济南市城市地貌演变及其对排水防洪的影响研究
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摘要
本文从城市地貌学角度出发，以济南市城市建成区及近郊的城市负地貌形态为主要研究对象，对比分析了济南市城市发展不同阶段城市地貌特别是城市负地貌的变化规律，就这种变化所引起的环境效应对城市排水防洪的影响做了调查、研究，并根据济南市地形特征及历史上洪涝灾害发生情况确定了城市水灾易发区。
济南市区处于泰山山地与华北平原交接的山前平原部位，南高北低，大致呈朝东开口的浅盆地形，分低山丘陵、冲洪积平原、冲积平原、蚀余孤山四种地貌类型。建成区及近郊的负地貌形态有湖体、沟道、低洼地和泉群等。大明湖是济南市建成区内现存的面积最大的天然湖泊。沟道有天然沟道和人工沟道两类，天然沟道主要为小清河各支流上游，人工或半人工沟道包括小清河主河道、护城河、圩子壕、工商河等。低洼地集中分布在建成区北部北园等处。
根据城市发展的速度及其特点，将济南市城市扩展过程分为开埠前、开埠至解放时、解放后至五十年代中期、1958年至“文革”期间、1976年以来等几个阶段，总的发展趋势是建成区的扩展速度越来越快，城市形态随着城市扩展而不断演变。随着建成区的迅速扩展，城市地貌有以下变化：
1)建成区所跨地貌类型不断增加和复杂化。人们首先选择最佳地貌部位建城，良好的地貌部位被利用后，迫使建成区向地形不理想的地段扩展，济南建成区所跨的地貌类型由单一的冲洪积平原增加为低山丘陵、洪积平原、冲洪积平原、冲积平原。
2)城市边缘区自然地面转变为城市化地面及城市建成区的旧城改造等，改变了下垫面的性质。农田、山坡林地、草坡等被各种建筑物、道路所代替，入渗系数减小。文中以广场东沟流域20世纪60年代与20世纪末下垫面的对比为例来说明这种变化规律。
3)在城市扩展中，城市负地貌形态的变化尤其显著：原来的水田、低洼地等被开发建设为商业住宅区；小的天然沟道被填埋，较大的天然沟道被衬砌、束窄、棚盖，对河流进行开挖引河、裁弯取直等，在城区内建起了完整的排水系统。
4)由于气候干旱和连年超采地下水，济南泉群日见衰败。其中近年来城市建设中拓宽道路、楼房建设以及泉群补给区不透水地面的日益扩大也是泉群衰
济南市城市地貌演变及其对排水防洪的影响
败的重要原回之一。许多泉池在城市建设中消失。
城市地貌格局及地貌特征的变化改变了城市水文过程，从而对济南市的排
水防洪产生明显的影响，主要表现为：
．
1）城市排水形式由城市外部排水变为内部排水。古代济南建成区没超出护
城河范围时，南部山洪沟道经东、西护城河排入小清河，洪水不从城中通过。
随着城市发展，建成区沿山前地带东西延伸，并沿着沟谷低地向南部沟道上游
扩展，则排洪沟道成为横穿市区的沟道，城市排水系统既要排除市内积水又要
担负山洪的排泄，从而加大了城市的排洪压力。
2）流域内不透水地面面积增加，城市产洪量增大，径流过程线变陡。将1956
卒与1991＄两次降雨量相近，其它条件也相似的暴雨洪水过程进行对比，199
年建成区扩大后暴雨径流系数和洪峰明显增大，洪峰滞时明显缩短。
3） 沟道经人为衬砌、改造后，往往过水断面面积缩小，低淬地的开发利用
以及滞洪洼地面积的减小降低了城市水文系统的滞洪调蓄功能。
结合济南市地势地貌特征及历史水灾情况分析，济南城市水灾的易发区有
南部各主要沟道进入市区的部位，如八里洼谷地中广场东沟、广场西沟两条沟
勿——
－道与老城区护城河系统相接的南关、西围子壕南端等处：市区排水系统的北部
输出端，如小清河沿岸的毕家洼、北园、水屯一带：建成区内相对低洼地区及
其它雨洪积水严重地段，如白马山低洼区、经一路低洼区、工商河低洼区、大
明湖低淬区、东关至黄台肉联厂等地区。
目前济南城市排水中存在的主要问题有：
门城币整体规划时对城市的排水重视不够。
二）建成区内局部地段排水工程设计及功能与城市排洪要求的不断提高不相
适应。
3）现有排水管网、防洪沟渠管理不善，建筑占用和淤积现象严重。
对此，应采取工程与非工程措施进行整治。工程方面首先要加强南部山区
的水土保持工作和在市区南部兴建导流、分洪工程，减少流经建成区的洪水量；
其次应进行排水系统的改造、治理，对上游山区的自然冲沟要进行沟头防护，
规划新的工厂、企业、居民区时，特别是在济南南部山区，要合理布局，注意
昏 山烘河道的整治和维护，妥善解决排水渠系配套体系问题。对排洪沟道进行清
淤、疏浚，加强管理。棚盖河道必须要经过科学论证，对己棚盖的沟渠或者?
From the angle of urban geomorphology, the changes of urban landform of Jinan City in different stages of the city development were studied and contracted, and particularly a research in detail on the changes of various negative landforms in the urban and suburb region with the expanding of Jinan City was made. The influence of these changes upon the urban drainage system and flood prevention in Jinan city have been discussed. Based on the research upon the topographical feature and the situations of flooding and water logging in Jinan City in the past, the areas liable to flooding and water logging were designated in this paper.
Jinan City locates in piedmont plain where is the joint position between Taishan Mountain and Huabei Plain. The relief of Jinan City is higher in south and lower in north, and shows like a shallow basin opening to the east. In geomorphologic types, the terrain occupied by the urban areas can be divided into four types: low mountain and hill region; alluvial-pluvial plain; alluvial plain; and inselbergs. The negative landforms in the urban and suburbs areas include mainly natural and semi-natural valleys and gullies, lakes, depressions or low-lying lands, and springs. Upper reaches of tributaries of Xiaoqinghe river are generally in natural form, while the main channel of Xiaoqinghe river, the city moat, the Gongshanghe and many drainage gullies are semi-natural or man-made rivers and channels. Depressions or low-lying lands are distributed in the northern part of Jinan City.
The development process of Jinan City can be divided into following stages: before the commercial area so-called "Shangpu" been built; from the Shangpu had been built to 1949; from 1949 to the middle of 1950's; from 1958 to the period of "Culture Revolution"; and from 1976 to now. Urban landform in Jinan City shows following changes with the expanding of the urban area:
1) Geomorphologic types in urban area become more complicated. In initial stage of formation of Jinan City, the best geomorphologic position (piedmont plain) had been chosen to construct city, while as the expanding of the urban, good landform positions had gradually been fully used. Now the urban area have to
expand into the terrain where are not ideal for city construction. So the geomorphologic types occupied by urban area increased from single kind alluvial-pluvial plain) to several kinds.
2) Original natural ground of suburb area has been turned into urbanized ground, which changes the nature of the surface. As former farmlands and grass slope land have been replaced by various urban constructions and streets, the percolation ratio of this kind of urban surface decreased greatly.
3) In the course of urban expanding, the changes of various negative landforms within or near the city are very distinct. Great stretches of original low-lying lands and paddy fields were opened out for the construction of commercial and residential quarters; many of smaller gullies and channels were filled or leveled up and the larger channels were usually lined, narrowed or capped and became underground sewers. The whole urban drainage system has been built up.
4) Because drought and over exploitation of underground water, the spring groups of Jinan City are declining day and day. However, various constructive activities such as widening of streets and construction of high buildings, as well as the increase of impermeable surface in the region of water intake of the spring groups are also important reasons led to the declination of Jinan City's spring groups. Many springs were neglected in the course of urban expanding and remaking.
Changes of the urban landform altered urban hydrological process, and affected obviously drainage and flood-prevention of Jinan City:
1) In the past when the ancient Jinan City was within the limits of the city moat, rivers and gullies of southern were joined with the city moat from east or west, then flowed into Xiaoqinghe river at north of the ur
济南市区处于泰山山地与华北平原交接的山前平原部位，南高北低，大致呈朝东开口的浅盆地形，分低山丘陵、冲洪积平原、冲积平原、蚀余孤山四种地貌类型。建成区及近郊的负地貌形态有湖体、沟道、低洼地和泉群等。大明湖是济南市建成区内现存的面积最大的天然湖泊。沟道有天然沟道和人工沟道两类，天然沟道主要为小清河各支流上游，人工或半人工沟道包括小清河主河道、护城河、圩子壕、工商河等。低洼地集中分布在建成区北部北园等处。
根据城市发展的速度及其特点，将济南市城市扩展过程分为开埠前、开埠至解放时、解放后至五十年代中期、1958年至“文革”期间、1976年以来等几个阶段，总的发展趋势是建成区的扩展速度越来越快，城市形态随着城市扩展而不断演变。随着建成区的迅速扩展，城市地貌有以下变化：
1)建成区所跨地貌类型不断增加和复杂化。人们首先选择最佳地貌部位建城，良好的地貌部位被利用后，迫使建成区向地形不理想的地段扩展，济南建成区所跨的地貌类型由单一的冲洪积平原增加为低山丘陵、洪积平原、冲洪积平原、冲积平原。
2)城市边缘区自然地面转变为城市化地面及城市建成区的旧城改造等，改变了下垫面的性质。农田、山坡林地、草坡等被各种建筑物、道路所代替，入渗系数减小。文中以广场东沟流域20世纪60年代与20世纪末下垫面的对比为例来说明这种变化规律。
3)在城市扩展中，城市负地貌形态的变化尤其显著：原来的水田、低洼地等被开发建设为商业住宅区；小的天然沟道被填埋，较大的天然沟道被衬砌、束窄、棚盖，对河流进行开挖引河、裁弯取直等，在城区内建起了完整的排水系统。
4)由于气候干旱和连年超采地下水，济南泉群日见衰败。其中近年来城市建设中拓宽道路、楼房建设以及泉群补给区不透水地面的日益扩大也是泉群衰
济南市城市地貌演变及其对排水防洪的影响
败的重要原回之一。许多泉池在城市建设中消失。
城市地貌格局及地貌特征的变化改变了城市水文过程，从而对济南市的排
水防洪产生明显的影响，主要表现为：
．
1）城市排水形式由城市外部排水变为内部排水。古代济南建成区没超出护
城河范围时，南部山洪沟道经东、西护城河排入小清河，洪水不从城中通过。
随着城市发展，建成区沿山前地带东西延伸，并沿着沟谷低地向南部沟道上游
扩展，则排洪沟道成为横穿市区的沟道，城市排水系统既要排除市内积水又要
担负山洪的排泄，从而加大了城市的排洪压力。
2）流域内不透水地面面积增加，城市产洪量增大，径流过程线变陡。将1956
卒与1991＄两次降雨量相近，其它条件也相似的暴雨洪水过程进行对比，199
年建成区扩大后暴雨径流系数和洪峰明显增大，洪峰滞时明显缩短。
3） 沟道经人为衬砌、改造后，往往过水断面面积缩小，低淬地的开发利用
以及滞洪洼地面积的减小降低了城市水文系统的滞洪调蓄功能。
结合济南市地势地貌特征及历史水灾情况分析，济南城市水灾的易发区有
南部各主要沟道进入市区的部位，如八里洼谷地中广场东沟、广场西沟两条沟
勿——
－道与老城区护城河系统相接的南关、西围子壕南端等处：市区排水系统的北部
输出端，如小清河沿岸的毕家洼、北园、水屯一带：建成区内相对低洼地区及
其它雨洪积水严重地段，如白马山低洼区、经一路低洼区、工商河低洼区、大
明湖低淬区、东关至黄台肉联厂等地区。
目前济南城市排水中存在的主要问题有：
门城币整体规划时对城市的排水重视不够。
二）建成区内局部地段排水工程设计及功能与城市排洪要求的不断提高不相
适应。
3）现有排水管网、防洪沟渠管理不善，建筑占用和淤积现象严重。
对此，应采取工程与非工程措施进行整治。工程方面首先要加强南部山区
的水土保持工作和在市区南部兴建导流、分洪工程，减少流经建成区的洪水量；
其次应进行排水系统的改造、治理，对上游山区的自然冲沟要进行沟头防护，
规划新的工厂、企业、居民区时，特别是在济南南部山区，要合理布局，注意
昏 山烘河道的整治和维护，妥善解决排水渠系配套体系问题。对排洪沟道进行清
淤、疏浚，加强管理。棚盖河道必须要经过科学论证，对己棚盖的沟渠或者?
From the angle of urban geomorphology, the changes of urban landform of Jinan City in different stages of the city development were studied and contracted, and particularly a research in detail on the changes of various negative landforms in the urban and suburb region with the expanding of Jinan City was made. The influence of these changes upon the urban drainage system and flood prevention in Jinan city have been discussed. Based on the research upon the topographical feature and the situations of flooding and water logging in Jinan City in the past, the areas liable to flooding and water logging were designated in this paper.
Jinan City locates in piedmont plain where is the joint position between Taishan Mountain and Huabei Plain. The relief of Jinan City is higher in south and lower in north, and shows like a shallow basin opening to the east. In geomorphologic types, the terrain occupied by the urban areas can be divided into four types: low mountain and hill region; alluvial-pluvial plain; alluvial plain; and inselbergs. The negative landforms in the urban and suburbs areas include mainly natural and semi-natural valleys and gullies, lakes, depressions or low-lying lands, and springs. Upper reaches of tributaries of Xiaoqinghe river are generally in natural form, while the main channel of Xiaoqinghe river, the city moat, the Gongshanghe and many drainage gullies are semi-natural or man-made rivers and channels. Depressions or low-lying lands are distributed in the northern part of Jinan City.
The development process of Jinan City can be divided into following stages: before the commercial area so-called "Shangpu" been built; from the Shangpu had been built to 1949; from 1949 to the middle of 1950's; from 1958 to the period of "Culture Revolution"; and from 1976 to now. Urban landform in Jinan City shows following changes with the expanding of the urban area:
1) Geomorphologic types in urban area become more complicated. In initial stage of formation of Jinan City, the best geomorphologic position (piedmont plain) had been chosen to construct city, while as the expanding of the urban, good landform positions had gradually been fully used. Now the urban area have to
expand into the terrain where are not ideal for city construction. So the geomorphologic types occupied by urban area increased from single kind alluvial-pluvial plain) to several kinds.
2) Original natural ground of suburb area has been turned into urbanized ground, which changes the nature of the surface. As former farmlands and grass slope land have been replaced by various urban constructions and streets, the percolation ratio of this kind of urban surface decreased greatly.
3) In the course of urban expanding, the changes of various negative landforms within or near the city are very distinct. Great stretches of original low-lying lands and paddy fields were opened out for the construction of commercial and residential quarters; many of smaller gullies and channels were filled or leveled up and the larger channels were usually lined, narrowed or capped and became underground sewers. The whole urban drainage system has been built up.
4) Because drought and over exploitation of underground water, the spring groups of Jinan City are declining day and day. However, various constructive activities such as widening of streets and construction of high buildings, as well as the increase of impermeable surface in the region of water intake of the spring groups are also important reasons led to the declination of Jinan City's spring groups. Many springs were neglected in the course of urban expanding and remaking.
Changes of the urban landform altered urban hydrological process, and affected obviously drainage and flood-prevention of Jinan City:
1) In the past when the ancient Jinan City was within the limits of the city moat, rivers and gullies of southern were joined with the city moat from east or west, then flowed into Xiaoqinghe river at north of the ur
引文
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