, this paper analyses the current land utilization patterns and characteristics; extracts 17 evaluation indicators in natural, ecological and social aspects that are applicable for reserved arable land cultivation suitability; establishes a suitability assessment model based on natural suitability sub-system, taking ecological suitability and social suitability sub-systems as cooperative references, with geo-statistical and mathematical methods such as spatial interpolation, multiple regression analysis, neural network modeling and AHP; assesses and analyses the suitability of reserved arable land cultivation in Ugan-Kuqa Rivers delta; classifies different suitability zones of reserved land cultivation.
Conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) Both natural, ecological and social suitability in the study area are moderate, which declines gradually towards east and west from the current oasis zone.
(2) Most of assessment units with higher suitability are located within the delta area between Ugan River– Kuqa River - Tarim River. Under the condition of ecological environment safety being ensured, this area is expected to become the main concentration in future reserved arable land cultivation.
(3) The total area of reserved arable land assessed“suitable”or“preferred”are 257901.56hm2. Given the condition of sufficient water supply and capital support, the full cultivation is expected to bring over 20000.00hm2 net increase of arable land area. The remaining part of the study area should concentrate on maintenance and enhancement of the current quality of arable land, keeping the stability of the ecological environment.
(4) Taking counties concerned, Kuqa county and Xaya county achieves higher scores on both 4 types of suitability, with more distribution of suitable reserved arable land. Suitability index of Kuqa county is slightly over Xaya county. Cultivation of reserved arable land resources in Toksu county should be restrained because of a lower natural suitability index. It is necessary for the counties of Kuqa, Xaya and Toksu to set up strategies of mutual cooperation and harmonious development, attempt to explore a more adequate land utilization pattern and resource allocation, in order to avoid the situation of isolation and repeat construction.
(5) Future works of reserved arable land cultivation in the study area should focus on Kuqa county and Xaya county, mainly along the line Hongqi– Hanikatam - Xinken Farm between Kuqa and Xaya. In Toksu, efforts should be focused on enhancing the quality of current arable land, filling the blanks between current agricultural areas, in order to achieve a major breakthrough on both quality and quantity of arable land. It is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of secondary salinization, sand and other ecological threatens. Resources should be reasonably allocated; construction on forest system, irrigation and drainage facilities should be done, to ensure the sustainable development in the study area.
引文
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[2] Dent, D. and Young, A., Soil Survey and Land Evaluation, George Allen & Unwin, 1981.
[3]傅伯杰.土地潜力评价的类型与方法[J].国土与自然资源研究,1990(2):29-32.
[4] Beek, K.and Bennema J. Land Evaluation for Agricultural Land Use Planning: An Ecological Methodology, 1972.
[5]李茂.国际土地资源评价的某些动向[J].国土资源情报,2002(10):4-7.
[6] FAO. FESLM: An International Framework for Evaluation Sustainable Land Management. World Soil Resources Report 73. FAO, Rome, Italy, 1993.
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