光谱吸收式光纤气体检测理论及技术研究
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摘要
光谱吸收式光纤气体传感器通过检测气室透射光强或反射光强的变化来检测气体的浓度，无需对待测气体进行人工采样和预处理，具有灵敏度高、选择性好、响应时间快等优点，近年来在气体浓度检测领域得到了广泛应用。
首先，以分子光谱理论为基础，分析气体吸收线的谱线线型、谱线线宽与谱线展宽等相关理论。以比尔-朗伯定律为理论基础，研究利用光谱吸收法测量气体的浓度，根据HITRAN数据库，选择近红外区甲烷2v3带R3支的三条气体吸收线进行研究，并确定吸收谱线的相关参数。研究波长调制光谱与谐波检测理论，利用傅里叶级数展开模型和泰勒级数展开模型分析各次谐波信号，在频率调制信号模型的基础上，采用频率-强度调制信号模型研究强度调制对各次谐波信号的影响。研究高斯线型和洛伦兹线型的各次谐波信号与波长调制系数的关系，确定各次谐波最佳的波长调制系数。对激光在光路中多次反射形成的标准具效应展开研究，为标准具噪声的抑制提供理论依据。
其次，以锁相放大器的基本原理为基础，研究正交数字锁相放大器算法，利用正交数字锁相放大器提取一次谐波和二次谐波的幅值信号，抑制移相调节误差和模拟器件漂移对谐波幅值测量准确性的影响，提高系统的检测精度。分析二次谐波检测方案的特点与不足，提出利用一次谐波幅值信号进行气体浓度测量，一次谐波检测方案具有简单的系统结构，能够抑制激光器非线性强度调制和光源波长漂移等因素对系统检测精度的影响，降低系统对激光器稳定性的要求，使系统长期稳定、可靠地工作。
再次，研究温度变化对气体吸收线的线强度、谱线宽度、吸收系数以及气体浓度测量产生的影响。讨论温度自校正方案和温度校准函数方案的优缺点，利用温度校准方案减小气体温度变化带来的测量误差。在分析可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术测量气体温度原理的基础上，根据HITRAN数据库，选择6241.402828cm-1和6242.672190cm-1波数处的两条CO2吸收线作为研究对象，提出基于一次谐波检测的TDLAS气体温度测量方案，并对TDLAS气体温度测量的准确性进行分析，研究利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术测量气体温度的可行性。
最后，基于一次谐波检测方案构建了甲烷气体浓度检测系统，并对系统中的激光器、光电检测器以及吸收气室等关键器件进行分析。研究激光在透射型气室与反射型气室中的光谱吸收，设计了5×10cm光程的透射型吸收气室，确定系统最佳的波长调制系数，降低调制系数波动对检测系统的影响。在实验室中利用一次谐波检测系统测量甲烷气体的浓度，实验结果表明系统的输出数据和甲烷气体的浓度呈现很好的线性关系，系统的灵敏度、分辨率、重复性和稳定性等性能良好。
Optical gas sensor based on spectrum absorption detects the gas concentration bymeasuring the intensity changes of transmitted light or reflected light. In recent years, opticalgas sensor based on spectrum absorption has been widely used in the field of the gasconcentration detection for it doesn't need to carry on the manual sampling and thepretreatment, and it has the advantages of high-sensitivity, good-selectivity and fast-responsetime.
First of all, the line profile, the line width and the line broadening of the gas absorptionlines are analyzed based on the theory of molecular spectroscopy. According to Beer-Lambertlaw, in the near infrared region, the three methane absorption lines in the R3transitions of2v3band are chosen and the line parameters are confirmed to measure the gas concentration usingspectrum absorption. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy theory and harmonic detectiontheory are studied, and the frequency-intensity modulation signal is analyzed based on thefrequency modulation signal using Fourier series expansion and Taylor series expansion. Therelationship between harmonic signals and modulation coefficients is studied to determine thebest wavelength modulation coefficient, and etalon effects is analyzed in order to restrainetalon noise originating from multiple reflections in the optical path.
Secondly, the quadrature digital lock-in algorithm is studied based on the basic principleof lock-in amplifier. In order to suppress the impact of phase adjustment error and analog drift,the first harmonic signal and the second harmonic signal are extracted using quadrature digitallock-in amplifier to improve the detection accuracy of the system. The characteristics andshortcomings of the second harmonic detection scheme are analyzed, and the methaneconcentration is measured using the first harmonic signal. The first harmonic detection systemhas a simple structure, and inhibits the influence of non-linear intensity modulation and laserwavelength shift on the system detection accuracy. The first harmonic detection schemereduces the stability requirements of the laser, which ensures system reliability and long-termstability.
Once more, the influence of temperature fluctuation on the line strength, the line width,the absorption coefficient and the concentration measurement is analyzed. The advantages anddisadvantages of temperature self-correction scheme and temperature calibration coefficientscheme are discussed, and the measurement error from temperature fluctuation is reducedusing temperature correction scheme. The principle of measuring the gas temperature using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technology is analyzed, and two CO2absorption lines at6241.402828cm-1and6242.672190cm-1are selected by HITRANdatabase to study temperature measurement scheme. TDLAS temperature measurementscheme based on the first harmonic detection is proposed, and the feasibility of TDLAS gastemperature measurement is studied.
Finally, according to the first harmonic detection scheme, a methane concentrationdetection system is designed, and laser, photodetector and absorption cell are analyzed. The5×10cm optical path transmission-type cell is designed based on the research of the spectrumabsorption of transmission-type cell and reflective-type cell, and the best wavelengthmodulation coefficient is determined to minimize the impact of modulation coefficientfluctuations. Optical gas detection system based on spectrum absorption detects theconcentration of methane using the first harmonic detection scheme. The results show thatthere is a good linear relationship between the methane concentration and the system output,and the system has a good performance of the system sensitivity, resolution, repeatability andstability.
首先，以分子光谱理论为基础，分析气体吸收线的谱线线型、谱线线宽与谱线展宽等相关理论。以比尔-朗伯定律为理论基础，研究利用光谱吸收法测量气体的浓度，根据HITRAN数据库，选择近红外区甲烷2v3带R3支的三条气体吸收线进行研究，并确定吸收谱线的相关参数。研究波长调制光谱与谐波检测理论，利用傅里叶级数展开模型和泰勒级数展开模型分析各次谐波信号，在频率调制信号模型的基础上，采用频率-强度调制信号模型研究强度调制对各次谐波信号的影响。研究高斯线型和洛伦兹线型的各次谐波信号与波长调制系数的关系，确定各次谐波最佳的波长调制系数。对激光在光路中多次反射形成的标准具效应展开研究，为标准具噪声的抑制提供理论依据。
其次，以锁相放大器的基本原理为基础，研究正交数字锁相放大器算法，利用正交数字锁相放大器提取一次谐波和二次谐波的幅值信号，抑制移相调节误差和模拟器件漂移对谐波幅值测量准确性的影响，提高系统的检测精度。分析二次谐波检测方案的特点与不足，提出利用一次谐波幅值信号进行气体浓度测量，一次谐波检测方案具有简单的系统结构，能够抑制激光器非线性强度调制和光源波长漂移等因素对系统检测精度的影响，降低系统对激光器稳定性的要求，使系统长期稳定、可靠地工作。
再次，研究温度变化对气体吸收线的线强度、谱线宽度、吸收系数以及气体浓度测量产生的影响。讨论温度自校正方案和温度校准函数方案的优缺点，利用温度校准方案减小气体温度变化带来的测量误差。在分析可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术测量气体温度原理的基础上，根据HITRAN数据库，选择6241.402828cm-1和6242.672190cm-1波数处的两条CO2吸收线作为研究对象，提出基于一次谐波检测的TDLAS气体温度测量方案，并对TDLAS气体温度测量的准确性进行分析，研究利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术测量气体温度的可行性。
最后，基于一次谐波检测方案构建了甲烷气体浓度检测系统，并对系统中的激光器、光电检测器以及吸收气室等关键器件进行分析。研究激光在透射型气室与反射型气室中的光谱吸收，设计了5×10cm光程的透射型吸收气室，确定系统最佳的波长调制系数，降低调制系数波动对检测系统的影响。在实验室中利用一次谐波检测系统测量甲烷气体的浓度，实验结果表明系统的输出数据和甲烷气体的浓度呈现很好的线性关系，系统的灵敏度、分辨率、重复性和稳定性等性能良好。
Optical gas sensor based on spectrum absorption detects the gas concentration bymeasuring the intensity changes of transmitted light or reflected light. In recent years, opticalgas sensor based on spectrum absorption has been widely used in the field of the gasconcentration detection for it doesn't need to carry on the manual sampling and thepretreatment, and it has the advantages of high-sensitivity, good-selectivity and fast-responsetime.
First of all, the line profile, the line width and the line broadening of the gas absorptionlines are analyzed based on the theory of molecular spectroscopy. According to Beer-Lambertlaw, in the near infrared region, the three methane absorption lines in the R3transitions of2v3band are chosen and the line parameters are confirmed to measure the gas concentration usingspectrum absorption. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy theory and harmonic detectiontheory are studied, and the frequency-intensity modulation signal is analyzed based on thefrequency modulation signal using Fourier series expansion and Taylor series expansion. Therelationship between harmonic signals and modulation coefficients is studied to determine thebest wavelength modulation coefficient, and etalon effects is analyzed in order to restrainetalon noise originating from multiple reflections in the optical path.
Secondly, the quadrature digital lock-in algorithm is studied based on the basic principleof lock-in amplifier. In order to suppress the impact of phase adjustment error and analog drift,the first harmonic signal and the second harmonic signal are extracted using quadrature digitallock-in amplifier to improve the detection accuracy of the system. The characteristics andshortcomings of the second harmonic detection scheme are analyzed, and the methaneconcentration is measured using the first harmonic signal. The first harmonic detection systemhas a simple structure, and inhibits the influence of non-linear intensity modulation and laserwavelength shift on the system detection accuracy. The first harmonic detection schemereduces the stability requirements of the laser, which ensures system reliability and long-termstability.
Once more, the influence of temperature fluctuation on the line strength, the line width,the absorption coefficient and the concentration measurement is analyzed. The advantages anddisadvantages of temperature self-correction scheme and temperature calibration coefficientscheme are discussed, and the measurement error from temperature fluctuation is reducedusing temperature correction scheme. The principle of measuring the gas temperature using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technology is analyzed, and two CO2absorption lines at6241.402828cm-1and6242.672190cm-1are selected by HITRANdatabase to study temperature measurement scheme. TDLAS temperature measurementscheme based on the first harmonic detection is proposed, and the feasibility of TDLAS gastemperature measurement is studied.
Finally, according to the first harmonic detection scheme, a methane concentrationdetection system is designed, and laser, photodetector and absorption cell are analyzed. The5×10cm optical path transmission-type cell is designed based on the research of the spectrumabsorption of transmission-type cell and reflective-type cell, and the best wavelengthmodulation coefficient is determined to minimize the impact of modulation coefficientfluctuations. Optical gas detection system based on spectrum absorption detects theconcentration of methane using the first harmonic detection scheme. The results show thatthere is a good linear relationship between the methane concentration and the system output,and the system has a good performance of the system sensitivity, resolution, repeatability andstability.
引文
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