不同耕作模式农田水蚀防控机制及效应研究
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摘要
水蚀风蚀是陕北黄土高原地区主要的农田灾害,一方面由于水蚀和风蚀作用流失了大量的水分和养分,造成了土壤干燥形成旱灾,另一方面养分的流失虽说不像冰雹、霜冻等灾害来的那么剧烈,但是也属于一种比较缓慢的农业灾害。因此,基于水蚀和风蚀双重作用导致的灾害是陕北黄土高原主要的农业灾害类型。本研究在系统分析陕北黄土高原农业灾害类型、致灾因子及机制的基础上,在神木设置了传统操作的对照和免耕、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、起垄地膜覆盖、套种六种耕作模式,运用定位监测和数理统计的方法,通过对坡耕地不同耕作模式农田热、水、肥等效应的研究,揭示了不同耕作模式防治水蚀的机制和所产生的防控效应。并在结合当地耕作模式的基础上,选取了十种评价指标,利用BP人工神经网络的方法对六种耕作模式进行综合效应的评价,为黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区农田提供了多种有效的耕作模式,并为合理的选择和应用不同的耕作模式提供依据,以期实现该地区农业的健康持续发展。
(1)各保护性耕作都有在气温低时保温和在高温时降温的作用。其中,秸秆覆盖处理的地温与气温相关性最低,地温受气温影响最小,对农作物保护性最强。平均温度以起垄地膜覆盖为最高而秸秆覆盖为最低。
(2)与对照相比,各保护性耕作都能够有效的减小土壤容重,使毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度变大,土壤饱和贮水量、吸持贮水量和滞留贮水量变大。在坡耕地中,表土的纵向粗糙度一般大于横向粗糙度,而且除对照与套种外,其他各耕作方式效应明显。横向粗糙度中以秸秆覆盖为最大,对阻挡径流横流作用最强。纵向和平均粗糙度以秸秆覆盖与起垄地膜覆盖为最大,对防治坡耕地径流发挥着主要作用。
(3)秸秆覆盖、免耕、地膜覆盖都能够显著提高表层水分含量,而在深层,免耕水分含量较低,秸秆覆盖水分含量较高,秸秆覆盖能够显著提高深层水分的含量。在大豆开花期和谷子孕穗期,起垄地膜覆盖提高耕作层水分含量最明显,最能满足农作物生殖生长的需要。而在雨后的提高耕作层水分方面,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖均能有效地防止水分的散失,雨后第三天免耕方式防止水分散失作用更为明显。
(4)秸秆覆盖能有效提高耕作层有机质含量,各处理可有效提高全钾含量,套种可提高速效钾的含量;水分与土壤营养相关性不强,且不同耕作方式相关性不同,但各耕作方式对当地植物的作用有一定的普遍性。从提高土壤表层含水量和保肥层面上,秸秆覆盖在各耕作措施中具有优越性。
(5)选取合理的评价指标,运用定位监测和数理统计得到参评数据,利用BP神经网络的方法以随机技术模拟生成的评价指标序列与其所属的评价等级值进行网络训练,将不同耕作模式的评价指标为网络输入,通过计算得到相应的耕作模式评价值。研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带坡耕地传统耕作CK与免耕、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、起垄地膜覆盖、套种五种保护性耕作模式的综合评价。结果表明:起垄地膜覆盖>秸秆覆盖>地膜覆盖>CK>免耕>套种。各保护性耕作模式中,起垄地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖都优于传统耕作,适宜在当地进行推广。
Wind erosion and water erosion is the most important disasters in farmland of loess plateau, on the one hand, there are much moisture and nutrient lost because of wind erosion and water erosion, and cause the soil dry ,then form drought. On the other hand , though the lost of nutrient is not as severe as hail and frost, is a kind of disaster of largo. So ,the disease which caused from the wind erosion and water erosion is the most important disasters in farmland of loess plateau. The study studied the type, the factors and the mechanism of disaster by system analysis, set six tillage: CK,No-till(NT), Straw mulching(SM), plastic film mulching(PM),Ridging and plastic film mulching(RPM),Interplant in shenmu. To use the methods of Positioning monitoring and Statistics, studied the temperature, moisture and nutrients of different tillage, revealed the corrosion proof mechanism and the effect on controllable patterns. And chose ten evaluation indexes to study the Impact evaluation on different tillage . This study provide five conservation tillage, and the credible background of using reasonable tillage in the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region. in order to realizing the sustainable development of the agriculture in this area.
1) All of the conservation tillage can keep the suitable soil temperature at the stages of extremes. The relativity of temperature between air and soil in SM is the lowest, so can effectively protect the crop. The RPM is the highest and the SM is the lowest of average temperature .
2) Compare with the CK, All of the conservation tillage can effectively decrease the soil bulk density ,increase the capillary porosity, noncapillary porosity and bulk porosity. And increase the water storage of saturated soil, Suck hold water storage and Stranded water storage. In the sloping farmland, the roughness of lengthways always bigger than roughness of crosswise, and effectively except CK and In. The roughness of crosswise of SM is the maximum, can effectively obstruct the transverse flow of runoff. The mean roughness and the roughness of lengthways of SM and RPM is the maximum,show the major effect of obstruct the runoff.
3) SM, NT and PM can significantly increased soil moisture in the surface layer, and NT is low and SM is high in the deeper layer, SM can effectively increase the soil moisture in the deeper layer .The RPM can effectively increase the soil moisture in the surface layer at the stage of flowering of soybean and the stage of booting of millet to content the need of crop. SM and PM can effectively decrease the lost of moisture after the rain, and the effect of NT is more obvious.
4) SM significantly can increase Soil organic matter in the surface, all of the treatments can increase the content of total K, and affect the content of P and K teeny,Intercropping can increase the content of Available K . The correlation of Water and soil nutrition is not strong, and is different between different tillage. However, tillage effects on local plants have a certain universality. Based on soil moisture and nutrients keeping, SM is batter than other tillage.
5) Select the reasonable evaluation indexes ,Get the contestant data by using the methods of Positioning monitoring and Statistics. BP neural network model and network training is applied in evaluation index generated by sequence of random technology and evaluation of their own level of value. After the network training, different evaluation are input. By calculating, we can get the evaluation of grade value of different tillage .Studied the impact evaluation of conventional tillage of millet , and five conservation tillage on Sloping Farmland in the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region.The result shows that:Ridging and plastic film mulching>Straw mulching(SM)> plastic film mulching(PM) >CK >No-till(NT)>Interplant.Conservation tillage are better than conventional tillage.Provide some effective tillage to the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region ,and Provide the credible background of using different tillage, in order to realizing the sustainable development of the agricuture in this area.
(1)各保护性耕作都有在气温低时保温和在高温时降温的作用。其中,秸秆覆盖处理的地温与气温相关性最低,地温受气温影响最小,对农作物保护性最强。平均温度以起垄地膜覆盖为最高而秸秆覆盖为最低。
(2)与对照相比,各保护性耕作都能够有效的减小土壤容重,使毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度变大,土壤饱和贮水量、吸持贮水量和滞留贮水量变大。在坡耕地中,表土的纵向粗糙度一般大于横向粗糙度,而且除对照与套种外,其他各耕作方式效应明显。横向粗糙度中以秸秆覆盖为最大,对阻挡径流横流作用最强。纵向和平均粗糙度以秸秆覆盖与起垄地膜覆盖为最大,对防治坡耕地径流发挥着主要作用。
(3)秸秆覆盖、免耕、地膜覆盖都能够显著提高表层水分含量,而在深层,免耕水分含量较低,秸秆覆盖水分含量较高,秸秆覆盖能够显著提高深层水分的含量。在大豆开花期和谷子孕穗期,起垄地膜覆盖提高耕作层水分含量最明显,最能满足农作物生殖生长的需要。而在雨后的提高耕作层水分方面,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖均能有效地防止水分的散失,雨后第三天免耕方式防止水分散失作用更为明显。
(4)秸秆覆盖能有效提高耕作层有机质含量,各处理可有效提高全钾含量,套种可提高速效钾的含量;水分与土壤营养相关性不强,且不同耕作方式相关性不同,但各耕作方式对当地植物的作用有一定的普遍性。从提高土壤表层含水量和保肥层面上,秸秆覆盖在各耕作措施中具有优越性。
(5)选取合理的评价指标,运用定位监测和数理统计得到参评数据,利用BP神经网络的方法以随机技术模拟生成的评价指标序列与其所属的评价等级值进行网络训练,将不同耕作模式的评价指标为网络输入,通过计算得到相应的耕作模式评价值。研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带坡耕地传统耕作CK与免耕、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、起垄地膜覆盖、套种五种保护性耕作模式的综合评价。结果表明:起垄地膜覆盖>秸秆覆盖>地膜覆盖>CK>免耕>套种。各保护性耕作模式中,起垄地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖都优于传统耕作,适宜在当地进行推广。
Wind erosion and water erosion is the most important disasters in farmland of loess plateau, on the one hand, there are much moisture and nutrient lost because of wind erosion and water erosion, and cause the soil dry ,then form drought. On the other hand , though the lost of nutrient is not as severe as hail and frost, is a kind of disaster of largo. So ,the disease which caused from the wind erosion and water erosion is the most important disasters in farmland of loess plateau. The study studied the type, the factors and the mechanism of disaster by system analysis, set six tillage: CK,No-till(NT), Straw mulching(SM), plastic film mulching(PM),Ridging and plastic film mulching(RPM),Interplant in shenmu. To use the methods of Positioning monitoring and Statistics, studied the temperature, moisture and nutrients of different tillage, revealed the corrosion proof mechanism and the effect on controllable patterns. And chose ten evaluation indexes to study the Impact evaluation on different tillage . This study provide five conservation tillage, and the credible background of using reasonable tillage in the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region. in order to realizing the sustainable development of the agriculture in this area.
1) All of the conservation tillage can keep the suitable soil temperature at the stages of extremes. The relativity of temperature between air and soil in SM is the lowest, so can effectively protect the crop. The RPM is the highest and the SM is the lowest of average temperature .
2) Compare with the CK, All of the conservation tillage can effectively decrease the soil bulk density ,increase the capillary porosity, noncapillary porosity and bulk porosity. And increase the water storage of saturated soil, Suck hold water storage and Stranded water storage. In the sloping farmland, the roughness of lengthways always bigger than roughness of crosswise, and effectively except CK and In. The roughness of crosswise of SM is the maximum, can effectively obstruct the transverse flow of runoff. The mean roughness and the roughness of lengthways of SM and RPM is the maximum,show the major effect of obstruct the runoff.
3) SM, NT and PM can significantly increased soil moisture in the surface layer, and NT is low and SM is high in the deeper layer, SM can effectively increase the soil moisture in the deeper layer .The RPM can effectively increase the soil moisture in the surface layer at the stage of flowering of soybean and the stage of booting of millet to content the need of crop. SM and PM can effectively decrease the lost of moisture after the rain, and the effect of NT is more obvious.
4) SM significantly can increase Soil organic matter in the surface, all of the treatments can increase the content of total K, and affect the content of P and K teeny,Intercropping can increase the content of Available K . The correlation of Water and soil nutrition is not strong, and is different between different tillage. However, tillage effects on local plants have a certain universality. Based on soil moisture and nutrients keeping, SM is batter than other tillage.
5) Select the reasonable evaluation indexes ,Get the contestant data by using the methods of Positioning monitoring and Statistics. BP neural network model and network training is applied in evaluation index generated by sequence of random technology and evaluation of their own level of value. After the network training, different evaluation are input. By calculating, we can get the evaluation of grade value of different tillage .Studied the impact evaluation of conventional tillage of millet , and five conservation tillage on Sloping Farmland in the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region.The result shows that:Ridging and plastic film mulching>Straw mulching(SM)> plastic film mulching(PM) >CK >No-till(NT)>Interplant.Conservation tillage are better than conventional tillage.Provide some effective tillage to the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region ,and Provide the credible background of using different tillage, in order to realizing the sustainable development of the agricuture in this area.
引文
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