气候与建筑环境对人体热适应性的影响研究
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摘要
在建筑环境中，人体热适应性是影响热舒适评价的重要因素。关于热适应理论及模型的研究，有助于室内热环境标准的制定与完善。然而，国外知名学者建立的热适应性模型由于未包含来自中国的现场调查数据，并不能被我国的相关标准所直接采用；而我国目前也还缺乏能够综合反映气候与建筑环境对人体热适应性影响的研究。并且，现有的热适应性模型形式较为简单，未充分体现热适应性的作用机理，学术界对此还存在一定的争议。针对上述问题，本文开展了系统性的热舒适现场调查研究工作，分析地域、季节及环境控制因素对于人体热适应性的影响，并在此基础上对热适应性模型的机理进行了探讨。主要包括以下内容：
首先，对北京的典型公共建筑，在春季、夏季、冬季分别进行人体热舒适现场调查，分析人体热适应的季节性规律。研究发现，各个季节人体的热中性温度有差别，夏季热中性温度最高，冬季最低。人体对于室内温度的接受范围较宽，当室温偏离中性时，人体对环境的适应能力得以体现。
其次，针对夏季空调与非空调建筑、冬季集中供暖与分户独立采暖建筑进行对比，研究环境控制能力对于人体热适应性的影响。结果表明，环境控制能力可以从行为与心理两方面影响人体对环境的热适应性。对室内环境具有较高的控制能力，对于室内热舒适评价能够产生积极作用。
而后，在哈尔滨、上海、深圳的公共建筑中分别进行了冬季的热舒适调查，并结合北京的调查结果，探索人体热适应性的地域差异。通过比较发现，上海、深圳的人体中性温度低于哈尔滨和北京。与北方人群相比，上海人群因冬季缺乏采暖条件，对于偏冷环境的适应性更强；深圳冬季室温同样较低，但因持续时间短，冷刺激量不足，未形成足够的冷适应能力。
最后，对于热适应性模型现存的问题进行了探讨。分析了模型的形成机理，对热适应过程的时间尺度进行了分类与界定。此外，搭建了人体热适应的理论框架，并以北京为例，给出不同季节室内温度的控制目标范围。
本文所积累的人体热舒适现场调查数据及形成的各项结论，能够为我国室内环境标准的制定与完善提供理论基础和数据支持。
Thermal adaptation has important influence on thermal comfort in builtenvironment. Studies on thermal adaptation theory and model can make contributions tothe establishment and modification of indoor thermal environment standards. At present,comprehensive studies on the impacts of climate and built environment on thermaladaptation are seldom in China, and since the well known adaptive model establishedby foreign scholars doesn’t include field study data from China, it cannot be introducedinto China’s standards. Besides, the form of the mentioned model is simple that itdoesn’t fully show the mechanism of thermal adaptation, so there are still conflicts on it.In order to solve the above problems, the systemic thermal comfort field studies werecarried out in this thesis. Impacts of area, season and environment control on thermaladaptation were analyzed, while the thermal adaptation mechanism was discussed. Theresearch work was as follows:
Firstly, field studies were conducted in public buildings in Beijing during spring,summer and winter, in order to analyze the seasonal character of thermal adaptation. Itwas found that the neutral temperatures of people are different among seasons. Insummer the neutral temperature is the highest, while in winter it is the lowest. Peoplecan accept a wide temperature range. If the indoor temperature deviates from neutral,people’s thermal adaptability will play a role to improve thermal sensation.
Secondly, two comparisons were made to see the impact of environment control onthermal adaptation. One comparison was between air-conditioned and nonair-conditioned buildings in summer, while the other was between central heating andindividual heating buildings in winter. The results show that environment control canaffect thermal adaptation through behavior and psychology. Effective control methodsmay result in good thermal comfort evaluation.
Thirdly, the studies of public buildings in Harbin, Shanghai and Shenzhen duringwinter were taken simultaneously. Together with the data got from Beijing, differencesof thermal adaptation between areas were revealed. The neutral temperatures ofShanghai and Shenzhen citizens are lower than those of Harbin and Beijing. Comparedto people in north China, citizens in Shanghai has stronger adaptation to cold environment since lack of heating during winter. In Shenzhen, the indoor temperatureduring winter is also low, but people do not form enough adaptation since winter time isvery short.
Finally, the mechanism of the current adaptive model was discussed, and the timescale of thermal adaptation process was confirmed. Besides, the frame of thermaladaptation theory was established. Taken Beijing as an example, the control range ofindoor temperature for different seasons was suggested.
The thermal comfort field study work and the conclusions in this thesis couldprovide the theoretical basis and the data support for the establishment and modificationof indoor environment standards in China.
首先，对北京的典型公共建筑，在春季、夏季、冬季分别进行人体热舒适现场调查，分析人体热适应的季节性规律。研究发现，各个季节人体的热中性温度有差别，夏季热中性温度最高，冬季最低。人体对于室内温度的接受范围较宽，当室温偏离中性时，人体对环境的适应能力得以体现。
其次，针对夏季空调与非空调建筑、冬季集中供暖与分户独立采暖建筑进行对比，研究环境控制能力对于人体热适应性的影响。结果表明，环境控制能力可以从行为与心理两方面影响人体对环境的热适应性。对室内环境具有较高的控制能力，对于室内热舒适评价能够产生积极作用。
而后，在哈尔滨、上海、深圳的公共建筑中分别进行了冬季的热舒适调查，并结合北京的调查结果，探索人体热适应性的地域差异。通过比较发现，上海、深圳的人体中性温度低于哈尔滨和北京。与北方人群相比，上海人群因冬季缺乏采暖条件，对于偏冷环境的适应性更强；深圳冬季室温同样较低，但因持续时间短，冷刺激量不足，未形成足够的冷适应能力。
最后，对于热适应性模型现存的问题进行了探讨。分析了模型的形成机理，对热适应过程的时间尺度进行了分类与界定。此外，搭建了人体热适应的理论框架，并以北京为例，给出不同季节室内温度的控制目标范围。
本文所积累的人体热舒适现场调查数据及形成的各项结论，能够为我国室内环境标准的制定与完善提供理论基础和数据支持。
Thermal adaptation has important influence on thermal comfort in builtenvironment. Studies on thermal adaptation theory and model can make contributions tothe establishment and modification of indoor thermal environment standards. At present,comprehensive studies on the impacts of climate and built environment on thermaladaptation are seldom in China, and since the well known adaptive model establishedby foreign scholars doesn’t include field study data from China, it cannot be introducedinto China’s standards. Besides, the form of the mentioned model is simple that itdoesn’t fully show the mechanism of thermal adaptation, so there are still conflicts on it.In order to solve the above problems, the systemic thermal comfort field studies werecarried out in this thesis. Impacts of area, season and environment control on thermaladaptation were analyzed, while the thermal adaptation mechanism was discussed. Theresearch work was as follows:
Firstly, field studies were conducted in public buildings in Beijing during spring,summer and winter, in order to analyze the seasonal character of thermal adaptation. Itwas found that the neutral temperatures of people are different among seasons. Insummer the neutral temperature is the highest, while in winter it is the lowest. Peoplecan accept a wide temperature range. If the indoor temperature deviates from neutral,people’s thermal adaptability will play a role to improve thermal sensation.
Secondly, two comparisons were made to see the impact of environment control onthermal adaptation. One comparison was between air-conditioned and nonair-conditioned buildings in summer, while the other was between central heating andindividual heating buildings in winter. The results show that environment control canaffect thermal adaptation through behavior and psychology. Effective control methodsmay result in good thermal comfort evaluation.
Thirdly, the studies of public buildings in Harbin, Shanghai and Shenzhen duringwinter were taken simultaneously. Together with the data got from Beijing, differencesof thermal adaptation between areas were revealed. The neutral temperatures ofShanghai and Shenzhen citizens are lower than those of Harbin and Beijing. Comparedto people in north China, citizens in Shanghai has stronger adaptation to cold environment since lack of heating during winter. In Shenzhen, the indoor temperatureduring winter is also low, but people do not form enough adaptation since winter time isvery short.
Finally, the mechanism of the current adaptive model was discussed, and the timescale of thermal adaptation process was confirmed. Besides, the frame of thermaladaptation theory was established. Taken Beijing as an example, the control range ofindoor temperature for different seasons was suggested.
The thermal comfort field study work and the conclusions in this thesis couldprovide the theoretical basis and the data support for the establishment and modificationof indoor environment standards in China.
引文
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