纳米量子点系统中的超慢光与超快光效应
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摘要
在近100多年来,对于光是如何通过色散介质的问题已经有了广泛而深入的研究。最近这20年的研究主要集中在那些强色散,同时光脉冲不会变形的介质。电磁诱导透明效应(Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, EIT)做为一种可以在减少吸收的同时保持强色散的技术,受到了广泛的关注。在本文中,我们讨论了量子点系统中一种可以产生慢光的方法—声子诱导透明(Phonon Induced Transparency,PIT)。由于激子-声子相互作用量子点系统中同样可以得到透明现象,同时还能够得到远强于一般系统的巨克尔效应。PIT不同于普通的三能级中的EIT,如果没有了声子的作用,就没有透明效应。我们同时研究了双量子点系统,使用电压调控量子点间的电子跃迁,可以使克尔系数在正值与负值之间变化。这样,对于实验上比较成熟的量子点系统,包括单量子点、双量子点,都有了理论研究。本文还研究了有机分子薄膜中的线性光学系数,在强泵浦光和弱信号光作用下,讨论了由于电荷转移激子而产生的超快光现象。由于有机分子薄膜易于制备,相信对于今后进一步研究有所帮助。量子计算受环境影响而产生退相干,一直是很棘手的问题。在本文中还讨论了使用磁场来延长自旋-轨道耦合寿命,这对于如何有效遏制退相干和退纠缠指明了方向。
(1)研究了量子点系统中的超慢光现象,量子点中激子类似于二能级系统。结果表明,量子点系统中由于强激子-声子相互作用,能够产生类似于EIT的透明效应,信号光可以穿过介质而不被吸收。同时计算结果显示了信号光的群速度可以被减慢103数量级。在这一系统中,如果没有声子的作用,系统中就不可能产生透明效应,因此我们称为声子诱导透明。我们同时研究了量子点系统中的三阶克尔效应和非线性吸收系数。数学计算表明了,当信号光与激子的失谐为LO声子频率时,比较强的光克尔效应会在系统中产生。
(2)理论上研究了局域场效应对于量子点系统中超慢光效应的影响。我们用光学布洛赫方程求解了含局域场的哈密顿量,并且与不含局域场的结果进行比较。结果显示了,在有局域场的的情况下,透明窗口被展宽,而速度减慢的效果被抵消。随着局域场的增强,群速度减慢的效果会被抵消。我们选择了一些特定参数,发现在这些参数情况下会产生超快光的现象。我们同时研究了克尔效应,在有局域场的情况下,量子点系统中同样存在强的克尔系数。
(3)研究了非对称双量子点中的克尔效应,我们使用外加电场来调控两个量子点之间的电子隧穿,计算结果显示了系统中的克尔系数会随着外加电场大小变化而变化,克尔系数的值可以在正值到负值之间变化。当信号光、耦合光都处于非共振时,计算得到的克尔系数的峰值也比普通系统中要大许多。
(4)我们研究了自旋-声子作用对Debald和Emary提出的量子点系统中的自旋-轨道驱动耦合振荡的影响。结果显示了衰减率和磁场强度、量子点大小以及耦合常数有密切的关系。随着磁场加大,衰减率能够减小到零。计算结果表明选取的量子点尺寸比较大时,衰减率同样会很小。
(5)理论研究了电荷转移激子系统中的线性光学系数,我们发现在这样的系统中信号光的吸收为负值,表明信号光没有被吸收而被放大了。同时,计算得到的折射率斜率以及群速度系数均为负值,表明在这里有超光速的现象。
本文主要在以下基金资助下完成的:国家自然科学基金(No.10274051和No.10774101),上海自然科学基金(No.03ZR14060),上海市教委曙光计划和教育部高等学校博士点基金,教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划创新团队计划(IRT0524)。
For over 100 years, the problem of how a wave travels through a dispersive material is one that has been studied in great detail. Recent interest in this problem has been sparked by the discovery of systems that have high dispersion, yet allow a pulse to propagate relatively undistorted. Electromagnetically induced transparency, which can reduce absorption while retaining strong dispersion, has attracted more interests. In this thesis, we first propose Phonon Induced Transparency concept. Due to strong phonon-exciton interaction, transparency effect can occur in quantum dot system. This is different from normal there-level system. If there is no phonon interaction, there would be no transparency. We can also get giant Kerr effect which is larger than normal system. We theoretically study the double quantum dot systems, which also existing giant Kerr effect. We use voltage instead of light field to manipulate tunneling, and Kerr effect could change from positive value to negative value with voltages changing. So we have investigated mature QD system, including single QD and double QDs. We also propose to use magnetic field to decrease decay rate of spin-orbit interaction. We are sure our theoretical theory would shed light on how to efficiently suppress decoherence and distanglement. In this thesis, we have made a deep investigation on the optical effect in polymers. With strong pump field and weak probe field, we first investigate superluminal light in polymers. Because polymers are easy to prepare, we hope our work could provide some help for future experiment.
(1) We study slow light effect in quantum dot systems where exciton behaves as a two-level system. It is shown that due to strong exciton–phonon coupling, slow light effect can occur in such a quantum dot system and signal light can propagate without absorption. The nonlinear optical absorption and Kerr coefficient based are also calculated. The numerical results show that giant nonlinear optical effects can be obtained while the frequency of the signal field differs only by an amount of LO phonon frequency from the exciton frequency in quantum dot systems.
(2)We study theoretically the influence of local field effects on phonon-induced transparency (PIT) in quantum-dot systems embedded in a semiconductor matrix. As compared with our previous work without local field effects, we present analytical and numerical results from solution of the generalized optical Bloch equations including the local field effects. It is shown that the local field effects broaden the transparency window due to PIT and reduce the group velocity of light. For some specific parameters of the light and quantum dots, fast light can be obtained in such systems. The results also demonstrate that Kerr nonlinearity is enhanced greatly due to the local field effects.
(3) We study Kerr nonlinearity in an asymmetric double quantum-dot systems coupling with voltage. It is found that, by proper tuning of two light beams and tunneling via a bias voltage, the Kerr nonlinearity can be enhanced and varied from positive value to negative value.
(4) The effect of direct spin-phonon interactions on spin-orbit-driven coherent oscillations in a single quantum dot which proposed by Debald and Emary is investigated theoretically in terms of the perturbation treatment based on a unitary transformation. It is shown that the decoherence rate induced by acoustic phonons strongly depends on the spin-orbit coupling strength, the magnetic field strength and quantum dot size. By increasing the magnetic field, the decay rate can be reduced to zero. Numerical results show that if quantum dot size is large enough, decay rate would be suppressed.
(5) We consider the linear optical property in charge-transfer excitons systems where light pulse would not be absorbed but be amplified. We calculate the linear susceptibility and obtain an abnormal slope in refractive curve which means superluminal propagation can exist in this system.
(1)研究了量子点系统中的超慢光现象,量子点中激子类似于二能级系统。结果表明,量子点系统中由于强激子-声子相互作用,能够产生类似于EIT的透明效应,信号光可以穿过介质而不被吸收。同时计算结果显示了信号光的群速度可以被减慢103数量级。在这一系统中,如果没有声子的作用,系统中就不可能产生透明效应,因此我们称为声子诱导透明。我们同时研究了量子点系统中的三阶克尔效应和非线性吸收系数。数学计算表明了,当信号光与激子的失谐为LO声子频率时,比较强的光克尔效应会在系统中产生。
(2)理论上研究了局域场效应对于量子点系统中超慢光效应的影响。我们用光学布洛赫方程求解了含局域场的哈密顿量,并且与不含局域场的结果进行比较。结果显示了,在有局域场的的情况下,透明窗口被展宽,而速度减慢的效果被抵消。随着局域场的增强,群速度减慢的效果会被抵消。我们选择了一些特定参数,发现在这些参数情况下会产生超快光的现象。我们同时研究了克尔效应,在有局域场的情况下,量子点系统中同样存在强的克尔系数。
(3)研究了非对称双量子点中的克尔效应,我们使用外加电场来调控两个量子点之间的电子隧穿,计算结果显示了系统中的克尔系数会随着外加电场大小变化而变化,克尔系数的值可以在正值到负值之间变化。当信号光、耦合光都处于非共振时,计算得到的克尔系数的峰值也比普通系统中要大许多。
(4)我们研究了自旋-声子作用对Debald和Emary提出的量子点系统中的自旋-轨道驱动耦合振荡的影响。结果显示了衰减率和磁场强度、量子点大小以及耦合常数有密切的关系。随着磁场加大,衰减率能够减小到零。计算结果表明选取的量子点尺寸比较大时,衰减率同样会很小。
(5)理论研究了电荷转移激子系统中的线性光学系数,我们发现在这样的系统中信号光的吸收为负值,表明信号光没有被吸收而被放大了。同时,计算得到的折射率斜率以及群速度系数均为负值,表明在这里有超光速的现象。
本文主要在以下基金资助下完成的:国家自然科学基金(No.10274051和No.10774101),上海自然科学基金(No.03ZR14060),上海市教委曙光计划和教育部高等学校博士点基金,教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划创新团队计划(IRT0524)。
For over 100 years, the problem of how a wave travels through a dispersive material is one that has been studied in great detail. Recent interest in this problem has been sparked by the discovery of systems that have high dispersion, yet allow a pulse to propagate relatively undistorted. Electromagnetically induced transparency, which can reduce absorption while retaining strong dispersion, has attracted more interests. In this thesis, we first propose Phonon Induced Transparency concept. Due to strong phonon-exciton interaction, transparency effect can occur in quantum dot system. This is different from normal there-level system. If there is no phonon interaction, there would be no transparency. We can also get giant Kerr effect which is larger than normal system. We theoretically study the double quantum dot systems, which also existing giant Kerr effect. We use voltage instead of light field to manipulate tunneling, and Kerr effect could change from positive value to negative value with voltages changing. So we have investigated mature QD system, including single QD and double QDs. We also propose to use magnetic field to decrease decay rate of spin-orbit interaction. We are sure our theoretical theory would shed light on how to efficiently suppress decoherence and distanglement. In this thesis, we have made a deep investigation on the optical effect in polymers. With strong pump field and weak probe field, we first investigate superluminal light in polymers. Because polymers are easy to prepare, we hope our work could provide some help for future experiment.
(1) We study slow light effect in quantum dot systems where exciton behaves as a two-level system. It is shown that due to strong exciton–phonon coupling, slow light effect can occur in such a quantum dot system and signal light can propagate without absorption. The nonlinear optical absorption and Kerr coefficient based are also calculated. The numerical results show that giant nonlinear optical effects can be obtained while the frequency of the signal field differs only by an amount of LO phonon frequency from the exciton frequency in quantum dot systems.
(2)We study theoretically the influence of local field effects on phonon-induced transparency (PIT) in quantum-dot systems embedded in a semiconductor matrix. As compared with our previous work without local field effects, we present analytical and numerical results from solution of the generalized optical Bloch equations including the local field effects. It is shown that the local field effects broaden the transparency window due to PIT and reduce the group velocity of light. For some specific parameters of the light and quantum dots, fast light can be obtained in such systems. The results also demonstrate that Kerr nonlinearity is enhanced greatly due to the local field effects.
(3) We study Kerr nonlinearity in an asymmetric double quantum-dot systems coupling with voltage. It is found that, by proper tuning of two light beams and tunneling via a bias voltage, the Kerr nonlinearity can be enhanced and varied from positive value to negative value.
(4) The effect of direct spin-phonon interactions on spin-orbit-driven coherent oscillations in a single quantum dot which proposed by Debald and Emary is investigated theoretically in terms of the perturbation treatment based on a unitary transformation. It is shown that the decoherence rate induced by acoustic phonons strongly depends on the spin-orbit coupling strength, the magnetic field strength and quantum dot size. By increasing the magnetic field, the decay rate can be reduced to zero. Numerical results show that if quantum dot size is large enough, decay rate would be suppressed.
(5) We consider the linear optical property in charge-transfer excitons systems where light pulse would not be absorbed but be amplified. We calculate the linear susceptibility and obtain an abnormal slope in refractive curve which means superluminal propagation can exist in this system.
引文
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