多类型散射多次波自适应消减法研究
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摘要
多次波的产生要满足一定的条件，例如在海水面或者海底面这些反射系数较大的反射面上，介质的波阻抗较强的时候，才能形成多次波并且在地震记录中被记录下来。当反射波传播到地面时，由于海水与空气的分界面或者地面与空气的分界面的波阻抗都很强，这个反射界面称做自由表面，反射波会从这个自由界面向下传播，并且当遇到反射界面时又可以再次发生反射，并且可以再次在自由界面发生反射，而且可能会在这两个界面反复传播，最后形成了自由表面多次波。多次波作为一种相干噪声干扰，一直困扰着地震采集、处理和解释工作。尤其在海上勘探中以自由表面多次波能量最强，影响最为严重。随着石油工业界对地震资料的要求越来越高，对多次波压制技术同样也提出了更高的要求，常规的滤波类方法已经很难满足要求。
自由表面多次波常见于海上地震资料中，对于海上地震资料来说，是一种很明显的相干干扰，因为它的存在严重影响地震资料的后续解释和分析的工作。如何压制多次波，并且较好的保留一次波的能量，对于后续的一系列工作，如波动方程偏移等，是至关重要的。在地震资料中，反射多次波和散射多次波是同时存在的，由于散射多次波相对于反射多次波的能量较弱，且较反射多次波具有更加明显的非稳态特性，常规方法往往难以有效地将其消除，因此会在很大程度上影响地震资料的后续处理工作，甚至造成很大的解释误差。因此拟根据反射波和散射波产生的条件和特点，将它们在地震资料中分离开并分别进行处理，使地震成像的真实性和可靠性提高，并给后续的地震解释工作带来高信噪比的数据基础。
自由表面多次波衰减法（SRME）是将自由表面反射率的影响从数据中消除的一种处理，它是预测相减法的一种，属于反馈迭代法，该方法基于自由界面模型和层界面模型。这种处理的一个重要性质是不需要地下的信息。当存在复杂地貌，大量表面多次波发育，一次波与多次波速度差异很小或难以区分时，SRME相比那些简单常规的滤波类多次波压制方法更有效。
本篇论文主要使用两种模型进行试算。首先用平面波分解滤波器，构造导向滤波法中的构造导向时变中值滤波和构造导向三角平滑滤波这三种方法对反射波场和散射波场进行分离，并分析这三种分离方法的使用条件并进行了效果对比，选取出效果较好的方法用于和SRME方法中的多次波预测和非稳态自适应衰减相结合。接下来，用SRME预测出三种类型的多次波：反射-反射多次波、反射-散射多次波和散射-散射多次波。最后用非稳态自适应衰减方法有效地匹配不同类型多次波，尤其是非稳态的散射多次波，将反射多次波和散射多次波从地震波场中消减掉。本文中选取了五种自适应匹配处理方案，通过是否分离反射波场与散射波场所做的多次波压制效果和非稳态自适应衰减及常规最小二乘法进行对比分析，得到将反射波与散射波在地震资料中分开处理会使得多次波可以更好的被压制的初步结论，针对散射多次波的非稳态特性，文中的非稳态自适应衰减法可以更有效的压制多类型的散射多次波。
Formation of multiple wave has to meet certain conditions, for example, on thesea surface or seafloor, reflection coefficient is strong on these reflective surface,when wave impedance of medium is strong, to form multiples recorded in theseismic record. When the reflected wave goes back to the ground, due to the waveimpedance of the interface of sea and air or interface of ground and the air are bothstrong, the reflected wave is propagated down from the free surface. When itencounter reflection interface, it is reflected again and reflected on free surface, maybe repeated propagation on these two interfaces, and finally form the surface-relatedmultiples. The multiple, as a kind of coherent noise, always disturbs the seismicacquisition, processing and interpretation work. In particular, in marine seismic data,the energy of the surface-related multiples is the strongest and has the most influence.The requirements of seismic data increase more and more in oil industry, and thatalso leads the high demand of the multiple suppression technology. As a result, theconventional filter-type approaches are very difficult to meet the need.
Surface-related multiples are common in marine seismic data, which is anobvious coherent interference and its existence seriously affects the seismic imagingauthenticity and reliability, and seriously influence seismic interpretation work. Howto suppress the multiples and retain energy of the primary wave with high quality isso important for a series of follow-up work. Reflection multiples and diffractionmultiples exist in the seismic data in the same time, because energy of diffractionmultiples is weaker than that of reflection multiples, diffraction multiples has a moreobvious nonstationary characteristics, conventional methods are difficult toeffectively eliminate it, thus its exist will badly affect the seismic data processing,and even cause a great interpretation error. Therefore, according to conditions andcharacteristics of reflection multiples and diffraction multiples, we separatereflection waves and diffraction waves in the seismic data and process themseparately, the authenticity and reliability of the seismic imaging will be improved.
The surface-related multiple elimination(SRME) is a process that removes theinfluence of the surface reflectivity from the data. It is feedback-iteration approach,belonged to the prediction-subtraction approaches, and based on the free surfacemodel and layer surface model. An important property of the proposed multipleelimination process is that no knowledge of the subsurface is required. The SRMEmethod is more effective than those simple conventional filter-type multiplesuppression approaches, where the moveout properties of primaries and multiples arevery similar, as well as for situations with a complex multiple-generating system.
In this work, tests of two kinds of models are used, we do wave field separationusing three methods: the plane wave destruction filter, structure-enhancingtime-varying median filtering, and structure-enhancing triangular smoothing filter.We choose a better effective approach to combine with the prediction of SRMEmethod and nonstationary adaptive attenuation method. Then, we do predictionusing SRME, and predict three kinds of multiples: reflection-reflection multiples,reflection-diffraction multiples, and diffraction-diffraction multiples, then match thedifferent types of multiples using nonstationary adaptive attenuation method,especially for nonstationary diffraction multiples, and finally reflection multiples anddiffraction multiples will be eliminated from seismic wave field. Using fiveprocessing strategies of adaptive matching in this work, separation of reflectionwaves and diffraction waves can influence suppression effects of multiple, whencomparing nonstationary adaptive attenuation with conventional method of leastsquare. Numerical tests shows that processing reflection waves and diffractionseparately will make reflection multiples better be suppressed. Because ofnonstationary characteristics of diffraction multiples, the nonstationary adaptiveattenuation method can suppress diffraction multiples with different types moreeffectively.
自由表面多次波常见于海上地震资料中，对于海上地震资料来说，是一种很明显的相干干扰，因为它的存在严重影响地震资料的后续解释和分析的工作。如何压制多次波，并且较好的保留一次波的能量，对于后续的一系列工作，如波动方程偏移等，是至关重要的。在地震资料中，反射多次波和散射多次波是同时存在的，由于散射多次波相对于反射多次波的能量较弱，且较反射多次波具有更加明显的非稳态特性，常规方法往往难以有效地将其消除，因此会在很大程度上影响地震资料的后续处理工作，甚至造成很大的解释误差。因此拟根据反射波和散射波产生的条件和特点，将它们在地震资料中分离开并分别进行处理，使地震成像的真实性和可靠性提高，并给后续的地震解释工作带来高信噪比的数据基础。
自由表面多次波衰减法（SRME）是将自由表面反射率的影响从数据中消除的一种处理，它是预测相减法的一种，属于反馈迭代法，该方法基于自由界面模型和层界面模型。这种处理的一个重要性质是不需要地下的信息。当存在复杂地貌，大量表面多次波发育，一次波与多次波速度差异很小或难以区分时，SRME相比那些简单常规的滤波类多次波压制方法更有效。
本篇论文主要使用两种模型进行试算。首先用平面波分解滤波器，构造导向滤波法中的构造导向时变中值滤波和构造导向三角平滑滤波这三种方法对反射波场和散射波场进行分离，并分析这三种分离方法的使用条件并进行了效果对比，选取出效果较好的方法用于和SRME方法中的多次波预测和非稳态自适应衰减相结合。接下来，用SRME预测出三种类型的多次波：反射-反射多次波、反射-散射多次波和散射-散射多次波。最后用非稳态自适应衰减方法有效地匹配不同类型多次波，尤其是非稳态的散射多次波，将反射多次波和散射多次波从地震波场中消减掉。本文中选取了五种自适应匹配处理方案，通过是否分离反射波场与散射波场所做的多次波压制效果和非稳态自适应衰减及常规最小二乘法进行对比分析，得到将反射波与散射波在地震资料中分开处理会使得多次波可以更好的被压制的初步结论，针对散射多次波的非稳态特性，文中的非稳态自适应衰减法可以更有效的压制多类型的散射多次波。
Formation of multiple wave has to meet certain conditions, for example, on thesea surface or seafloor, reflection coefficient is strong on these reflective surface,when wave impedance of medium is strong, to form multiples recorded in theseismic record. When the reflected wave goes back to the ground, due to the waveimpedance of the interface of sea and air or interface of ground and the air are bothstrong, the reflected wave is propagated down from the free surface. When itencounter reflection interface, it is reflected again and reflected on free surface, maybe repeated propagation on these two interfaces, and finally form the surface-relatedmultiples. The multiple, as a kind of coherent noise, always disturbs the seismicacquisition, processing and interpretation work. In particular, in marine seismic data,the energy of the surface-related multiples is the strongest and has the most influence.The requirements of seismic data increase more and more in oil industry, and thatalso leads the high demand of the multiple suppression technology. As a result, theconventional filter-type approaches are very difficult to meet the need.
Surface-related multiples are common in marine seismic data, which is anobvious coherent interference and its existence seriously affects the seismic imagingauthenticity and reliability, and seriously influence seismic interpretation work. Howto suppress the multiples and retain energy of the primary wave with high quality isso important for a series of follow-up work. Reflection multiples and diffractionmultiples exist in the seismic data in the same time, because energy of diffractionmultiples is weaker than that of reflection multiples, diffraction multiples has a moreobvious nonstationary characteristics, conventional methods are difficult toeffectively eliminate it, thus its exist will badly affect the seismic data processing,and even cause a great interpretation error. Therefore, according to conditions andcharacteristics of reflection multiples and diffraction multiples, we separatereflection waves and diffraction waves in the seismic data and process themseparately, the authenticity and reliability of the seismic imaging will be improved.
The surface-related multiple elimination(SRME) is a process that removes theinfluence of the surface reflectivity from the data. It is feedback-iteration approach,belonged to the prediction-subtraction approaches, and based on the free surfacemodel and layer surface model. An important property of the proposed multipleelimination process is that no knowledge of the subsurface is required. The SRMEmethod is more effective than those simple conventional filter-type multiplesuppression approaches, where the moveout properties of primaries and multiples arevery similar, as well as for situations with a complex multiple-generating system.
In this work, tests of two kinds of models are used, we do wave field separationusing three methods: the plane wave destruction filter, structure-enhancingtime-varying median filtering, and structure-enhancing triangular smoothing filter.We choose a better effective approach to combine with the prediction of SRMEmethod and nonstationary adaptive attenuation method. Then, we do predictionusing SRME, and predict three kinds of multiples: reflection-reflection multiples,reflection-diffraction multiples, and diffraction-diffraction multiples, then match thedifferent types of multiples using nonstationary adaptive attenuation method,especially for nonstationary diffraction multiples, and finally reflection multiples anddiffraction multiples will be eliminated from seismic wave field. Using fiveprocessing strategies of adaptive matching in this work, separation of reflectionwaves and diffraction waves can influence suppression effects of multiple, whencomparing nonstationary adaptive attenuation with conventional method of leastsquare. Numerical tests shows that processing reflection waves and diffractionseparately will make reflection multiples better be suppressed. Because ofnonstationary characteristics of diffraction multiples, the nonstationary adaptiveattenuation method can suppress diffraction multiples with different types moreeffectively.
引文
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