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三相四开关并联型有源电力滤波器的理论与应用研究
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摘要
随着电力电子技术的飞速发展,各种大功率开关器件得到了广泛应用。它们一方面给电能的变换应用带来了方便,另一方面又给电力系统带来了繁重的无功控制和谐波治理问题。有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)凭借其特有的优势,对电网无功控制和谐波治理等的作用已经得到公认,对APF的研究也已成为电力电子应用技术中的一个重大课题。但目前APF在国内的应用还远没达到成熟阶段,很多问题有待于进一步研究和完善,比如如何得到一个更加经济的APF解决方案以适应中低压电网,如何在非理想工况下保证APF的有效运行,如何更快地实现APF的产品化,如何处理APF在应用中所面对的一些工程性质问题等。
     基于以上背景,本文首先对APF的典型拓扑结构进行了详细的分析,在此基础上提出应该按照细分市场的应用需求对APF进行更加有针对性的分类,并从产品化与经济性的角度考虑,提出了采用低成本的三相四开关并联型APF以适应低压中小容量谐波无功治理需求的解决方案。文章分别对三相四开关并联型APF的电流检测、输出控制、产品实现及工程应用等问题进行了深入的研究,相关研究成果证明了三相四开关并联型APF功能与性能的有效性。同时通过对三相四开关并联型APF的研究,给APF的经济性研究与工程化应用提供了一种新的思路与探索途径,对APF的发展有着重要的理论与实践指导作用。
     本文对三相四开关并联型APF的指令电流确定方法进行了研究,提出了基于直流母线电压信息的指令电流确定方法。采用直接将期望得到的电网正序基波电流作为三相四开关并联型APF指令电流信号的控制方法。通过引入模糊PI控制器,进一步提高了检测算法的响应速度和自适应能力。引入了正序基波电流幅值校正环节和正序基波电压相角检测器,以保证在电网电压不平衡和电网出现短时故障等情况下,三相四开关并联型APF仍能安全有效的工作。提出了一种基于比例控制算法的直流侧电压偏置补偿器,以保证直流侧中点电压的平衡。仿真与实验结果证明了该指令电流确定方法的可行性与有效性。
     文中接着对APF基于空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)技术的输出电流调制算法进行了研究。首先基于三相六开关并联型APF,阐述了SVPWM电流调制算法的基本原理。然后将其扩展到三相四开关系统,提出了针对三相四开关APF的SVPWM电流调制算法。研究发现基于三相六开关变流器的SVPWM调制算法不能简单套用到三相四开关系统中,本文通过对等效零矢量的正确获取,得到适用于三相四开关系统的SVPWM调制算法,相关的仿真与实验结果均证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。
     探讨了三相四开关并联型APF的产品设计与实现方法。给出了三相四开关并联型APF的系统构成方式,对功率开关器件的选型、缓冲电路的参数设计、直流侧储能电容的设计、输出滤波电抗器的设计、控制系统硬件设计与软件设计等关键技术进行了深入的研究,给出了关键参数的设计依据与关键器件的选型办法。
     对三相四开关并联型APF的功能与性能进行了有效的实验验证。首先分析了APF实验平台的搭建方法与对应的关键设备。然后分别进行了直流母线电压稳定实验、稳态与动态补偿实验、控制算法对补偿效果的影响实验等,通过对实验数据的分析,验证了三相四开关并联型APF产品在不同参数和工况下的良好运行效果。
     本文最后对三相四开关并联型APF产品的工程应用案例进行了详细的介绍与分析。通过对现场公共连接点处最大谐波电流允许注入值的分析,证明了其谐波治理的必要性。APF投运后的现场电压电流谐波畸变率有了显著降低,工程应用结果证明了该经济型的三相四开关并联型APF设计的可行性和有效性。
With the development of power electronics technology, all kinds of large power capacity switching components are widely used. On the one hand, they made Power energy transformation and application conveniently, on the other hand, they lead to the serious reactive power and harmonic current pollution in the power system. The functions of active power filter(APF) to compensate the reactive power and harmonic current is recognized in common, and it has been a key project in power electronics application technology to study the active power filters. But APF has not reached the mature stage in the domestic applications, and there are many problems need to be studied and improved, such as how to get a more economic APF solution to adapt to the low-voltage power grid, how to ensure the effective operation of APF in a abnormal condition, how to realize the product of APF faster, how to deal with the engineering problems in the application of APF, etc.
    
     Based on the background above, this paper analyse the typical topology clearly, and a new categories method is presented in accordance with the demand of the detail market. Consider of the product-forming and economic benefits, A four-switch three- phase shunt APF is presented to fit for the harmonic and reactive power control with medium and small capacity in low-voltage. The detecting, control, production realization and application technologies are studied deeply, the result of these research proved the availability of the function and performance. A new idea and approach in the economic studies and engineering applications is represented in the study. There are great importance in theory and practice to the development of APF.
     This paper discussed the method to obtain the direction current of APF, and a direction current calculation method based on the DC bus voltage is presented. This method use the positive sequence fundamental current as the direction current for APF. The response time and adaptability is improve by the apply of fuzzy-PI controller. The correction loop for amplitude of positive sequence fundamental current is studied, and phase angle detection of fundamental positive sequence voltage is designed. The designed mentioned above determines that APF can work safely and effectively with unbalance voltages and short time faulting of power grid. A DC bias voltage compensator based proportional control algorithm is researched, which ensures that mid-point of DC voltage is balanced. Simulation and experiment results proved the feasible and effective of the direction current calculation method.
     The space vector PWM (SVPWM) technique of output current modulation is studied in this paper. Firstly, the basic theory of the SVPWM algorithm based on six-switch three-phase shunt APF is elaborated. Then the algorithm is extended to the four-switch three-phase system. A new SVPWM algorithm is proposed based on four-switch three-phase shunt APF current modulation. The six-switch three-phase SVPWM modulation algorithm can not be applied in the four-switch three-phase system directly. The SVPWM algorithm fit for four-switch three phase modulation is acquired through the obtain of the equivalent zero vector. Simulation and experiment results proved the feasible and effective of the algorithm.
     The product design and implementation methods of APF is discussed in this paper. The way of system constitutes of four-switch three-phase APF is given. The key technology including the choose of power switching component, the parameters design of the buffer circuit, the design of the DC capacitor, the output filter, the hardware and the software design of control system are researched deeply. The design principle of the key parameters and the selection method of the key components are presented.
     The functions and performance of four-switch three-phase APF are verified effectively through the experimental study. First of all, the experimental platform and key equipments are introduced. Then, the experiment of DC bus voltage stability, Steady-state and dynamic-state compensation experiment, the influence of different control algorithm to the compensate are performed. The perfect compensation effect of four-switch three-phase shunt APF in different parameter and environment is verified.
     At the end of the paper, the engineering application case of four-switch three-phase APF is introduced and analyzed in detail. The analysis about the largest value of harmonic current injected into the point of common coupling proved the necessary of harmonic control. The THD of the voltage harmonic and current harmonic reduced obviously after APF put into operation. The application results proved the correctness, the feasibility and the effectiveness of the design about four-switch three-phase shunt APF.
引文
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