中国陆域地壳应力场分布特征研究
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摘要
地壳应力场研究是工程地质学研究的重要内容,是考查岩土工程力学环境的基本依据,是探索地震、滑坡等地质灾害预测、预防方法的重要途径,是推动板块学说从运动学研究向动力学研究转化的关键。地壳应力场研究工作也愈来愈受到工程地质、地球物理、岩石力学、地震等方面专家的重视,在近百年的时间里,在地应力测量技术、分析方法、研究理论方面均取得长足进步,取得许多有价值的成果,同时也积累了大量的观测数据资料。在前人工作的基础上,本文以实测地应力数据为依据,通过数理统计与数值模拟的方法,研究中国陆域地壳现今原地应力场状态及强震对应力场扰动影响。
首先是收集整理了中国陆域1474个测点上的水压致裂法与应力解除法实测地应力数据3586条。采用等深度段分组归纳的方法解决了实测地应力数据样本数量沿深度分布的不均匀问题,给出了中国陆域与各研究区地壳浅层测量深度范围内应力量值、方位特征。并通过将研究区内实测地应力扣除重力影响的方法,分析构造应力场的作用,给出了中国陆域及各个活动地块上水平构造应力的方位特征与量值范围。
其次是建立了包括现今主要活动断层以及岩石圈实际分层结构(地面、莫霍面、岩石圈)的3D球壳模型,使数值模型与地质模型更加吻合。在此基础上以重力和板块构造作用为主要影响因素,以地壳浅表的实测原地应力研究成果为目标约束,演算分析中国陆域现今地应力场,给出了中国陆域现今原地应力场的绝对量值估计。
再次是用降低发震断层单元组模量来模拟强震时断层失稳破坏丧失承载能力的方法,对中国陆域地区强震引起的应力场调整规律进行了数值模拟研究。进而对我国年度时间尺度大范围应力场变化和相应的强震活动迁移机理进行了探索。
本文取得如下主要研究结果：
一、浅层地应力实测数据统计分析方面
(1)中国陆域地壳浅层最大水平应力σH、最小水平应力σh、垂直应力σv随深度D呈线性增加：σH=0.0229D+4.738、σh=0.0171D+1.829、σV=0.0272D；中国陆域最大水平构造应力σT、最小水平构造应力σt的量值估算范围分别为：4.738<σT<0.0139D+4.738.1.829<σt<0.0081D+1.829；中国陆域水平构造差应力σT—σt=0.0058D+2.912。
(2)在测量深度范围内,中国陆域各研究区σT、σt、σT—σt随埋深均呈线性增大；σT1,中间值(D=2000m时的统计回归值)最大为45.6MPa,最小为26.8MPa,由大到小依次为：青藏地块、南北带北段、华南地块、南北带中段、华北地块、南北带南段、西域地块和东北地块；σT-σt中间值(D=2000m时的统计回归值)最大为25.3MPa,最小为13.0MPa,由大到小依次为：青藏地块、西域地块、南北带北段、华南地块、南北带南段、华北地块、南北带中段和东北地块。总体表现为西强东弱的基本特征,反映了印度板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞是中国陆域构造应力场强度总体特征的主要来源。
(3)与其他研究区相比较,青藏地块地壳在从南向北的挤压作用下呈现出明显的“浅弱深强”特点。
二、在原地应力场数值模拟分析方面
(1)建立了中国陆域岩石圈三维球壳模型。提出了以地壳浅表的实测原地应力研究成果为目标约束,用数值模拟演算分析方法,估计中国陆域现今原地应力场的绝对量值的途径。
(2)模拟结果表明,最大水平应力σH基本以青藏高原为中心,呈辐射状展布,由西向东,从近NS方向逐步顺时针旋转至NNE、NE、NEE、SE方向,与深部的震源机制解研究结果有一致性。
(3)中国陆域最大、最小水平应力σH、σh总体表现为压性,随着深度的增加而升高,水平应力—深度关系表现为多段折线,中、下壳应力增长的速度较之上地壳缓慢。表层2000m深度,最大、最小水平应力σH、σh量值范围：14.5MPa<σH<58.0MPa、3.8MPa<σh<26.7MPa。在地壳深部的莫霍面上,水平应力量值分布特征主要受莫霍面地形控制,量值范围:600MPa<σH<1200MPa、560MPa<σh<1140MPa。
(4)各活动地块、南北地震带各段应力状态有明显差异,青藏地块呈现出明显的“中部弱周边强”特点。
三、在中国陆域地区强震引起的应力场调整研究方面
(1)弱化一个单元组将引起大范围的应力场的调整,55%以上的单元等效应力增加在0.1MPa以上,个别断层端部主应力方向变化达60。以上。
(2)初始应力场、边界位移加载的方式、被弱化单元组的弹性模量均对扰动应力场有明显影响。
(3)弱化2001年11月14日昆仑山8.0级强震区单元组引起的扰动应力场,与实际观测到的绝对应力测量值及钻孔体应变观测的应变阶具有一致性。
The research of crustal stress field is an important part of the study of the engineering geology, a basic foundation of testing large geotechnical engineering construction on mechanical environment, an important way to study the prediction and prevention method of geological hazards such as earthquake and landslide, a key of Pushing plate theory from the kinematic to the dinamics. In nearly centenary time, not only measurement technology, analysis method and theoretical research of in-situ stress have made great progress and many valuable results, but also accumulated a large amount of observation data. With the measured in-situ stress data, we researched the present state of the in-situ stress field and the strong earthquakes'disturbance impact to it by numerical simulation method in the Chinese Mainland.
Firstly, we collected and analysed the measured in-situ stress data of3586on the Chinese Mainland1474points by the method of hydraulic fracturing and overcoring. We have solved the problem of uneven distribution of the measured in-situ stress data along the depth by the equal depth group summarized method, and given the stress magnitude and orientation characteristic in the upper crust within the measured depth range on Chinese Mainland and each study area. And through the method of subtracting the effect of gravity from the measured stress, we analysed the role of the tectonic stress field. And we have given the orientation characteristic and magnitude range of the horizontal tectonic stress on Chinese Mainland and each active block.
Secondly, we have built a finite element model including the present main active faults and actual layered structure of the lithosphere (ground, Moho, and lithosphere). And we also introduced the spherical structure in the model to make the numerical model and the geological model more consistent. Based on this model, we used gravity and plate tectonic as the main influencing factors, the research results of the measured in-situ stress in the upper crust as the target controls, to make the inversion analysis of the present in-situ stress field in the Chinese Mainland, and gave the magnitude estimation of it.
Thirdly, we made the numerical simulation research about the stress field adjustment law caused by strong earthquake in Chinese Mainland, with the method of reduce the seismogenic fault elements group modulus to simulate the loss of carrying capacity when the faults were unstable. Thus we could explore the annual time scale of a wide range of changes in the stress field and the corresponding strong seismic activity migration mechanism.
We have made the following key findings:
First, the statistical analysis of the measured shallow crust stress data.
(1) The maximum horizontal principle stress σH, the minimum horizontal principle stress σh and the vertical stress σV in shallow crust of China all increase linearly with depth:σH=0.0229D+4.738, σh=0.0171D+1.829, σv=0.0272D; The range of σT and σt in shallow crust of China are:4.738<σT<0.0139D+4.738and1.829<σt<0.0081D+1.829, respectively. Regression equation of horizontal tectonic differential stress in China mainland is:σT-σt=0.0058D+2.912with a gradient of5.8MPa/km, and surface value at Okm is3MPa.
(2) The maximum horizontal tectonic stress σT, minimum horizontal tectonic stress σt both increase linearly with depth. The intermediate regression value of σT1(at2000m depth) is various in research regions, the maximum value is45.6MPa while the minimum value is26.8MPa. According to intermediate regression σT1value, the ranking (from largest to smallest) of research regions is:Qinghai-Tibet, north section of north-south seismic belt, south China, middle section of north-south seismic belt, north China, south section of north-south seismic belt, northwestern China, northeast China. Horizontal tectonic differential stress σT—σt increase linearly with depth and the maximum and minimum of the intermediate regression value of σT—σt is25.3MPa and13.0MPa, respectively. Ranking of research regions based upon the intermediate regression σT—σt value is:Qinghai-Tibet, northwestern China, north section of north-south seismic belt, south China, south section of north-south seismic belt, north China, middle section of north-south seismic belt, northeast China. In general, the stress magnitude is much higher in western than in eastern China. This indicates that the strong collision of Indian plate with Eurasian plate dominates the present tectonic stress field in Chinese mainland.
(3) Compared to most other study regions, the crustal stress magnitudes in the Qinghai-Tibet block which in under the northward compression is low in shallow depths and high in deep.
Second, numerical simulation analysis of the in situ stress field.
(1) We built a three-dimensional spherical shell model of the Chinese continental lithosphere. And we made the path to estimate the present in-situ stree field in Chinese Mainland, with the method of numerical simulation invertion analysis, and with the research results of the measured in-situ stress in the upper crust as the target controls.
(2) The simulation results showed that the general direction characteristics of maximum horizontal stress basically spreads radially from the center of Tibetan Plateau. The directions of maximum horizontal stress gradually rotate clockwise from NS to NNE, NE, NEE, SE and are consistent with the result of focal mechanism solution.
(3) The stress states in different study regions are evidently different. The stress magnitude is obviously lower in the center of Qinghai-tibet active block and higher in the surrounding area of the block.
(4) The maximum and minimum tectonic stress σH and σh were generally compressive at the depth of2000metres in Chinese Mainland shallow crust, and the magnitude range are14.5MPa<σH<58.0MPa、3.8MPa<σh<26.7MPa.
Third, the research of stress field adjustment caused by strong earthquake in Chinese Mainland.
(1) Killing one elements group will cause the stress field's adjustment in large area. Over55%of elements'equivalent stress increased more than0.1MPa. The change of direction of principal stress was less than20degree in99.7%area.
(2) Setting up initial stress field greatly influenced the perturbed stress field caused by killing elements group.
(3) By killing the elements group of November11th2001Kunlun mountain Ms8.0strong earthquake area, the perturbed stress field was corresponded with the actual observed value of in-situ stress and the strain step of drilling strain observation.
首先是收集整理了中国陆域1474个测点上的水压致裂法与应力解除法实测地应力数据3586条。采用等深度段分组归纳的方法解决了实测地应力数据样本数量沿深度分布的不均匀问题,给出了中国陆域与各研究区地壳浅层测量深度范围内应力量值、方位特征。并通过将研究区内实测地应力扣除重力影响的方法,分析构造应力场的作用,给出了中国陆域及各个活动地块上水平构造应力的方位特征与量值范围。
其次是建立了包括现今主要活动断层以及岩石圈实际分层结构(地面、莫霍面、岩石圈)的3D球壳模型,使数值模型与地质模型更加吻合。在此基础上以重力和板块构造作用为主要影响因素,以地壳浅表的实测原地应力研究成果为目标约束,演算分析中国陆域现今地应力场,给出了中国陆域现今原地应力场的绝对量值估计。
再次是用降低发震断层单元组模量来模拟强震时断层失稳破坏丧失承载能力的方法,对中国陆域地区强震引起的应力场调整规律进行了数值模拟研究。进而对我国年度时间尺度大范围应力场变化和相应的强震活动迁移机理进行了探索。
本文取得如下主要研究结果：
一、浅层地应力实测数据统计分析方面
(1)中国陆域地壳浅层最大水平应力σH、最小水平应力σh、垂直应力σv随深度D呈线性增加：σH=0.0229D+4.738、σh=0.0171D+1.829、σV=0.0272D；中国陆域最大水平构造应力σT、最小水平构造应力σt的量值估算范围分别为：4.738<σT<0.0139D+4.738.1.829<σt<0.0081D+1.829；中国陆域水平构造差应力σT—σt=0.0058D+2.912。
(2)在测量深度范围内,中国陆域各研究区σT、σt、σT—σt随埋深均呈线性增大；σT1,中间值(D=2000m时的统计回归值)最大为45.6MPa,最小为26.8MPa,由大到小依次为：青藏地块、南北带北段、华南地块、南北带中段、华北地块、南北带南段、西域地块和东北地块；σT-σt中间值(D=2000m时的统计回归值)最大为25.3MPa,最小为13.0MPa,由大到小依次为：青藏地块、西域地块、南北带北段、华南地块、南北带南段、华北地块、南北带中段和东北地块。总体表现为西强东弱的基本特征,反映了印度板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞是中国陆域构造应力场强度总体特征的主要来源。
(3)与其他研究区相比较,青藏地块地壳在从南向北的挤压作用下呈现出明显的“浅弱深强”特点。
二、在原地应力场数值模拟分析方面
(1)建立了中国陆域岩石圈三维球壳模型。提出了以地壳浅表的实测原地应力研究成果为目标约束,用数值模拟演算分析方法,估计中国陆域现今原地应力场的绝对量值的途径。
(2)模拟结果表明,最大水平应力σH基本以青藏高原为中心,呈辐射状展布,由西向东,从近NS方向逐步顺时针旋转至NNE、NE、NEE、SE方向,与深部的震源机制解研究结果有一致性。
(3)中国陆域最大、最小水平应力σH、σh总体表现为压性,随着深度的增加而升高,水平应力—深度关系表现为多段折线,中、下壳应力增长的速度较之上地壳缓慢。表层2000m深度,最大、最小水平应力σH、σh量值范围：14.5MPa<σH<58.0MPa、3.8MPa<σh<26.7MPa。在地壳深部的莫霍面上,水平应力量值分布特征主要受莫霍面地形控制,量值范围:600MPa<σH<1200MPa、560MPa<σh<1140MPa。
(4)各活动地块、南北地震带各段应力状态有明显差异,青藏地块呈现出明显的“中部弱周边强”特点。
三、在中国陆域地区强震引起的应力场调整研究方面
(1)弱化一个单元组将引起大范围的应力场的调整,55%以上的单元等效应力增加在0.1MPa以上,个别断层端部主应力方向变化达60。以上。
(2)初始应力场、边界位移加载的方式、被弱化单元组的弹性模量均对扰动应力场有明显影响。
(3)弱化2001年11月14日昆仑山8.0级强震区单元组引起的扰动应力场,与实际观测到的绝对应力测量值及钻孔体应变观测的应变阶具有一致性。
The research of crustal stress field is an important part of the study of the engineering geology, a basic foundation of testing large geotechnical engineering construction on mechanical environment, an important way to study the prediction and prevention method of geological hazards such as earthquake and landslide, a key of Pushing plate theory from the kinematic to the dinamics. In nearly centenary time, not only measurement technology, analysis method and theoretical research of in-situ stress have made great progress and many valuable results, but also accumulated a large amount of observation data. With the measured in-situ stress data, we researched the present state of the in-situ stress field and the strong earthquakes'disturbance impact to it by numerical simulation method in the Chinese Mainland.
Firstly, we collected and analysed the measured in-situ stress data of3586on the Chinese Mainland1474points by the method of hydraulic fracturing and overcoring. We have solved the problem of uneven distribution of the measured in-situ stress data along the depth by the equal depth group summarized method, and given the stress magnitude and orientation characteristic in the upper crust within the measured depth range on Chinese Mainland and each study area. And through the method of subtracting the effect of gravity from the measured stress, we analysed the role of the tectonic stress field. And we have given the orientation characteristic and magnitude range of the horizontal tectonic stress on Chinese Mainland and each active block.
Secondly, we have built a finite element model including the present main active faults and actual layered structure of the lithosphere (ground, Moho, and lithosphere). And we also introduced the spherical structure in the model to make the numerical model and the geological model more consistent. Based on this model, we used gravity and plate tectonic as the main influencing factors, the research results of the measured in-situ stress in the upper crust as the target controls, to make the inversion analysis of the present in-situ stress field in the Chinese Mainland, and gave the magnitude estimation of it.
Thirdly, we made the numerical simulation research about the stress field adjustment law caused by strong earthquake in Chinese Mainland, with the method of reduce the seismogenic fault elements group modulus to simulate the loss of carrying capacity when the faults were unstable. Thus we could explore the annual time scale of a wide range of changes in the stress field and the corresponding strong seismic activity migration mechanism.
We have made the following key findings:
First, the statistical analysis of the measured shallow crust stress data.
(1) The maximum horizontal principle stress σH, the minimum horizontal principle stress σh and the vertical stress σV in shallow crust of China all increase linearly with depth:σH=0.0229D+4.738, σh=0.0171D+1.829, σv=0.0272D; The range of σT and σt in shallow crust of China are:4.738<σT<0.0139D+4.738and1.829<σt<0.0081D+1.829, respectively. Regression equation of horizontal tectonic differential stress in China mainland is:σT-σt=0.0058D+2.912with a gradient of5.8MPa/km, and surface value at Okm is3MPa.
(2) The maximum horizontal tectonic stress σT, minimum horizontal tectonic stress σt both increase linearly with depth. The intermediate regression value of σT1(at2000m depth) is various in research regions, the maximum value is45.6MPa while the minimum value is26.8MPa. According to intermediate regression σT1value, the ranking (from largest to smallest) of research regions is:Qinghai-Tibet, north section of north-south seismic belt, south China, middle section of north-south seismic belt, north China, south section of north-south seismic belt, northwestern China, northeast China. Horizontal tectonic differential stress σT—σt increase linearly with depth and the maximum and minimum of the intermediate regression value of σT—σt is25.3MPa and13.0MPa, respectively. Ranking of research regions based upon the intermediate regression σT—σt value is:Qinghai-Tibet, northwestern China, north section of north-south seismic belt, south China, south section of north-south seismic belt, north China, middle section of north-south seismic belt, northeast China. In general, the stress magnitude is much higher in western than in eastern China. This indicates that the strong collision of Indian plate with Eurasian plate dominates the present tectonic stress field in Chinese mainland.
(3) Compared to most other study regions, the crustal stress magnitudes in the Qinghai-Tibet block which in under the northward compression is low in shallow depths and high in deep.
Second, numerical simulation analysis of the in situ stress field.
(1) We built a three-dimensional spherical shell model of the Chinese continental lithosphere. And we made the path to estimate the present in-situ stree field in Chinese Mainland, with the method of numerical simulation invertion analysis, and with the research results of the measured in-situ stress in the upper crust as the target controls.
(2) The simulation results showed that the general direction characteristics of maximum horizontal stress basically spreads radially from the center of Tibetan Plateau. The directions of maximum horizontal stress gradually rotate clockwise from NS to NNE, NE, NEE, SE and are consistent with the result of focal mechanism solution.
(3) The stress states in different study regions are evidently different. The stress magnitude is obviously lower in the center of Qinghai-tibet active block and higher in the surrounding area of the block.
(4) The maximum and minimum tectonic stress σH and σh were generally compressive at the depth of2000metres in Chinese Mainland shallow crust, and the magnitude range are14.5MPa<σH<58.0MPa、3.8MPa<σh<26.7MPa.
Third, the research of stress field adjustment caused by strong earthquake in Chinese Mainland.
(1) Killing one elements group will cause the stress field's adjustment in large area. Over55%of elements'equivalent stress increased more than0.1MPa. The change of direction of principal stress was less than20degree in99.7%area.
(2) Setting up initial stress field greatly influenced the perturbed stress field caused by killing elements group.
(3) By killing the elements group of November11th2001Kunlun mountain Ms8.0strong earthquake area, the perturbed stress field was corresponded with the actual observed value of in-situ stress and the strain step of drilling strain observation.
引文
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