茶树冻害防控方法的研究
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摘要
茶（Camellia sinensis (L.)）是我国重要的经济作物。气候变化背景下，低温、霜冻等以冻害为代表的极端天气气候灾害对茶树越冬、春茶生长的不利影响呈增强趋势，严重影响茶树的推广，也不利于茶产业的稳产增产。本文以龙井43作为研究对象，通过地表覆盖、设置风障等实验，研究茶树冻害的防控措施；以能量为基础，分析温度下降规律，研究区域茶树冻害预报方法。
利用稻草、薄膜覆盖的实验表明，地面覆盖可不同程度地提高茶园地表温度，具有保温和增温作用。不同覆盖材料作用有较大差异，两种稻草覆盖和地膜覆盖的地表最低温度对照分别提高4.4℃、4.3℃和1.8℃，温度变幅分别比对照小6.4℃、6.5℃和1.7℃，稻草覆盖的保温效果优于地膜。稻草覆盖的适宜厚度与气候背景有关，合肥地区适宜的稻草覆盖厚度介于10~20cm。天气状况是影响覆盖作用的主要因素，晴天的增温作用显著强于阴雨天，其中薄膜覆盖的作用又强于稻草覆盖；阴雨天稻草覆盖的保温作用显著强于薄膜。在2月底以后，稻草覆盖物应予以去除，否则将影响春季土壤温度转换，地膜覆盖则可继续保留。管理得当的地表覆盖可使茶园土壤上下层温度转换期提前，茶芽萌发期可提前1~3天。
伴随低温过程的较大风速可加重冻害，实验表明，设置风障可以有效降低保护区的风速。风障在上风方位和下风方位各有一个有效防护区域，其中下风位是主要的防护区域，在茶树冠层高度，下风位的有效防护区域宽度约相当于风障高度的7.5倍。薄膜材质的风障阻滞了局部气流的运动，在下风位可形成相当于2倍风障高度的静风区，防护效果达最优，但大风过程中风障承受风压大，因此不适宜用作大面积茶园风障建设的材料。大风作用可加速茶树冠层叶片水分消耗，叶片含水率下降，幅度与风速正相关。在风障有效防护区内，大风过程结束后叶片含水率可在2~3天内恢复，表明风障具有较好的防护作用，风障可以作为茶园抗冻的有效措施。
气候因素对茶叶产量具有较强的影响，利用11年步长直线滑动平均模拟法进行茶叶产量分析，结果表明气候因素导致的产量变化约占宣城市茶叶产量的7.4%，变化范围介于-36.7%~20.2%之间，与灰色GM(1，1)模型产量分解的结果基本一致，证明了产量分解的可靠性。利用多元线性回归方法构建的宣城市气候产量与气候因子的线性模型为y=-0.155+0.008x_5+0.001x_(53)+0.005x_(51)，检验结果表明模型结果的趋势性较为准确，准确地预测出2006-2008年均表现为气候增产，但预测值与趋势线性模型分离而获得的气候产量值之间存在偏差。造成这一偏差的可能原因是气候因子之间作用的非线性，因此将线性模型非线性化是未来研究的方向。
能量水平是物体维持一定温度的物质基础，温度的变化取决于热交换速率，在时空范围较小的情况下，能量水平的变化率主要取决于天气状况。本文通过对不通过天气类型降温特征分析，参考灰色理论建模方法，构建不同天气类型温度预报模型，并根据降温速率与天气类型的关系，构建天气类型判断模型，初步建立基于单站实时温度的茶树冻害预警系统。实践表明该系统具有较高的准确率。
利用辐射资料测算宣城市茶园平均光能利用率约0.18%，与光能利用率的理论极限相比仍有极大的上升空间，因此目前的茶叶产业应立足现有茶园的改造与品质改良。根据现有的光能利用率水平与科技进步水平，宣城市茶叶趋势产量2020年可达到2.684吨/公顷，2030年达到5.122吨/公顷。
实验表明，冬半年及初春茶园小气候变化较为剧烈，常常出现持续时间只有1~2小时的小气候过程，这类小气候过程对春茶茶叶的生长具有重大影响，因此为提高监测信息的完整性，茶园小气候观测的采样时间间隔不应超过1h。
针对茶籽贮藏的研究表明，茶籽贮藏前的干燥脱水时间不应超过29天，缩短时间有利于提高茶籽的存活率，干燥脱水时间与发芽率之间关系为y=1/1+20.59e~(-0.072x_1+0.022x_2)。贮藏过程中茶籽含水率会发生较大变化，温度越高变化越剧烈，贮藏过程中含水率变化将降低茶籽的活性。-20℃的低温环境不适合贮藏茶籽，4℃的温度环境可短暂贮藏茶籽，-70℃低温可有效贮藏茶籽18个月以上。-70℃条件下茶籽含水率越高发芽率下降越快，保存6个月时含水率12%的发芽率最搞，保存18个月则是含水率8%的发芽率最高。-70℃低温贮藏的茶籽解冻速度越快，越有利于保持茶籽活力。综合分析表明，种子的贮藏特性随环境条件的变化具有很强的自我调节能力，在长期的引种、驯化过程中，茶籽的顽拗性趋于减弱，安徽农业大学试验茶场龙井43种子具有较强的脱水耐性、低温耐性和贮藏耐性，属于弱顽拗性种子。
Tea （Camellia sinensis (L.)） is an important economic crop in China. In the context of global warming, there is a worsening trend that extreme climate represented by low temperature and frost has produced negative effect on overwintering and growth of tea trees, which seriously affects popularization of tea trees and the production of tea industry in a stable and growing way. This paper studies the Longjing43tea plantd as subject placed under different temperatures, discusses controlling freeze injury by tests as setting ground covering and windbreak, analyses the energy-based temperature drop law and finally provides the method to forecast regional tea tree freeze injury.
Test with straw covering and film mulch suggests that thay can improve ground temperature to a varying degree in tea plantation, playing the role of heat preservation and heating-up. Different covering materials bring bigger differences, straw covering and film mulch can comparatively increase minimum ground temperature by4.4℃,4.3℃and1.8℃respectively, decrease temperature variance by6.4℃,6.5℃and1.7℃and straw is superior to film mulch in heat preservation. The suitable thickness of straw covering is related to climate background and it ranges from10to20cm for the Hefei area. Weather conditions are the major factors to influence covering result, heating-up is better in sunny days than in overcast and rainy days and film mulch plays a better role than straw in this regard. However, straw covering is superior in heat preservation to film mulch in overcast and rainy days. From the end of February on, straw covering should be removed, otherwise it will affect soil temperature transfer in spring, while film mulch can remain. Proper management of ground covering can bring forward the time of temperature transfer between upper and lower layer of soil in tea plantation, as a result, tea shoot germination can be1-3days ahead of time.
Greater wind speed along with low temperature can add to freeze injury. Test indicates that setting up windbreak is able to reduce wind speed in the reserved area. Windbreak has effective protective area in the upwind and downwind direction respectively and the downwind area dominates. At the height of tea tree crown, effective downwind protective width is7.5times the height of windbreak. Film material windbreak blocks local movement of air flow and forms a static area2times the height of windbreak, achieving best protective result, but it withstands great pressure from high wind and is therefore not suitably used for big-area tea plantation protection. High wind action accelerates water consumption in crown leaves decreasing their moiture rate, the drop of which is positively correlated with wind speed. Within effective reach of windkreak, moisture rate of tea leaves can recover2-3days after high wind process ends, indicating better protection given by windbreak, which can apply to tea plantation as an effective antifreeze measure.
Cliamte factor has stronger effect on tea production, analysis of which using11-year-step linear moving average simulation method suggests that climate factor-caused change in output takes up7.4%for the Xuancheng area, varying in the range of-36.7%to20.2%, this result is basically compliant with GM(1，1) output decomposition result, thus proving the reliability of output decomposition. A linear model for climate output and climate factor of Xuancheng City built by using multivariate linear regression method is y=-0.155+0.008x_5+0.001x_(53+0.005x_(51. Inspection result suggests that the tendancy given by the model is relatively accurate, which has well shown climate output increase in annual average from2006to2008, but the prognostic value has a deviation from the climate output value acquired from trend linear model separation. The deviation may be resulted from non-linear relations between climate factors, so changing linear model toward the non-linear is the future focus.
Energy level is substance basis of an object maitaining at a certain temperature, the change of which depends on heat exchange rate. In a limited time frame, energy level change is substantially decided by weather conditions. This paper, based on analysis of weather temperature drop features, refering to grey theory modelling method, builds a temperature forecast model against different weather types and forms a weather type judgment model based on relation between temperature drop rate and specific weather type, preliminarily establishes a tea tree freeze injury early warning system based on single-station real-time temperature, which proves that the system has high accuracy.
Radiation data-based calculation indicated that light energy use is about0.18%in average for tea plantations in Xuancheng City, which has a very great upside potential seen from theoretical limit of light energy use, so the present tea industry should stand on reworking of existing tea plantations and improvement of tea quality. According to the levels of current light energy use and sci-tech progress, the trend yield of tea can reach2.684t/ha by2020and5.122t/ha by2030in Xuancheng City.
Test shows that the small climate change of tea plantation in winter half year and early spring is abrupt, often lasts only1-2hours and exerts major impact on growth of spring tea leaves. Therefore, sampling interval for small climate observation in tea plantation should not be more than1h in order to improve the integrity of information.
Study on tea seed storage indicates that dry-dewatering time before storage should not be more than29days, shortening of the time is favorable to improvement of survival rate of tea seeds and the relation between drying-dewatering time and germination percentage is y=1/1+20.59e~(-0.072x_1+0.022x_2). During storage, the moisture rate will have a greater change, which becomes more abrupt under higher temperature and the change in moiture rate will reduce tea seed activity. Temperature as low as-20℃is unfit for tea seed storage,4℃can be for short storage and-70℃conducive to effective storage for more than18months. Under-70℃, the higher the moisture rate of tea seeds, the quicker drop in germination percentage. Highest germination percentage is resulted from moisture rate12%for the storage term of6months and8%for18months. Under this temperature, faster defrosting of tea seeds is better for maintaining the vigor of the seeds. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the properties of seeds in storage have very high capacity of self adjustment with changing environmental conditions, the recalcitrance of seeds tends to wither in the long process of introduction and domestication and the Longjing43seeds from pilot tea plot of Anhui Agricultural University fall into the category of recalcitrant seeds for their stronger dewatering endurance, low-temperature endurance and storage endurance.
利用稻草、薄膜覆盖的实验表明，地面覆盖可不同程度地提高茶园地表温度，具有保温和增温作用。不同覆盖材料作用有较大差异，两种稻草覆盖和地膜覆盖的地表最低温度对照分别提高4.4℃、4.3℃和1.8℃，温度变幅分别比对照小6.4℃、6.5℃和1.7℃，稻草覆盖的保温效果优于地膜。稻草覆盖的适宜厚度与气候背景有关，合肥地区适宜的稻草覆盖厚度介于10~20cm。天气状况是影响覆盖作用的主要因素，晴天的增温作用显著强于阴雨天，其中薄膜覆盖的作用又强于稻草覆盖；阴雨天稻草覆盖的保温作用显著强于薄膜。在2月底以后，稻草覆盖物应予以去除，否则将影响春季土壤温度转换，地膜覆盖则可继续保留。管理得当的地表覆盖可使茶园土壤上下层温度转换期提前，茶芽萌发期可提前1~3天。
伴随低温过程的较大风速可加重冻害，实验表明，设置风障可以有效降低保护区的风速。风障在上风方位和下风方位各有一个有效防护区域，其中下风位是主要的防护区域，在茶树冠层高度，下风位的有效防护区域宽度约相当于风障高度的7.5倍。薄膜材质的风障阻滞了局部气流的运动，在下风位可形成相当于2倍风障高度的静风区，防护效果达最优，但大风过程中风障承受风压大，因此不适宜用作大面积茶园风障建设的材料。大风作用可加速茶树冠层叶片水分消耗，叶片含水率下降，幅度与风速正相关。在风障有效防护区内，大风过程结束后叶片含水率可在2~3天内恢复，表明风障具有较好的防护作用，风障可以作为茶园抗冻的有效措施。
气候因素对茶叶产量具有较强的影响，利用11年步长直线滑动平均模拟法进行茶叶产量分析，结果表明气候因素导致的产量变化约占宣城市茶叶产量的7.4%，变化范围介于-36.7%~20.2%之间，与灰色GM(1，1)模型产量分解的结果基本一致，证明了产量分解的可靠性。利用多元线性回归方法构建的宣城市气候产量与气候因子的线性模型为y=-0.155+0.008x_5+0.001x_(53)+0.005x_(51)，检验结果表明模型结果的趋势性较为准确，准确地预测出2006-2008年均表现为气候增产，但预测值与趋势线性模型分离而获得的气候产量值之间存在偏差。造成这一偏差的可能原因是气候因子之间作用的非线性，因此将线性模型非线性化是未来研究的方向。
能量水平是物体维持一定温度的物质基础，温度的变化取决于热交换速率，在时空范围较小的情况下，能量水平的变化率主要取决于天气状况。本文通过对不通过天气类型降温特征分析，参考灰色理论建模方法，构建不同天气类型温度预报模型，并根据降温速率与天气类型的关系，构建天气类型判断模型，初步建立基于单站实时温度的茶树冻害预警系统。实践表明该系统具有较高的准确率。
利用辐射资料测算宣城市茶园平均光能利用率约0.18%，与光能利用率的理论极限相比仍有极大的上升空间，因此目前的茶叶产业应立足现有茶园的改造与品质改良。根据现有的光能利用率水平与科技进步水平，宣城市茶叶趋势产量2020年可达到2.684吨/公顷，2030年达到5.122吨/公顷。
实验表明，冬半年及初春茶园小气候变化较为剧烈，常常出现持续时间只有1~2小时的小气候过程，这类小气候过程对春茶茶叶的生长具有重大影响，因此为提高监测信息的完整性，茶园小气候观测的采样时间间隔不应超过1h。
针对茶籽贮藏的研究表明，茶籽贮藏前的干燥脱水时间不应超过29天，缩短时间有利于提高茶籽的存活率，干燥脱水时间与发芽率之间关系为y=1/1+20.59e~(-0.072x_1+0.022x_2)。贮藏过程中茶籽含水率会发生较大变化，温度越高变化越剧烈，贮藏过程中含水率变化将降低茶籽的活性。-20℃的低温环境不适合贮藏茶籽，4℃的温度环境可短暂贮藏茶籽，-70℃低温可有效贮藏茶籽18个月以上。-70℃条件下茶籽含水率越高发芽率下降越快，保存6个月时含水率12%的发芽率最搞，保存18个月则是含水率8%的发芽率最高。-70℃低温贮藏的茶籽解冻速度越快，越有利于保持茶籽活力。综合分析表明，种子的贮藏特性随环境条件的变化具有很强的自我调节能力，在长期的引种、驯化过程中，茶籽的顽拗性趋于减弱，安徽农业大学试验茶场龙井43种子具有较强的脱水耐性、低温耐性和贮藏耐性，属于弱顽拗性种子。
Tea （Camellia sinensis (L.)） is an important economic crop in China. In the context of global warming, there is a worsening trend that extreme climate represented by low temperature and frost has produced negative effect on overwintering and growth of tea trees, which seriously affects popularization of tea trees and the production of tea industry in a stable and growing way. This paper studies the Longjing43tea plantd as subject placed under different temperatures, discusses controlling freeze injury by tests as setting ground covering and windbreak, analyses the energy-based temperature drop law and finally provides the method to forecast regional tea tree freeze injury.
Test with straw covering and film mulch suggests that thay can improve ground temperature to a varying degree in tea plantation, playing the role of heat preservation and heating-up. Different covering materials bring bigger differences, straw covering and film mulch can comparatively increase minimum ground temperature by4.4℃,4.3℃and1.8℃respectively, decrease temperature variance by6.4℃,6.5℃and1.7℃and straw is superior to film mulch in heat preservation. The suitable thickness of straw covering is related to climate background and it ranges from10to20cm for the Hefei area. Weather conditions are the major factors to influence covering result, heating-up is better in sunny days than in overcast and rainy days and film mulch plays a better role than straw in this regard. However, straw covering is superior in heat preservation to film mulch in overcast and rainy days. From the end of February on, straw covering should be removed, otherwise it will affect soil temperature transfer in spring, while film mulch can remain. Proper management of ground covering can bring forward the time of temperature transfer between upper and lower layer of soil in tea plantation, as a result, tea shoot germination can be1-3days ahead of time.
Greater wind speed along with low temperature can add to freeze injury. Test indicates that setting up windbreak is able to reduce wind speed in the reserved area. Windbreak has effective protective area in the upwind and downwind direction respectively and the downwind area dominates. At the height of tea tree crown, effective downwind protective width is7.5times the height of windbreak. Film material windbreak blocks local movement of air flow and forms a static area2times the height of windbreak, achieving best protective result, but it withstands great pressure from high wind and is therefore not suitably used for big-area tea plantation protection. High wind action accelerates water consumption in crown leaves decreasing their moiture rate, the drop of which is positively correlated with wind speed. Within effective reach of windkreak, moisture rate of tea leaves can recover2-3days after high wind process ends, indicating better protection given by windbreak, which can apply to tea plantation as an effective antifreeze measure.
Cliamte factor has stronger effect on tea production, analysis of which using11-year-step linear moving average simulation method suggests that climate factor-caused change in output takes up7.4%for the Xuancheng area, varying in the range of-36.7%to20.2%, this result is basically compliant with GM(1，1) output decomposition result, thus proving the reliability of output decomposition. A linear model for climate output and climate factor of Xuancheng City built by using multivariate linear regression method is y=-0.155+0.008x_5+0.001x_(53+0.005x_(51. Inspection result suggests that the tendancy given by the model is relatively accurate, which has well shown climate output increase in annual average from2006to2008, but the prognostic value has a deviation from the climate output value acquired from trend linear model separation. The deviation may be resulted from non-linear relations between climate factors, so changing linear model toward the non-linear is the future focus.
Energy level is substance basis of an object maitaining at a certain temperature, the change of which depends on heat exchange rate. In a limited time frame, energy level change is substantially decided by weather conditions. This paper, based on analysis of weather temperature drop features, refering to grey theory modelling method, builds a temperature forecast model against different weather types and forms a weather type judgment model based on relation between temperature drop rate and specific weather type, preliminarily establishes a tea tree freeze injury early warning system based on single-station real-time temperature, which proves that the system has high accuracy.
Radiation data-based calculation indicated that light energy use is about0.18%in average for tea plantations in Xuancheng City, which has a very great upside potential seen from theoretical limit of light energy use, so the present tea industry should stand on reworking of existing tea plantations and improvement of tea quality. According to the levels of current light energy use and sci-tech progress, the trend yield of tea can reach2.684t/ha by2020and5.122t/ha by2030in Xuancheng City.
Test shows that the small climate change of tea plantation in winter half year and early spring is abrupt, often lasts only1-2hours and exerts major impact on growth of spring tea leaves. Therefore, sampling interval for small climate observation in tea plantation should not be more than1h in order to improve the integrity of information.
Study on tea seed storage indicates that dry-dewatering time before storage should not be more than29days, shortening of the time is favorable to improvement of survival rate of tea seeds and the relation between drying-dewatering time and germination percentage is y=1/1+20.59e~(-0.072x_1+0.022x_2). During storage, the moisture rate will have a greater change, which becomes more abrupt under higher temperature and the change in moiture rate will reduce tea seed activity. Temperature as low as-20℃is unfit for tea seed storage,4℃can be for short storage and-70℃conducive to effective storage for more than18months. Under-70℃, the higher the moisture rate of tea seeds, the quicker drop in germination percentage. Highest germination percentage is resulted from moisture rate12%for the storage term of6months and8%for18months. Under this temperature, faster defrosting of tea seeds is better for maintaining the vigor of the seeds. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the properties of seeds in storage have very high capacity of self adjustment with changing environmental conditions, the recalcitrance of seeds tends to wither in the long process of introduction and domestication and the Longjing43seeds from pilot tea plot of Anhui Agricultural University fall into the category of recalcitrant seeds for their stronger dewatering endurance, low-temperature endurance and storage endurance.
引文
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