企业能量管理与节能技术研究及应用
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摘要
节能是我国经济和社会发展的一项长远战略方针,电力节能是国家节能战略的重要组成部分,是节能产业的重中之重。而我国企业电能损失逐年增加,随着钢铁、有色、石化等行业飞速发展,企业电气节能形势很紧迫。我国高耗能企业众多,能源消耗总量大,有效利用率低,使我国的可持续发展面临巨大压力。因而开展企业电气节能的研究具有重大意义,不仅可以提高电能利用率,而且还可以提高企业配电网电能质量和供电可靠性。
本论文以国家863计划和湖南省科技重大专项节能减排专项为依托,以钢铁、有色金属、电气化铁道等行业配电网的动态谐波治理、无功补偿和负序电流不平衡需求为背景,对企业配电网谐波治理、无功动态补偿、负序电流补偿以及电能管理技术进行了深入的研究,主要研究了大型企业电气节能关键技术和成套装备。实现对大型企业配电网的无功、谐波和负序电流的集中管理、优化补偿,达到节能降耗的目的。
本文重点选择了冶炼、制造、化工三个行业进行调研,每个行业选择一家代表性企业,从谐波和无功问题、变频节能问题及电能量管理和优化节能问题三个方面展开分析讨论,从而得出企业电气节能需求,为企业配电网实现“全方位、多方面”的综合电气节能降耗提供有益的解决思路。
针对常规高电压等级电网谐波电能损耗问题,提出了一种集谐波滤波和无功补偿为一体的新型并联混合有源电力滤波器(Novel Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter, NSHAPF)。分析了拓扑结构,从理论上给出了滤波原理,尤其给出了NSHAPF在高次谐波治理上的仿真研究。还从电网单相接地、电网相间短路、电网三相短路、电网电压突变、电网电压聚升和骤降方面通过仿真分析了NSHAPF的稳定性。随后,提出了新型并联混合有源电力滤波器直流侧电压的控制方法和谐波电流的双闭环控制策略。最后,给出了实例分析,结果表明NSHAPF能够满足高电压等级场合谐波抑制和无功补偿的需求,达到了预期的设计目标。
针对静止无功补偿器(Static Var Compensator, SVC)对配电网负荷引起的电压波动、功率因数较低和负序电流的补偿问题,提出一种多目标统一控制器,主要由功率因数闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路和SVC安装点电压闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路组成。可以依据负荷不同运行状态所引起的电能质量问题,来进行两条控制支路之间的切换。其中对功率因数闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路设计了模糊PI控制算法,可以依据滞环环宽对功率因数进行“粗调”及“细调”；对SVC安装点电压闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路设计了非线性PI控制算法,同时采用改进的单纯形加速算法(simplex method, SPX)对非线性PI控制器的比例和积分参数进行调整。仿真及工业应用结果表明控制方法的正确性和有效性。
目前,专门针对大型企业电气节能的系列化关键技术与成套装备在国内外尚属空白,大多只是单一技术的研发与应用,节能效果有限。因此本文提出了一种基于多智能体遗传优化算法的配电网节能降耗综合管理系统,通过结合遗传算法和多智能体系统技术构造了一种多智能体遗传优化算法(Genetic Algorithm Based Multi-Agent System, GA-MAS)算法,能得出各个节能设备的最佳调节力度,使节能设备以最小的调节代价获得最大的节能效益,实现配电网“全方位、多方面”的综合节能降耗。首先给出了综合管理系统的结构、各节能设备智能体结构模型和多智能体系结构模型。接着着重介绍了其管理层的两个系统：综合自动化系统和能量管理系统。综合自动化系统主要利用微机实时技术将保护、监视、控制、远动等功能统一协调,建立综合的微机保护与监控系统。能量管理系统主要从管理节能和装备优化节能两方面入手,降低企业电能损耗,减少生产成本,提高企业生产效率和电能管理水平。
最后,将本文研究的节能技术应用于企业,提出了工程应用总体框架,介绍了上述研究的NSHAPF和SVC的工程设计和工程应用效果,搭建了综合自动化系统硬件平台,给出了具体的节能效益分析,节能效果明显。
In our country, energy conservation, which refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption, is a long-term policy for the development of economy and society. Furthermore, the electric power conservation is the most important part of the national tactic of energy conservation. However, with the rapid development of various industries such as the steel-smelting, the nonferrous metallic and the petrochemistry, it is urgent for these industries to reduce the cost of electric power. In addition, it also introduces stress on the national policy of continuous development because there exists numerous high energy consumption industries in China. These enterprises are not only of high cost of energy but also with low efficiency. Therefore, it is of special significance to start the research on the electric power conservation for enterprises, by which can raise the usage factor of the electric power and can improve the quality of the power grid as well as the reliability of the power supply.
This thesis is supported by the national high technology research and development of china 863 program and the scientific research plan of hunan provincial science. For modern industries such as the steel-smelting, the nonferrous metallic and the electric railway, they all have technical requirements for reactive compensation and suppression of dynamic harmonics and unbalanced negative-sequence currents. Thus, the technics for solving these problems as well as the technic for electric power management are deeply investigated in this thesis. As a result, the key technologies of electric power conservation and corresponding equipment technology are studied for the requirement of enterprises. Finally, the centralized management and optimal compensation for reactive power, harmonics and negative-sequence currents in the enterprise grid are realized while the purpose to reduce the power cost is also achieved.
Three enterprises corresponding to the industries of smelting, manufacture and chemistry are selected for investigation, respectively. Firstly, the demand of the electric power conservation of enterprises is derived by analyzing three main problems such as the suppression of harmonics and reactive power, the energy conservation by using frequency variation and the electric power management and optimization. Finally, some useful solutions for realizing the synthesized electric power conservation of the enterprise grid are introduced.
A novel shunt hybrid active power filter (NSHAPF) for compensating the harmonics and reactive power is proposed, which is for solving the problem of electric power loss caused by the harmonics in the high grade grid. The corresponding topology structure is analyzed, and the filtering principle is introduced theoretically. The suppression of high order harmonics by using NSHAPF is investigated by simulation. In addition, the stability of NSHAPF is analyzed by simulating the faults in the grid such as the single phase earthing, the short circuit between phases, the short circuit of three phases, the voltage leap, the voltage swell and sags. The control scheme for the DC-link voltage of NSHAPF and the control strategy for harmonic currents by using the double close-loop are proposed then. The experimental analysis is introduced at last, which shows that the proposed NSHAPF can satisfy the requirement of the suppression of harmonics in the high grade grid.
Due to the voltage fluctuation, low power factor and negative phase sequence (NPS) current caused by loads of distribution network, at where the static var compensator (SVC) is used to solve those power quality problems. A multiple objects unified controller is proposed. The proposed control method is composed of two control parts:one control branch is closed-loop control of power factor and NPS current compensation feedforward control, another control branch is closed-loop control of bus voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) and NPS current compensation feedforward control. The two branches could be automatically switched following the variation of electric power qualities corresponding to different load conditions. In addition, a fuzzy-PI controller is designed for closed-loop control of power factor, which can coarsely adjust or finely adjust the power factor by hysteresis loop width. A nonlinear PI controller is proposed for the closed-loop control of PCC voltage, whose PI constants are adjusted by an improved accelerate simplex method. The correctness and effectiveness of proposed methods are verified by industrial applications and simulations.
At present, there is no report about the key technologies and the complete set of equipment for electric power conservation of enterprises while most of the existing researches and applications only focus on the single aspect of this technology and show limited effectiveness in energy conservation. Thus, a synthesized management system based on genetic algorithm based multi-agent system (GA-MAS) for the electric power conservation of grid is proposed in this thesis. The GA-MAS is based on the combination of genetic algorithm and multi-agent system technology, which can be used to calculate the optimal adjustment of energy-saving equipment. With GA-MAS, the benefit of energy-saving equipment can be maximized while the cost of equipment adjustment is minimized, and the synthesized energy conservation of grid can be achieved. At first, the structure models of systems such as the synthesized management system, the agent structure models of all the energy-saving equipment and the structure model of the multi-agent system are introduced. The two subsystems of the management layer, viz. synthesized automatic system and power management system, are introduced then. The synthesized automatic system, which is mainly based on the real-time control technology of the micro-controller, can coordinate the functions such as protection, monitoring, control and motion control. Furthermore, it can establish a synthesized micro-controller based protection/monitoring system. The power management system mainly focuses on two aspects for energy conservation, viz. management and equipment optimization. For enterprises, it can be effective in reducing the costs of electric power and manufacturing and raising the production efficiency and the level of electric power management simultaneously.
Finally, these t proposed echnologies for energy conservation in this thesis are employed in enterprises and the whole structure of related engineering applications is introduced. The design and related application of the proposed NSHAPF and SVC in engineering are also presented. The hardware platform of the synthesized automatic system is established and the analysis on the efficiency of energy conservation is introduced, which shows good performance in power conservation.
本论文以国家863计划和湖南省科技重大专项节能减排专项为依托,以钢铁、有色金属、电气化铁道等行业配电网的动态谐波治理、无功补偿和负序电流不平衡需求为背景,对企业配电网谐波治理、无功动态补偿、负序电流补偿以及电能管理技术进行了深入的研究,主要研究了大型企业电气节能关键技术和成套装备。实现对大型企业配电网的无功、谐波和负序电流的集中管理、优化补偿,达到节能降耗的目的。
本文重点选择了冶炼、制造、化工三个行业进行调研,每个行业选择一家代表性企业,从谐波和无功问题、变频节能问题及电能量管理和优化节能问题三个方面展开分析讨论,从而得出企业电气节能需求,为企业配电网实现“全方位、多方面”的综合电气节能降耗提供有益的解决思路。
针对常规高电压等级电网谐波电能损耗问题,提出了一种集谐波滤波和无功补偿为一体的新型并联混合有源电力滤波器(Novel Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter, NSHAPF)。分析了拓扑结构,从理论上给出了滤波原理,尤其给出了NSHAPF在高次谐波治理上的仿真研究。还从电网单相接地、电网相间短路、电网三相短路、电网电压突变、电网电压聚升和骤降方面通过仿真分析了NSHAPF的稳定性。随后,提出了新型并联混合有源电力滤波器直流侧电压的控制方法和谐波电流的双闭环控制策略。最后,给出了实例分析,结果表明NSHAPF能够满足高电压等级场合谐波抑制和无功补偿的需求,达到了预期的设计目标。
针对静止无功补偿器(Static Var Compensator, SVC)对配电网负荷引起的电压波动、功率因数较低和负序电流的补偿问题,提出一种多目标统一控制器,主要由功率因数闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路和SVC安装点电压闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路组成。可以依据负荷不同运行状态所引起的电能质量问题,来进行两条控制支路之间的切换。其中对功率因数闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路设计了模糊PI控制算法,可以依据滞环环宽对功率因数进行“粗调”及“细调”；对SVC安装点电压闭环-负序电流补偿前馈控制支路设计了非线性PI控制算法,同时采用改进的单纯形加速算法(simplex method, SPX)对非线性PI控制器的比例和积分参数进行调整。仿真及工业应用结果表明控制方法的正确性和有效性。
目前,专门针对大型企业电气节能的系列化关键技术与成套装备在国内外尚属空白,大多只是单一技术的研发与应用,节能效果有限。因此本文提出了一种基于多智能体遗传优化算法的配电网节能降耗综合管理系统,通过结合遗传算法和多智能体系统技术构造了一种多智能体遗传优化算法(Genetic Algorithm Based Multi-Agent System, GA-MAS)算法,能得出各个节能设备的最佳调节力度,使节能设备以最小的调节代价获得最大的节能效益,实现配电网“全方位、多方面”的综合节能降耗。首先给出了综合管理系统的结构、各节能设备智能体结构模型和多智能体系结构模型。接着着重介绍了其管理层的两个系统：综合自动化系统和能量管理系统。综合自动化系统主要利用微机实时技术将保护、监视、控制、远动等功能统一协调,建立综合的微机保护与监控系统。能量管理系统主要从管理节能和装备优化节能两方面入手,降低企业电能损耗,减少生产成本,提高企业生产效率和电能管理水平。
最后,将本文研究的节能技术应用于企业,提出了工程应用总体框架,介绍了上述研究的NSHAPF和SVC的工程设计和工程应用效果,搭建了综合自动化系统硬件平台,给出了具体的节能效益分析,节能效果明显。
In our country, energy conservation, which refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption, is a long-term policy for the development of economy and society. Furthermore, the electric power conservation is the most important part of the national tactic of energy conservation. However, with the rapid development of various industries such as the steel-smelting, the nonferrous metallic and the petrochemistry, it is urgent for these industries to reduce the cost of electric power. In addition, it also introduces stress on the national policy of continuous development because there exists numerous high energy consumption industries in China. These enterprises are not only of high cost of energy but also with low efficiency. Therefore, it is of special significance to start the research on the electric power conservation for enterprises, by which can raise the usage factor of the electric power and can improve the quality of the power grid as well as the reliability of the power supply.
This thesis is supported by the national high technology research and development of china 863 program and the scientific research plan of hunan provincial science. For modern industries such as the steel-smelting, the nonferrous metallic and the electric railway, they all have technical requirements for reactive compensation and suppression of dynamic harmonics and unbalanced negative-sequence currents. Thus, the technics for solving these problems as well as the technic for electric power management are deeply investigated in this thesis. As a result, the key technologies of electric power conservation and corresponding equipment technology are studied for the requirement of enterprises. Finally, the centralized management and optimal compensation for reactive power, harmonics and negative-sequence currents in the enterprise grid are realized while the purpose to reduce the power cost is also achieved.
Three enterprises corresponding to the industries of smelting, manufacture and chemistry are selected for investigation, respectively. Firstly, the demand of the electric power conservation of enterprises is derived by analyzing three main problems such as the suppression of harmonics and reactive power, the energy conservation by using frequency variation and the electric power management and optimization. Finally, some useful solutions for realizing the synthesized electric power conservation of the enterprise grid are introduced.
A novel shunt hybrid active power filter (NSHAPF) for compensating the harmonics and reactive power is proposed, which is for solving the problem of electric power loss caused by the harmonics in the high grade grid. The corresponding topology structure is analyzed, and the filtering principle is introduced theoretically. The suppression of high order harmonics by using NSHAPF is investigated by simulation. In addition, the stability of NSHAPF is analyzed by simulating the faults in the grid such as the single phase earthing, the short circuit between phases, the short circuit of three phases, the voltage leap, the voltage swell and sags. The control scheme for the DC-link voltage of NSHAPF and the control strategy for harmonic currents by using the double close-loop are proposed then. The experimental analysis is introduced at last, which shows that the proposed NSHAPF can satisfy the requirement of the suppression of harmonics in the high grade grid.
Due to the voltage fluctuation, low power factor and negative phase sequence (NPS) current caused by loads of distribution network, at where the static var compensator (SVC) is used to solve those power quality problems. A multiple objects unified controller is proposed. The proposed control method is composed of two control parts:one control branch is closed-loop control of power factor and NPS current compensation feedforward control, another control branch is closed-loop control of bus voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) and NPS current compensation feedforward control. The two branches could be automatically switched following the variation of electric power qualities corresponding to different load conditions. In addition, a fuzzy-PI controller is designed for closed-loop control of power factor, which can coarsely adjust or finely adjust the power factor by hysteresis loop width. A nonlinear PI controller is proposed for the closed-loop control of PCC voltage, whose PI constants are adjusted by an improved accelerate simplex method. The correctness and effectiveness of proposed methods are verified by industrial applications and simulations.
At present, there is no report about the key technologies and the complete set of equipment for electric power conservation of enterprises while most of the existing researches and applications only focus on the single aspect of this technology and show limited effectiveness in energy conservation. Thus, a synthesized management system based on genetic algorithm based multi-agent system (GA-MAS) for the electric power conservation of grid is proposed in this thesis. The GA-MAS is based on the combination of genetic algorithm and multi-agent system technology, which can be used to calculate the optimal adjustment of energy-saving equipment. With GA-MAS, the benefit of energy-saving equipment can be maximized while the cost of equipment adjustment is minimized, and the synthesized energy conservation of grid can be achieved. At first, the structure models of systems such as the synthesized management system, the agent structure models of all the energy-saving equipment and the structure model of the multi-agent system are introduced. The two subsystems of the management layer, viz. synthesized automatic system and power management system, are introduced then. The synthesized automatic system, which is mainly based on the real-time control technology of the micro-controller, can coordinate the functions such as protection, monitoring, control and motion control. Furthermore, it can establish a synthesized micro-controller based protection/monitoring system. The power management system mainly focuses on two aspects for energy conservation, viz. management and equipment optimization. For enterprises, it can be effective in reducing the costs of electric power and manufacturing and raising the production efficiency and the level of electric power management simultaneously.
Finally, these t proposed echnologies for energy conservation in this thesis are employed in enterprises and the whole structure of related engineering applications is introduced. The design and related application of the proposed NSHAPF and SVC in engineering are also presented. The hardware platform of the synthesized automatic system is established and the analysis on the efficiency of energy conservation is introduced, which shows good performance in power conservation.
引文
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