仿生设计学研究
摘要
在信息时代发展的今天，形态各异、新颖奇特的产品造型设计走入了人们千姿百态的生活，以往单调乏味的产品外观已不能满足现代人们的审美需求。人们的眼光对时尚的追求层次的提高，使得设计界用新的思维形式来不断创新成为必然。而在互联网时代和知识经济时代，面对日新月异的产品不断更新换代，仿生学以它独有的模仿设计魅力，越来越被人们接受和喜爱，并改变着我们的生活质量。因此，设计界的推陈出新迫切需要将仿生学导入设计空间。同时仿生设计学也吸引了越来越多来自于学者和企业的热情和关注。因此，进行仿生设计的研究和应用具有重要意义。
仿生设计学,亦可称之为设计仿生学（Design Bionics）,它是在仿生学和设计学的基础上发展起来的一门新兴边缘学科，是模拟生物系统的某些原理，通过模拟的形式，整理、分析、提炼，并构思设计出，具有类似于生物系统某些特征的一种新的设计思维方法。仿生设计学主要研究内容有仿生设计学的研究内容主要有：1）色彩仿生：模仿自然景物色彩，应用到产品色设计中，我们称为色彩仿生。色彩仿生能直观而生动地将设计理念传达给人们，满足人们的审美追求。色彩仿生应用十分广泛，尤其在图案设计、服装设计、以及平面设计，立体设计
等领域；2）结构仿生：主要研究生物体和自然界物质存在的内部结构原理在设计中的应用问题，适用与产品设计和建筑设计。研究最多的是植物的茎、叶以及动物形体、肌肉、骨骼的结构。我们称之为结构仿生。其应用广泛，尤其在建筑和环境设计以及产品设计中突出表现；3）质感仿生：模拟生物表面机理一种自然属性，传达造型材料的表面组织结构，形态和纹理等审美体验和视觉效果，我们称之质感仿生。有生物的质地和肌理构成的材质感是仿生设计形式美的重要美感之一。由于仿生设计的再造功能，把大自然形形色色的质地开发，体现了人的创造审美特点； 4）形态仿生：形态仿生设计学研究的是生物体（包括动物、植物、微生物、人类）和自然界物质存在（如日、月、风、云、山、川、雷、电等）的外部形态及其象征寓意，以及如何通过相应的艺术处理手法将之应用与设计之中。在产品外观造型设计上，仿生设计多用于形态仿生，任何产品都具有不同的形态。产品设计的形态美中有直接来源于自然界的真实形态，也有发自于理念思考的抽象形态。将二者巧妙地结合起来，我们称为形态仿生。例如：少数民族精心制造的蝙蝠帽、蝴蝶帽、虎头帽、猫头帽、鹰头帽、鱼尾帽等，还有西瓜帽，荷叶帽都是直观模拟动植物的造型来设计的，具有艺术性和装饰性，而且还具有实用性；5）功能仿生：主要研究生物体和自然界物质存在的功能原理，并用这些原理去改进现有的或建造新的技
术系统，以促进产品的更新换代或新产品的开发。换句话可以说，更多的功能仿生则是根据生物系统某些优异的特点来捕捉设计灵感的，通过技术上的模拟，使其具有更优越的性能的产品。满足了人对功利与实用的双重需求。我们称之为功能仿生。在产品造型设计上，功能仿生多于外形模拟；6）视觉仿生，设计学研究生物体的视觉器官对图象的识别、对视觉信号的分析与处理，以及相应的视觉流程；他广泛应用与产品设计、视觉传达设计和环境设计之中。从国内外仿生设计学的发展情况来看，形态仿生设计学和功能仿生设计学是目前研究的重点。对于仿生设计学自身的理解，更是研究和应用的热点。
本文对仿生设计学的几个重要内容，仿生设计学的特点和仿生设计学研究方法进行了研究。 作为一门新兴的边缘交叉学科，仿生设计学具有某些设计学和仿生学的特点，但他又有别与这两门学科。具体说来，仿生设计学具有如下特点：1）艺术科学性：仿生设计学是现代设计学的一个分支、一个补充。同其它设计学科一样，仿生设计学亦具有它们的共同特性——艺术性。鉴于仿生设计学是以一定的设计原理为基础、以一定的仿生学理论和研究成果为依据，因此具有很严谨的科学性；2） 商业性：仿生设计学为设计服务，为消费者服务，同时优秀的仿生设计作品亦可刺激消费、引导消费、创造消费；3）无限可逆性以仿生设计学为理论依据的仿生设计作品都可以在自然界
中找到设计的原型，该作品在设计、投产、销售过程中所遇到的各种问题又可以促进仿生设计学的研究与发展。仿生学的研究对象是无限的，仿生设计学的研究对象亦是无限的；同理，仿生设计的原型也是无限的，只要潜心研究大自然，我们永远不会有江郎才尽的一天；4）学科知识的综合性：要熟悉和运用仿生设计学，必须具备一定的数学、生物学、电子学、物理学、控制论、信息论、人机学、心理学、材料学、机械学、动力学、工程学、经济学、色彩学、美学、传播学、伦理学等相关学科的基本知识；5）学科的交叉性：要深入研究和了解仿生设计学，必须在设计学的基础上，既要了解生物学、社会科学的基础知识，又要对当前仿生学的研究成果有清晰的认识。它是产生于几个学科交叉点上的一种新型交叉学科。把握好仿生设计的提点，将对我们未来设计的发展，将更有实在的意义。
本文具有创新性，总结出仿生设计学的研究方法：“模型分析法”：1）创造生物模型和?
Today in development at information age, come in every shape, novel peculiar product shape- designing enter into people's life in different poses and with different expressions, the dull products appearance can't already meet modern people's aesthetic demand in the past. Eyes pursuit improvement of level in fashion of people, make design circles is it is it become inevitable to innovate constantly to come with new thinking form. With the era of knowledge-driven economy at Internet age, are updating constantly in the face of the products with rapid change, design glamour with its unique imitation, is being accepted and liked by people in bionics, and change our life quality. So, the weeding out the old and bringing forth the new of design circles needs to channel bionics into the design space urgently. Bionic design sciences attract more and more to come from scholar and enthusiasm and concern of enterprise too at the same time. So, the research of designing bionic and using and is significant.
Bionic design science, can also call it design bionics (Design Bionics), it is a new developing frontier branch of science developed on the basis of bionics and design science, it is some principles of the simulation bios stem, through the form that is imitated, put in order, analyze, refine, and conceive and design, have a kind of new design thinking method similar to some characteristics of bios stem. The main research contents of having
bionic design science of research contents of design science of bionic have mainly: 1) Color bionic: Imitating the natural scene color, we call color bionic. Can design the idea to transmit to people jocularly and vividly in color bionic, satisfy people's aesthetic pursuit. It is very extensive that color bionic is used, especially in pattern design, dress designing, and planar design, three-dimensional field of designing etc.; 2) Structure bionic: Inside application question in the design of structure principle that main research organism and nature material exist, suitable and product design and architectural design. It was the stem of the plant, structure of the leaf, animal's physique, and muscle, skeleton that was studied most. We call that structure bionic. Its application is extensive, especially the outstanding behaviors in the building, environmental design and product design; 3) Feel bionic: A biological a kind of natural attribute of surface mechanism of simulation, transmit the surface institutional framework of the modeling material, experience and visual effect, Give a new lease of life to the function, the varied quality development of a pair of nature because of what bionic is designed, have reflected people's aesthetic characteristic of creation;4) Form bionic: What form bionic design science is studied is organism (Including the animal, plant, microorganism, mankind), and nature external form that material have (in compliance with sun, moon, wind, cloud, mountain, Sichuan, thunder, electricity, etc.) symbolize the implied meaning, and how deal with through corresponding art tactics and
among the design application it. In the appearance shape designing of the products, bionic is designed and used in form bionic more, any products have different form. There is true form of stemming from the nature directly in the U. S.A. and China of form of product design, release from the abstract form that thinks the idea too. We call form bionic. For example: Bat cap, butterfly cap, tiger head cap, cat head cap, hawk head cap, fish tail cap, etc. that ethnic minority make meticulously, there are water-melon caps, the lotus leaf cap is the modeling of the visual simulation animals and plants was come to design, have artistry and decorating, and also have practicability; 5) Function bionic: Main research organism and nature function principle that material exist, is it improve the existing one or build new technological system to go with principle these, in order to promote the update of the products or the development of the new products. We call that function bionic. I
仿生设计学,亦可称之为设计仿生学（Design Bionics）,它是在仿生学和设计学的基础上发展起来的一门新兴边缘学科，是模拟生物系统的某些原理，通过模拟的形式，整理、分析、提炼，并构思设计出，具有类似于生物系统某些特征的一种新的设计思维方法。仿生设计学主要研究内容有仿生设计学的研究内容主要有：1）色彩仿生：模仿自然景物色彩，应用到产品色设计中，我们称为色彩仿生。色彩仿生能直观而生动地将设计理念传达给人们，满足人们的审美追求。色彩仿生应用十分广泛，尤其在图案设计、服装设计、以及平面设计，立体设计
等领域；2）结构仿生：主要研究生物体和自然界物质存在的内部结构原理在设计中的应用问题，适用与产品设计和建筑设计。研究最多的是植物的茎、叶以及动物形体、肌肉、骨骼的结构。我们称之为结构仿生。其应用广泛，尤其在建筑和环境设计以及产品设计中突出表现；3）质感仿生：模拟生物表面机理一种自然属性，传达造型材料的表面组织结构，形态和纹理等审美体验和视觉效果，我们称之质感仿生。有生物的质地和肌理构成的材质感是仿生设计形式美的重要美感之一。由于仿生设计的再造功能，把大自然形形色色的质地开发，体现了人的创造审美特点； 4）形态仿生：形态仿生设计学研究的是生物体（包括动物、植物、微生物、人类）和自然界物质存在（如日、月、风、云、山、川、雷、电等）的外部形态及其象征寓意，以及如何通过相应的艺术处理手法将之应用与设计之中。在产品外观造型设计上，仿生设计多用于形态仿生，任何产品都具有不同的形态。产品设计的形态美中有直接来源于自然界的真实形态，也有发自于理念思考的抽象形态。将二者巧妙地结合起来，我们称为形态仿生。例如：少数民族精心制造的蝙蝠帽、蝴蝶帽、虎头帽、猫头帽、鹰头帽、鱼尾帽等，还有西瓜帽，荷叶帽都是直观模拟动植物的造型来设计的，具有艺术性和装饰性，而且还具有实用性；5）功能仿生：主要研究生物体和自然界物质存在的功能原理，并用这些原理去改进现有的或建造新的技
术系统，以促进产品的更新换代或新产品的开发。换句话可以说，更多的功能仿生则是根据生物系统某些优异的特点来捕捉设计灵感的，通过技术上的模拟，使其具有更优越的性能的产品。满足了人对功利与实用的双重需求。我们称之为功能仿生。在产品造型设计上，功能仿生多于外形模拟；6）视觉仿生，设计学研究生物体的视觉器官对图象的识别、对视觉信号的分析与处理，以及相应的视觉流程；他广泛应用与产品设计、视觉传达设计和环境设计之中。从国内外仿生设计学的发展情况来看，形态仿生设计学和功能仿生设计学是目前研究的重点。对于仿生设计学自身的理解，更是研究和应用的热点。
本文对仿生设计学的几个重要内容，仿生设计学的特点和仿生设计学研究方法进行了研究。 作为一门新兴的边缘交叉学科，仿生设计学具有某些设计学和仿生学的特点，但他又有别与这两门学科。具体说来，仿生设计学具有如下特点：1）艺术科学性：仿生设计学是现代设计学的一个分支、一个补充。同其它设计学科一样，仿生设计学亦具有它们的共同特性——艺术性。鉴于仿生设计学是以一定的设计原理为基础、以一定的仿生学理论和研究成果为依据，因此具有很严谨的科学性；2） 商业性：仿生设计学为设计服务，为消费者服务，同时优秀的仿生设计作品亦可刺激消费、引导消费、创造消费；3）无限可逆性以仿生设计学为理论依据的仿生设计作品都可以在自然界
中找到设计的原型，该作品在设计、投产、销售过程中所遇到的各种问题又可以促进仿生设计学的研究与发展。仿生学的研究对象是无限的，仿生设计学的研究对象亦是无限的；同理，仿生设计的原型也是无限的，只要潜心研究大自然，我们永远不会有江郎才尽的一天；4）学科知识的综合性：要熟悉和运用仿生设计学，必须具备一定的数学、生物学、电子学、物理学、控制论、信息论、人机学、心理学、材料学、机械学、动力学、工程学、经济学、色彩学、美学、传播学、伦理学等相关学科的基本知识；5）学科的交叉性：要深入研究和了解仿生设计学，必须在设计学的基础上，既要了解生物学、社会科学的基础知识，又要对当前仿生学的研究成果有清晰的认识。它是产生于几个学科交叉点上的一种新型交叉学科。把握好仿生设计的提点，将对我们未来设计的发展，将更有实在的意义。
本文具有创新性，总结出仿生设计学的研究方法：“模型分析法”：1）创造生物模型和?
Today in development at information age, come in every shape, novel peculiar product shape- designing enter into people's life in different poses and with different expressions, the dull products appearance can't already meet modern people's aesthetic demand in the past. Eyes pursuit improvement of level in fashion of people, make design circles is it is it become inevitable to innovate constantly to come with new thinking form. With the era of knowledge-driven economy at Internet age, are updating constantly in the face of the products with rapid change, design glamour with its unique imitation, is being accepted and liked by people in bionics, and change our life quality. So, the weeding out the old and bringing forth the new of design circles needs to channel bionics into the design space urgently. Bionic design sciences attract more and more to come from scholar and enthusiasm and concern of enterprise too at the same time. So, the research of designing bionic and using and is significant.
Bionic design science, can also call it design bionics (Design Bionics), it is a new developing frontier branch of science developed on the basis of bionics and design science, it is some principles of the simulation bios stem, through the form that is imitated, put in order, analyze, refine, and conceive and design, have a kind of new design thinking method similar to some characteristics of bios stem. The main research contents of having
bionic design science of research contents of design science of bionic have mainly: 1) Color bionic: Imitating the natural scene color, we call color bionic. Can design the idea to transmit to people jocularly and vividly in color bionic, satisfy people's aesthetic pursuit. It is very extensive that color bionic is used, especially in pattern design, dress designing, and planar design, three-dimensional field of designing etc.; 2) Structure bionic: Inside application question in the design of structure principle that main research organism and nature material exist, suitable and product design and architectural design. It was the stem of the plant, structure of the leaf, animal's physique, and muscle, skeleton that was studied most. We call that structure bionic. Its application is extensive, especially the outstanding behaviors in the building, environmental design and product design; 3) Feel bionic: A biological a kind of natural attribute of surface mechanism of simulation, transmit the surface institutional framework of the modeling material, experience and visual effect, Give a new lease of life to the function, the varied quality development of a pair of nature because of what bionic is designed, have reflected people's aesthetic characteristic of creation;4) Form bionic: What form bionic design science is studied is organism (Including the animal, plant, microorganism, mankind), and nature external form that material have (in compliance with sun, moon, wind, cloud, mountain, Sichuan, thunder, electricity, etc.) symbolize the implied meaning, and how deal with through corresponding art tactics and
among the design application it. In the appearance shape designing of the products, bionic is designed and used in form bionic more, any products have different form. There is true form of stemming from the nature directly in the U. S.A. and China of form of product design, release from the abstract form that thinks the idea too. We call form bionic. For example: Bat cap, butterfly cap, tiger head cap, cat head cap, hawk head cap, fish tail cap, etc. that ethnic minority make meticulously, there are water-melon caps, the lotus leaf cap is the modeling of the visual simulation animals and plants was come to design, have artistry and decorating, and also have practicability; 5) Function bionic: Main research organism and nature function principle that material exist, is it improve the existing one or build new technological system to go with principle these, in order to promote the update of the products or the development of the new products. We call that function bionic. I
引文
[1] 付黎明，《工业产品造型设计研究》，吉林人民出版社，2001/04/1
[2] [美]亨利-佩卓斯基，《器具的进化》，中国社科出版社 ，1999/07/1
[3] 龚镇雄、宋丹,《发明启示录》，上海辞书出版社， 2000年版
[4] 丁玉兰,《人机工程学》，北京理工大学出版社，2000/02
[5] 米宝山、勒明,《工业设计》，河北美术出版社，2001/06/1
[6] 凌继尧、徐恒醇，《艺术设计学》，上海人民出版社，2000/11/1
[7] 戴君锡,《奇异的仿生学》, 湖南教育出版社，1997/07
[8] 李佩珊、许良英,《20世纪科学技术简史》，科学出版社, 1999年版
[9] 封根全，《人体工程学》，甘肃人民出版社，1980年版
[10] 陈望衡，《艺术设计美学》，武汉大学出版社，2000/07/1
[11] 尹定邦，《设计学概论》，湖南科学技术出版社，2001/09/1
[12] 戴端，《产品设计表现技法》，中国轻工业出版社，2002/01/1
[13] 荆雷，《设计概论》，河北美术出版社，1997/12/1
[2] [美]亨利-佩卓斯基，《器具的进化》，中国社科出版社 ，1999/07/1
[3] 龚镇雄、宋丹,《发明启示录》，上海辞书出版社， 2000年版
[4] 丁玉兰,《人机工程学》，北京理工大学出版社，2000/02
[5] 米宝山、勒明,《工业设计》，河北美术出版社，2001/06/1
[6] 凌继尧、徐恒醇，《艺术设计学》，上海人民出版社，2000/11/1
[7] 戴君锡,《奇异的仿生学》, 湖南教育出版社，1997/07
[8] 李佩珊、许良英,《20世纪科学技术简史》，科学出版社, 1999年版
[9] 封根全，《人体工程学》，甘肃人民出版社，1980年版
[10] 陈望衡，《艺术设计美学》，武汉大学出版社，2000/07/1
[11] 尹定邦，《设计学概论》，湖南科学技术出版社，2001/09/1
[12] 戴端，《产品设计表现技法》，中国轻工业出版社，2002/01/1
[13] 荆雷，《设计概论》，河北美术出版社，1997/12/1