渤海湾近岸海域底栖动物生态学与环境质量评价研究
|
摘要
本研究课题以渤海湾近岸海域和潮间带为研究区域,于2003年7月,11月和2004年2月,5月连续四个季度对该研究区域的底栖动物和部分环境因子进行取样调查和测试研究。具体研究了大、小型底栖动物的生态学;测试了部分经济动物的生物质量和环境因子:首次利用大、小型底栖动物指示指标评价渤海湾海洋生态系统的健康状况,初步建立了渤海淤泥质海岸生境退化的诊断技术体系、生境退化的生物指示种或种群监测技术。具体研究结果如下:
1 海洋生态环境因子研究
渤海湾底层水体中三种主要营养盐(硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐)在大多数站位超过海水一类水质标准,成为污染区。平面分布特点基本是近岸区高于远岸海域,高值区位于河口和养殖区近岸海域,低值区为远离海岸带的海域。从季节上看,春季污染较重,夏季最轻,秋季微升。三航次22个站位油类检出率100%,超标率近60%,从平面分布上看,河口和近岸高于远岸,从季节变化看,秋季>春季>夏季。六种主要重金属中有Zn、Pb、Hg三种超标严重。本研究海域沉积物类型为粘土质粉砂;沉积物中叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿酸a含量从垂直分布上看,表层(0～2cm)比底层(2～5cm)的含量高;从平面分布上分析,近岸含量要低于远岸站位的含量;季节变化:夏季>秋季>冬季>春季;有机物分布趋势为近岸高于远海,在夏季含量较高,在春季较低。沉积物的含水量差异也较小;重金属中的Zn、Cr、Hg在所有的调查站位中均超标,Pb在A9、A10、A15三站位超标,Cd在A5站位超标。
2 大型底栖动物生态学研究
本次调查共获取大型底栖动物物种149种,四个季节的总平均丰
The zoobenthos and some environmental factors in coastal waters and intertidal zone of Bohai Bay were investigated and tested on July, 2003, November, 2003, February, 2004 and May, 2004 respectively. The ecology of macrofauna and meiofauna was studied and quality of some economic organisms and environmental factors was tested. In addition, the indices of macrofauna and meiofauna were used to evaluate the health conditions of marine ecological system of Bohai Bay at first time and the diagnosis system of deterioration of coastal habitat and monitoring technology of habitat deterioration with biological indicator or population was established preliminarily. The detailed results are as follows.1.Study on Marine Environmental FactorsIn the bottom water, three main nutritive salts ( Nitrate, Phosphate and Silicate) exceeded the standard of seawater quality of Level I in a majority of sampling stations in Bohai Bay. Moreover, the concentration of them in nearshore waters was higher than that in offshore waters, that is to say, the higher values appeared in estuary and auqcultural areas and the lower values was found in offshore areas. Besides, the heaviest pollution occurred in spring, the second heaviest pollution in autumn and the slightest in summer. The detectable rate of oil was 100% in 22 sampling stations during three cruises and nearly 60% of
samplings exceeded the standard. Moreover, the concentrations of oil in estuary and nearshore areas were higher than that in offshore waters and the highest density of oil appeared in autumn and lowest in summer. Among six heavy metals, the pollution of Zn, Pb and Hg was seriously.In the sediment of the studied areas, chlorophyll a (Chla) and pheophorbide a (Pha) showed a similar trend that the contents in surface layer (0~2cm) were higher than in the bottom layer (2~ 5cm) . Moreover, the density of them in nearshore stations was lower than that in offshore stations and the value appeared highest in summer, higher in autumn, lower in winter and lowest in spring. The content of organic matter in nearshore stations was higher than that in offshore stations and the higher value appeared in summer and lower value in spring. In addition, the variation of water content in the sediment was very little. The concentration of Zn, Cr and Hg exceeded the standard in all studied stations , so did Pb in station A9, A10 and A15 and Cd in station A5.2.Study on Macrofauna Ecology149 kinds of macrofauna were obtained from this investigation. The average richness, biomass and production of four cruises were 618 inds./m2, 27.62 gw.w./m2 and 1.33 gAFDW/m2a respectively. The average richness, biomass and production in summer were respectively 375 inds./m2, 56.18 gw.w./m2 and 2.54gAFDW/m2a; 483 inds./m2, 36.02 gw.w./m2 and 1.77 gAFDW/m2a in autumn; 719 inds./m2, 10.93 gw.w./m2 and 0.58 gAFDW/m2a in winter; 894 inds./m2, 7.34 gw.w./m2 and 0.41 gAFDW/m2a in spring. Seasonal variation of richness is spring
> winter > autumn > summer. However seasonal variation of biomass is summer>autumn>winter>spring. Furthermore, the total secondary production of macrobenthos is approximately 20,000 tAFDW/ a If we take 15,000 km2 as the total area of Bohai Bay.The results of analysis on the diversity of macrofauna showed that population number and dominant species varied and alternated in seasons. Base on the CLUSTER analyses of all cruises and sampling stations, the studied stations could be divided into three groups, the nearshore stations, the offshore stations and middle groups according to the similarity between the community structure,. The average values of Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H') of four cruises were 2.64 in spring, 2.51 in summer, 2.70 in autumn and 2.52 in winter respectively. One-Way ANOVA analysis indicated that all the difference was not significant(p>0.05) , that is to say, the variation of H' in different seasons was not obvious.Macrobenthos were closely correlated with bottom water and sediment environment. The richness, biomass and production Macrobenthos was significantly positively correlated with Chla, Pha in sediment, water depth, as well as Chla and oxygen content in water body. In addition, they had negative or significantly negative correlation with the concentration of oil and heavy metal and they were positively or negatively correlated with other factors, but the correlation was not significant. The diversity of macrofauna had significantly positive correlation with Chla, Pha in sediment, depth, as well as Chla and diaphaneity in water body. Moreover, the diversity was always significantly negative correlated oil,
heavy metal, carbon, total nitrogen, total as well as phosphate content. Besides, they were positively or negatively correlated with other factors, but the correlation is not significant.The community structure of macrobenthos has changed in the last 20 years in a certain degree. The change was probably due to the variation of marine ecological environment, disturbance of sediment, high-speed eutrophication process, fishery activity and the change of benthos predator.3.Study on Meiofauna Ecology11 species of meiofauna were obtained and identified from this investigation. In terms of the richness, diversity and biomass, free-living marine nematode and benthic copepods were two main species, whose richness could be more than 96%. The average richness, production and biomass of meiobenthos in four cruises were 570.4±143.5 ind.10cm~2, 313.5±121.5 ug dty w. 10cm"2 and 2821.8±1097.7 ug dty w.10cm"2a"1 in summer respectively; 489.4±125.3 ind.10cm"2 , 280.2±107.6 ug dty w.10cm"2 and 2521.8±968.7 ug dty w. 10cm~2a*1 in autumn respectively ; 653.8±146.2 ind.iOcm"2 , 369.0±117.2 ug dty w.10cm"2 and 3321.1±1054.8 ug dty w.10cm"2a"1 in winter respectively ; 762.5±187.7 ind.10cm"2 , 488.2±204.1 ug dty w.10cm"2 and 4394.1±1836.5 ug dty w.10cm"2a"1 in spring respectively. In addition, the dynamic change of the richness, biomass and production showed a similar regularity.The richness, biomass and production of meiobenthos in all cruises and sampling stations had significantly positive correlation with water depth and Chla in waterbody (p<0.05) and Chla, Pha
in sediment ( p < 0.01 ) . Furthermore, they have negative correlation with the density of oil, Pb, Cu, T-Cr, As, Hg, Zn, suspened solid, diaphaneity and grain diameter of sediment. The variation of the density, biomass and production of the meiobenthos may be caused by environment pollution in Bohai Bay and some regulation macrofauna preying on meinfauna.4.Study on Entironment Monitoring and Assessment of Bohai BayThere was of advantage to monitor and evaluate marine environment by using index of benthos. Different methods could indicate the basic conditions of the marine quality of Bohai Bay in different aspects though each method had its limitations. The analysis of organism quality of the investigated area showed that in this area, the content of Cu exceeded the standard seriously and was the main pollutant. Besides, the PAHs in organism were also above the threshold. The levels of pollution assessment could be preliminary determined by the percentage of major components of macrobenthos, the ebb and flow of tolerance species and sensitive species an the results indicated that the heavier pollution occurred in spring and winter and the pollution was heavier in nearshore stations than in offshore stations. Echinoderms often appeared in clean areas. The richness/biomass curve (ABC curve), Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H1) and N/C index could all reflect the healthy status of biocenosis in Bohai Bay. In addition, the comprehensive analysis suggested that the degree of pollution or disturbance declined obviously from nearshore stations to the offshore stations. The station A11 is the cleanest one, while station A5, A9 and A20 are seriously polluted or disturbed and other
stations were moderately polluted or disturbed.In conclusion, as one of the four largest sea areas in China, Bohai Bay is also one of the first typical bays, where the ecosystem has been investigated initially and the research achievements is fundanmental for the studies of marine ecosystem research in China. The studies of zoobenthos ecology in Bohai Bay is not only to provide theoretical basis for health status assessment of ecosystem in Bohai Bay, but also is greatly meaningful to scientifically manage and utilize macrobenthos resources, to realize dynamic changes of benthos biocenosis, to monitor environment variation in Bohai Bay and to explore the sustainable utilization of resources in Bohai Bay. Meanwhile, this research will be combined with the Activity Plan for Cleanning in Bohai properly and the results will provide beneficial technological support to the improvement of the quality of ecosystem in Bohai bay and the diagnosing and monitoring technology can directly serve the protection of coastal environment and management decision of government.This study was supported by High-Tech projects (863) and was the sub-program of "Restoration Technology of typical habitat in Bohai" (Number: 2002AA648010).
1 海洋生态环境因子研究
渤海湾底层水体中三种主要营养盐(硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐)在大多数站位超过海水一类水质标准,成为污染区。平面分布特点基本是近岸区高于远岸海域,高值区位于河口和养殖区近岸海域,低值区为远离海岸带的海域。从季节上看,春季污染较重,夏季最轻,秋季微升。三航次22个站位油类检出率100%,超标率近60%,从平面分布上看,河口和近岸高于远岸,从季节变化看,秋季>春季>夏季。六种主要重金属中有Zn、Pb、Hg三种超标严重。本研究海域沉积物类型为粘土质粉砂;沉积物中叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿酸a含量从垂直分布上看,表层(0～2cm)比底层(2～5cm)的含量高;从平面分布上分析,近岸含量要低于远岸站位的含量;季节变化:夏季>秋季>冬季>春季;有机物分布趋势为近岸高于远海,在夏季含量较高,在春季较低。沉积物的含水量差异也较小;重金属中的Zn、Cr、Hg在所有的调查站位中均超标,Pb在A9、A10、A15三站位超标,Cd在A5站位超标。
2 大型底栖动物生态学研究
本次调查共获取大型底栖动物物种149种,四个季节的总平均丰
The zoobenthos and some environmental factors in coastal waters and intertidal zone of Bohai Bay were investigated and tested on July, 2003, November, 2003, February, 2004 and May, 2004 respectively. The ecology of macrofauna and meiofauna was studied and quality of some economic organisms and environmental factors was tested. In addition, the indices of macrofauna and meiofauna were used to evaluate the health conditions of marine ecological system of Bohai Bay at first time and the diagnosis system of deterioration of coastal habitat and monitoring technology of habitat deterioration with biological indicator or population was established preliminarily. The detailed results are as follows.1.Study on Marine Environmental FactorsIn the bottom water, three main nutritive salts ( Nitrate, Phosphate and Silicate) exceeded the standard of seawater quality of Level I in a majority of sampling stations in Bohai Bay. Moreover, the concentration of them in nearshore waters was higher than that in offshore waters, that is to say, the higher values appeared in estuary and auqcultural areas and the lower values was found in offshore areas. Besides, the heaviest pollution occurred in spring, the second heaviest pollution in autumn and the slightest in summer. The detectable rate of oil was 100% in 22 sampling stations during three cruises and nearly 60% of
samplings exceeded the standard. Moreover, the concentrations of oil in estuary and nearshore areas were higher than that in offshore waters and the highest density of oil appeared in autumn and lowest in summer. Among six heavy metals, the pollution of Zn, Pb and Hg was seriously.In the sediment of the studied areas, chlorophyll a (Chla) and pheophorbide a (Pha) showed a similar trend that the contents in surface layer (0~2cm) were higher than in the bottom layer (2~ 5cm) . Moreover, the density of them in nearshore stations was lower than that in offshore stations and the value appeared highest in summer, higher in autumn, lower in winter and lowest in spring. The content of organic matter in nearshore stations was higher than that in offshore stations and the higher value appeared in summer and lower value in spring. In addition, the variation of water content in the sediment was very little. The concentration of Zn, Cr and Hg exceeded the standard in all studied stations , so did Pb in station A9, A10 and A15 and Cd in station A5.2.Study on Macrofauna Ecology149 kinds of macrofauna were obtained from this investigation. The average richness, biomass and production of four cruises were 618 inds./m2, 27.62 gw.w./m2 and 1.33 gAFDW/m2a respectively. The average richness, biomass and production in summer were respectively 375 inds./m2, 56.18 gw.w./m2 and 2.54gAFDW/m2a; 483 inds./m2, 36.02 gw.w./m2 and 1.77 gAFDW/m2a in autumn; 719 inds./m2, 10.93 gw.w./m2 and 0.58 gAFDW/m2a in winter; 894 inds./m2, 7.34 gw.w./m2 and 0.41 gAFDW/m2a in spring. Seasonal variation of richness is spring
> winter > autumn > summer. However seasonal variation of biomass is summer>autumn>winter>spring. Furthermore, the total secondary production of macrobenthos is approximately 20,000 tAFDW/ a If we take 15,000 km2 as the total area of Bohai Bay.The results of analysis on the diversity of macrofauna showed that population number and dominant species varied and alternated in seasons. Base on the CLUSTER analyses of all cruises and sampling stations, the studied stations could be divided into three groups, the nearshore stations, the offshore stations and middle groups according to the similarity between the community structure,. The average values of Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H') of four cruises were 2.64 in spring, 2.51 in summer, 2.70 in autumn and 2.52 in winter respectively. One-Way ANOVA analysis indicated that all the difference was not significant(p>0.05) , that is to say, the variation of H' in different seasons was not obvious.Macrobenthos were closely correlated with bottom water and sediment environment. The richness, biomass and production Macrobenthos was significantly positively correlated with Chla, Pha in sediment, water depth, as well as Chla and oxygen content in water body. In addition, they had negative or significantly negative correlation with the concentration of oil and heavy metal and they were positively or negatively correlated with other factors, but the correlation was not significant. The diversity of macrofauna had significantly positive correlation with Chla, Pha in sediment, depth, as well as Chla and diaphaneity in water body. Moreover, the diversity was always significantly negative correlated oil,
heavy metal, carbon, total nitrogen, total as well as phosphate content. Besides, they were positively or negatively correlated with other factors, but the correlation is not significant.The community structure of macrobenthos has changed in the last 20 years in a certain degree. The change was probably due to the variation of marine ecological environment, disturbance of sediment, high-speed eutrophication process, fishery activity and the change of benthos predator.3.Study on Meiofauna Ecology11 species of meiofauna were obtained and identified from this investigation. In terms of the richness, diversity and biomass, free-living marine nematode and benthic copepods were two main species, whose richness could be more than 96%. The average richness, production and biomass of meiobenthos in four cruises were 570.4±143.5 ind.10cm~2, 313.5±121.5 ug dty w. 10cm"2 and 2821.8±1097.7 ug dty w.10cm"2a"1 in summer respectively; 489.4±125.3 ind.10cm"2 , 280.2±107.6 ug dty w.10cm"2 and 2521.8±968.7 ug dty w. 10cm~2a*1 in autumn respectively ; 653.8±146.2 ind.iOcm"2 , 369.0±117.2 ug dty w.10cm"2 and 3321.1±1054.8 ug dty w.10cm"2a"1 in winter respectively ; 762.5±187.7 ind.10cm"2 , 488.2±204.1 ug dty w.10cm"2 and 4394.1±1836.5 ug dty w.10cm"2a"1 in spring respectively. In addition, the dynamic change of the richness, biomass and production showed a similar regularity.The richness, biomass and production of meiobenthos in all cruises and sampling stations had significantly positive correlation with water depth and Chla in waterbody (p<0.05) and Chla, Pha
in sediment ( p < 0.01 ) . Furthermore, they have negative correlation with the density of oil, Pb, Cu, T-Cr, As, Hg, Zn, suspened solid, diaphaneity and grain diameter of sediment. The variation of the density, biomass and production of the meiobenthos may be caused by environment pollution in Bohai Bay and some regulation macrofauna preying on meinfauna.4.Study on Entironment Monitoring and Assessment of Bohai BayThere was of advantage to monitor and evaluate marine environment by using index of benthos. Different methods could indicate the basic conditions of the marine quality of Bohai Bay in different aspects though each method had its limitations. The analysis of organism quality of the investigated area showed that in this area, the content of Cu exceeded the standard seriously and was the main pollutant. Besides, the PAHs in organism were also above the threshold. The levels of pollution assessment could be preliminary determined by the percentage of major components of macrobenthos, the ebb and flow of tolerance species and sensitive species an the results indicated that the heavier pollution occurred in spring and winter and the pollution was heavier in nearshore stations than in offshore stations. Echinoderms often appeared in clean areas. The richness/biomass curve (ABC curve), Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H1) and N/C index could all reflect the healthy status of biocenosis in Bohai Bay. In addition, the comprehensive analysis suggested that the degree of pollution or disturbance declined obviously from nearshore stations to the offshore stations. The station A11 is the cleanest one, while station A5, A9 and A20 are seriously polluted or disturbed and other
stations were moderately polluted or disturbed.In conclusion, as one of the four largest sea areas in China, Bohai Bay is also one of the first typical bays, where the ecosystem has been investigated initially and the research achievements is fundanmental for the studies of marine ecosystem research in China. The studies of zoobenthos ecology in Bohai Bay is not only to provide theoretical basis for health status assessment of ecosystem in Bohai Bay, but also is greatly meaningful to scientifically manage and utilize macrobenthos resources, to realize dynamic changes of benthos biocenosis, to monitor environment variation in Bohai Bay and to explore the sustainable utilization of resources in Bohai Bay. Meanwhile, this research will be combined with the Activity Plan for Cleanning in Bohai properly and the results will provide beneficial technological support to the improvement of the quality of ecosystem in Bohai bay and the diagnosing and monitoring technology can directly serve the protection of coastal environment and management decision of government.This study was supported by High-Tech projects (863) and was the sub-program of "Restoration Technology of typical habitat in Bohai" (Number: 2002AA648010).
引文
1.毕洪生,胶州湾环境对底栖生物多样性的影响.海洋科学.1996(6):58-62.
2.毕洪生,孙道元,胶州湾多毛类的生态特点.生态学报.1998,18(1):63-68.
3.毕洪生,孙松,孙道元,胶州湾大型底栖生物群落的变化.海洋与湖沼.2001,32(2):132-137.
4.蔡福龙,陈英,许丕安,等,大弹涂鱼浓集~(137)Cs,~(134)Cs,~(65)Zn,~(60)CO的研究.海洋环境科学,1992,11(1):1—8.
5.蔡福龙,陈英,许丕安,等,悦目大眼蟹作为海洋放射性污染指标物的研究.海洋环境科学,1993,12(3—4):15—24.
6.蔡立哲,洪华生,黄玉山,香港维多利亚港大型底栖生物群落的时空变化.海洋学报,1997,19(2):65—70.
7.蔡立哲,林鹏,余书生,等,深圳河口泥滩多毛类动物的生态研究.海洋环境科学,1998,17(1):41—47.
8.蔡立哲,马丽,高阳,等,海洋底栖动物多样性指数污染程度评价标准的分析。厦门大学学报,2002,41(5):641—646
9.蔡立哲,闽江口潮下带大型底栖生物群落生态特点,纪念陈祯教授诞生百周年论文集,中国科学技术出版社,1994,283～289.
10.蔡晓明,任久长,宗志祥,等,青龙河底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及其水质评价.应用生态学报,1992,3(4):36.
11.陈鸣,达良俊,水污染生物监测和检测方法及其研究进展.上海环境科学,2004.(7).
12.陈莆华等,汞在渤海湾近海表层海水和底质中分布及在两者间迁移的初步研究,1984,3(2):1-7.
13.陈先芬,胶州湾环境污染调查报告.海洋通报.1991(4):72-77.
14.程树军,杨丰华,刘忠华,等,石油开发污染物毒性监测的试验生物筛选Ⅱ.消油剂对水生动物的毒性比较.热带海洋,1999,18(3):95—99.
15.邓巨鲨,关贯勋,徐利生,深圳市福田红树林鸟类保护区及无脊椎动物调查报告,生态科学,1986,(1):44—50.
16.邓岳文,杨丰华,湛波,等,钻井泥浆和消油剂对合浦珠母贝稚贝的急性毒性试验.湛江海洋大学学报,2000,20(4):23—28.
17.范航清,何斌源,韦受庆.海岸红树林地沙丘移动对林内大型底栖动物的影响.生态学报,2000,20(5):722—727.
18.范振刚,胶州湾潮间带污染生态学的研究.海洋科学,1982,(6):39—41.
19.方少华等.厦门文昌鱼自然保护区资源调查及开发利用研究.福建海详研究所,2002年(调查报告).
20.方圆,倪晋仁,蔡立哲,湿地泥沙环境动态评估方法及其应用研究.应用与环境科学学报,2000a,20(6):570-675.
21.方圆,赵志杰,孙卫玲等,深圳湾潮间带湿地沉积物的重金属分布特征.应用基础与工程科学学报,2000b,8(4):343-353.
22.方允中,李文杰主编,自由基与酶:基础理论及其在生物学和医学中的应用.北京:科学出版社.1989,156-157.
23.高尚武,渤海浮游动物生物量及主要种类数量变动的研究.渤海水域生态系统研究论文报告,1995,7.
24.郭玉清,渤海自由生活海洋线虫的群落结构和多样性研究.青岛海洋大学博士论文.2000.
25.国家海洋局,海洋生态环境监测技术规程,2002,4.
26.国家技术监督局,海洋调查规范,海洋生物调查,中华人民共和国国家GB.中国标准出版,北京,1991.
27.国家质量技术监督局GB17378,7—1998,海洋监测规范第七部分,1998.
28.国家质量技术监督局GB17378.7—1998,海洋监测规范第7部分.1998.
29.韩洁,渤海大型底栖动物的生态学研究.青岛海洋大学博士论文.2001.
30.何明海,利用底栖生物监测与评价海洋环境质量.海洋环境科学,1989,8(4):49-54.
31.何明海等,厦门西港底栖生物的生态,台湾海峡,1998,7(2):189-194.
32.贺广凯,黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留量水平,中国环境科学,1996.16(2):96-100.
33.胡炜,成水平,周永欣,稀有鮈卿亚慢性毒性试验.水生生物学报,1998,4.
34.季如宝,张志南,~(14)C示踪法测定养虾池小型底栖动物对底栖硅藻的摄食,青岛海洋大学学报1994,24(总83):199-205.
35.贾晓平,林钦,广东沿海牡蛎石油烃污染研究Ⅳ.海洋环境科学,1992,11(3):18-21.
36.贾晓平,林钦,南海原油和燃料油对仔虾和仔鱼的急性毒性试验.热带海洋,1998,17(1):93-97
37.蒋昭凤,王菊芳,齐庆临,用底栖动物的变化趋势评价湘江水质污染.江苏环境科学,1997,(4):21-25.
38.金岚,环境生态学,第一版,北京:高等教育出版社.1992.
39.孔繁翔,环境生物学,北京:高等教育出版社,2000,162—163.
40.李冠国,多样性指数的应用,海洋科学,1981.2:4-8.
41.李荣冠,江锦祥,厦门西站海域大型底栖生物群落变化,台湾海峡,1989,8(2):144-149.
42.李荣冠,江锦祥,应用丰度生物量比较法监测海洋污染对底栖生物群落的影响,海洋学报,1992,14(1):108-114.
43.李向,两种网目对大型底栖动物定量样品的分选效率.海洋通报.1991,9(4):47-52.
44.李永棋,丁美丽,海洋污染生物学.北京:海洋出版社,1991.445-449.
45.廖先贵,渤海湾底质中砷的地球化学特征.海洋科学,1985.7(4):453-459.
46.刘发义,孙凤,石油污染对梭鱼肝脏混合功能氧化酶的影响.海洋环境科学,1991.10(3):49-52.
47.刘凌云,郑光美,普通动物学.高等教育出版社,第三版,2000.
48.刘绮,一种新的生物监测方法研究.中国环境监测,2000.16(5):38-40.
49.刘瑞玉,等.大型底栖生物生态学.胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京:科学出版社,1992:220-237
50.刘瑞玉,胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京:科学出版社,1982.
51.卢玲,沈英娃,酚类、烷基苯类、硝基苯类化合物和环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有鮈卿的急性毒性.环境科学研究.2002,4.
52.卢纹岱,SPSS for Windows统计分析.电子工业出版社,北京,2000,pp.409-429.
53.罗岳平,李宁,汤光明,生物早期警报系统在水和废水水质评价中的应用.重庆环境科学,2002,24(1):49-54.
54.马藏允,刘海,姚波等,几种大型底柄生物对Cd,Zn,Cu的积累实验研究.中国环境科学.1997,17(2):151-155.
55.马丽,蔡立哲,袁东星,红树林区底栖动物污染生态学研究进展,台湾海峡,2003,22(1):113-119.
56.梅卓华,方东,楼霄,SOS显色法测定水中遗传毒性.环境监测管理与技术,1997,9(3):17-18.
57.慕芳红,渤海底栖桡足类的分类学和生态学研究.青岛海洋大学博士论文.2000.
58.宁修仁,刘字琳,史君贤,渤、黄、东海初级生产力和潜在渔业生产量的评估,海洋学报,1995,17(3):75-84.
59.欧阳培,徐培宁,林种玉,碱土扇贝碱性磷酸酶探.海洋环境科学,1990,9(4):30-34.
60.彭建华,刘家寿,朱爱民.水溪河底栖动物现状及水质评价.水生生物学报,2000,24(4):340.
61.秦蕴珊,李凡,渤海海水中悬浮体的研究.海洋科学,1982,4(2):191-200.
62.邱光胜,印士勇,余秋梅,水生生物环境诊断(AOD)技术应用研究.人民长江,2001,32(7):47-48.
63.任南琪,等,水污染控制微生物学.哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1993.
64.日本生态学会环境间题专门委员会编,卢全章译.环境和指示生物(水域分册),中国环境科学出版社,1987.
65.山东省科学技术委员会,山东省海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告集—综合调查报告.中国科学技术出版社,1990.
66.沈国英,施并章编著,海洋生态学.厦门大学出版社,2002第二版.
67.沈立,张勤,徐韧,等,石油污染对非洲鲫鱼血清蛋白的影响.海洋环境科学,1997,16(1):1-5.
68.沈韫芬,等.微生物监测新技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990.
69.沈志良等,黄河口附近海区沉积物间隙水中营养盐.海洋学报,1991,13(3):407-411.
70.石存斌,吴淑勤,黄志斌,人工配合饵料饲养剑尾鱼的初步研究.实验动物科学与管理.1994,11(5):56-60.
71.史玉强,李开国,沈玉兰,大伙房水库底栖动物(1980～1992)群落结构特征及水质生物学评价.中国环境科学.1994,14(5):14-19.
72.史玉强,赵国华,荆万钧,等,辽宁大伙房水库水质生态学监测的研究.中国环境监测,2000,16(1):12-15.
73.宋金明,海洋沉积物中的生物种群在生源物质循环中的功能.海洋科学,2000,24(4):22-26.
74.苏纪兰,唐启升,中国海洋生态系统动力学研究Ⅱ渤海生态系统动力学过程.科学出版社,2002.
75.孙滨,等,软底动物数量的季节变化.胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京:科学出版社,1992:238-256.
76.孙道元,胶州湾底栖生物的数量动态研究.胶州湾生态学研究.北京:科学出版社,1995,159-165.
77.孙道元,胶州湾多毛类名录及新记录的描述.海洋科学集刊,1990,31:133-146.
78.孙道元,等,胶州湾底栖生物的数量动态研究.胶州湾生态学研究.北京:科学出版社,1995:159-165.
79.孙道元,刘银城,渤海底栖动物种类组成和数量分布,黄渤海海洋.1991,9(1)43—49.
80.孙道元,唐质灿,黄河口及其临近水域底栖动物生态特点.海洋科学集刊,1989,30: 261-275.
81.孙道元、陈木,小头虫作为有机质污染指示生物的调查研究.环境科学,1981,(1)7-19.
82.孙儒泳,动物生态学原理.北京师范大学出版社,北京,1993,pp.352-361.
83.王备新,杨莲芳,大型底栖无脊椎动物水质快速生物评价的研究进展.南京农业大学学报,2001,24(4);107-111.
84.王伯苏,廖宝文,王勇军等,深圳湾红树林生态系统及其持续发展.科学出版社,北京,2002,3-11.
85.王初升,许章程,郑金树,等.研究海洋环境质量生物标准的意义及内容.海洋环境科学,1999,18(3):22-27
86.王敬贤,建立湖北省生物监测系统的必要性与可行性分析.环境科学与技术,2000,90(增刊):87-89.
87.王连生,环境化学进展.化学工业出版社,1995.
88.王梅芳,余祥勇,杨荣权等,二色裂江跳EST和SOD同工酶组织特异性研究.湛江海洋大学学报,2000,20(1):5-8.
89.王诗红,张志南,养虾池海洋线虫的实验室培养及生活史研究.青岛海洋大学学报 1994,24(总83):199-205.
90.王寿景,李立,李燕初,等,厦门河江湾海洋水文特征,台湾海峡,1988,17(2):201-206.
91.王志勇,渤海湾海河口水质污染状况的生物多样性指数法评价.交通环保,1996(6):14-16
92.韦受庆,陈坚,范航清,广西山口红树林保护区大型底栖动物及其生态学的研究.广西科学院学报,993,9(3):45-57.
93.魏玉银,吴春江,孙弟,等,石油对海湾扇贝影响的海上围隔实验.海洋环境科学,1992,11(3):29-32.
94.吴甘霖,利用蚕豆根尖微核技术(MCN)对马鞍山市废水的监测研究.安徽师大学报(自然科学版),1997,20(2):183-188.
95.吴甘霖,利用水花生根尖微核技术(MCN)对马鞍山市废水的监测研究.安庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),1997,8(8):57-62.
96.吴桂汉,陈品健,江瑞胜,等,贝虾混养池底栖动物调查及有机污染评估.厦门大学学报,2002(1):20-25.
97.吴剑峰,蚕豆根尖微核技术监测南通市濠河水质污染的研究.生物学杂志,1999,16(1):23-25.
98.吴景阳,李云飞,渤海湾沉积物中若干重金属的环境地球化学Ⅰ沉积物中重金属的分布模式及其背景值.海洋与湖沼,1985,16(2):92-101.
99.吴可琴,林宝法,祁冬梅译,2020年的海洋科学、发展趋势合可持续发展面临的挑战.海洋出版社,2004.
100.吴荣军,张学雷,郑家声等,海洋生物监测新技术探索:幼虫变态实验.黄渤海海洋,2002,20(1):66-71.
101.吴伟,胡庚东,火村英,等.应用四膜虫刺泡发射评价加氯水体中有机浓集物的致突变性.中国环境科学,1999,19(5):413-416.
102.吴耀泉,胶州湾水域筏式养殖规模与生态调空关系之浅见.海洋科学.1997(3):70.
103.吴耀泉,吕锡缙,孙道元,菲律宾蛤仔生物学与资源.胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京,科学出版社.1992,339-352.
104.席玉英,韩凤英,郭婷,等,长叶异痣蟌对水体汞污染的指示作用.农业环境保护, 2000,19(6):345-345.
105.谢建春,水体污染与水生动物.生物学通报,2001,36(6):10-11.
106.徐伟,白庆利,曹顶臣,等,彩鲫、红鲫、银鲫体色发育生物学初步观察,水产学杂志,1999,1
107.许木启,从浮游动物群落结构与功能的变化看府河—白洋淀水体的自净效果.水生生物学报,1996,20(3):212-220.
108.杨德渐,孙世春,海洋无脊椎动物学.青岛海洋大学出版社,1999.
109.杨德渐等,中国北部海洋无脊椎动物.高等教育出版社,1996.
110.杨丰华,程树军,魏社林,等.石油开发污染物毒性监测的试验生物筛选Ⅰ.钻井泥浆对水生动物的毒性比较.湛江海洋大学学报,1998,18(3):18-22.
111.杨丰华,邓岳文,杜晓东,等,钻井泥浆和消油剂对合浦珠母贝的急性毒性效应.海洋环境科学,2001,26(2):66-70.
112.杨建强,崔文林,张洪亮等,莱州湾西部海域海洋生态系统健康评价的结构功能指标法.海洋通报,2003,22(5):58-64.
113.尹福祥,杨立辉,应用PFU法监测印染废水净化效能的研究.环境与开发,2001,16(2):32-33.
114.于淑红,王新红,陈荣,等,荧蒽、菲、芘对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)超氧化物歧化酶的影响,厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2000,39(4):504-507.
115.于子山,王诗红,张志南,周宇,紫彩血蛤的生物扰动对沉积物颗粒垂直分布的影响.青岛海洋大学学报,1999,29(2):279-282.
116.于子山,张志南,韩洁,渤海底栖生物次级生产力的初步研究.青岛海洋大学学报,2001,31(6):267-271.
117.于子山,张志南,王诗红,胶州湾北部软底大型底栖动物丰度和生物量的研究.青岛海洋大学学报.2000,30(2):39-41.
118.于子山,张志南,虾池水域小型底栖动物的数量研究。青岛海洋大学学报,1994,24(3):519-526。
119.远克芬,黄河口及邻近海域沉积物中的叶绿素和有机质.青岛海洋大学学报,1990,20(1):46-59.
120.曾丽漩,陈桂珠,余日清,等,水体重金属污染生物监测的研究进展.环境监测管理与技术,2003,15(3):12-16.
121.湛波,黄韧,杨丰华,等,卤虫和扁藻在油田生产水生物毒性监测应用的研究.湛江海洋大学学报,2001,21(2):72.
122.张海波,浅谈水污染的生物监测.丹东师专学报,1998,20(2):67-68.
123.张玺,马绣同,国立北平研究院动物学研究所中文报告汇刊.1936,11:1-96.
124.张雅芝,陈灿忠,王渊源,等,福建红树林区底栖生物生态研究.生态学报,1999,19(6):896-901.
125.张志南,谷峰,于子山,黄河口水下三角洲海洋线虫空间分布的研究.海洋与湖沼,1990,20(1):11-19.
126.张志南,林霞,于子山,大连石槽岩滩附植小型动物的初步研究.青岛海洋大学学报.1994,24(3):373-383.
127.张志南,周宇,韩洁,于子山,生物扰动实验系统(AFS)的基本结构和工作原理.海洋科学,1999,6:28-30.
128.张志南,周宇,韩洁,于子山,应用生物扰动实验系统(Annular Flux System)研究 大型滤食性双壳类的生物沉降作用.青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(2):270-276.
129.张志南,党宏月,于子山,青岛湾有机质污染带小型底栖生物群落的研究.青岛海洋大学学报,1993,23(1):83-91.
130.张志南,等,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(一)生物量,青岛海洋大学学报.1990a,20(2):45-52.
131.张志南,等,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(一)生物与沉积环境的关系,青岛海洋大学学报.1990b,20(2):37-45.
132.张志南,谷峰,于子山,黄河口水下三角洲及其临近水域小型底栖动物的初步研究,海洋与湖沼,1989,21(3):197-207.
133.张志南,郭玉清,慕芳红,等,渤海小型底栖生物生态学的初步研究.国家自然基金重大项目:渤海生态动力学与生物资源的持续利用,2000.中期检查论文报告集.
134.张志南,海洋底栖生物基础.中国海洋大学生命学院试用教材.1984:5.
135.张志南,钱国珍,小型底栖生物取样方法的研究.海洋湖沼通报,1990,4:37-42.
136.张志南,秦皇岛四个砂质海滩自由生活海洋线虫的数量研究,青岛海洋大学学报,1991,21(1):63-75.
137.张志南,水层-底栖耦合的某些进展.青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(1):115-122.
138.张志南,图立红,于子山,黄河口及邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(2).生物与沉积环境的关系.青岛海洋大学学报,1990b,20(2):45-52.
139.张志南,图立红,于子山,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(1)生物量,青岛海洋大学学报,1990a,20(1):37-45.
140.张志南,周红,于子山,韩洁,胶州湾小型底栖生物得丰度和生物量.海洋与湖沼,2001,32(3):139-147.
141.张自杰,等,活性污泥生物学与反应动力学.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.
142.赵晶,Westheide W,吴宝铃,黄海小型砂间多毛类异触手属一新种,海洋与湖沼,1991,22(4):304-308.
143.赵晶,Westheide W,吴宝铃,黄海砂间小型多毛类微目属新种(多毛类:海女虫科),动物分类学报,1993,18(1):1-4.
144.赵晶,吴宝铃,黄海小型砂间多毛类海女虫科初步研究.黄渤海海洋,1992,10(2):36-41
145.赵伟,渤海辽东湾环境状况及污染防治对策.辽宁城乡环境科技,1997,19(3):25-30.
146.郑雯君,处理水域溢油的化学试剂.海洋环境科学,1993,12(2):68-74.
147.庄峙厦,等,香港维多利亚港沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd在各地球化学相中的分布特征,厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1994,33(6):832-837.
148.邹栋梁,肩淑英,铜、锌、镉、汞、锰和铬对斑节对虾仔虾急性毒性的研究.海洋环境科学,1994,13(3):13-18.
149. Abele LG, Waiters K, Marine benthic diversity: a critique and alternative explanation. J. Biogeogr., 1979a, 6: 115-126.
150. Abele LG, Walters K, The stability-time hypothesis: reevaluation of the data. Am. Nat., 1979b, 114: 559-568.
151. Aller JY and Stupakoff, I. The distribution and seasonal characteristics of benthic communities on the Amazon shelf as indicators of physical process. Continental Shelf Research, 1996,16 (5/6): 717-751.
152. Al-Shahwani SM, et al., The use of protozoa to indicate changes in the perfor mance of activated sludge plants.Wat Res, 1991,25(6):633-638.
153. Arntz WE, Gili JM , ReiseK, Unjustifiably ignored: reflections on the role of benthos in marine ecosystem. In: Gray JS, Ambrose WJ and Szaniawska, (eds.), Biogeochemical cycling and sediment ecology. Kliwer Academic Publishers. 1998: 105-124.
154. ASTME1022-94, Standard Practice for conducting biocontraction tests with fishes and satt water bivalve amaolluske.1994.
155. ASTME1463-92, Standard guide for conducting static and flow-through acute toxicity tests with myside from the coast of the United States. 1992.
156. Belding DC. The respiratory movements of fish as an indicator of a toxic environment, Trans. Am. Fish Soc., 1999, 59: 238-246.
157. Beukema JJ, Essink K, Michaelis H. The geographic scale of synchronized fluctuation patterns in zoobenthos populations as a key to underlying factors: climatic or man-induced. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 1996, 53: 964-971.
158. Beukema JJ, Mar. Biol. 1991, 111: 293-307.
159. Bonsdorff E, Blomqvist EM, Biotic coupling on shallow water soft bottoms - examples from the Northern Baltic Sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 1993,31: 153-176.
160. Borja A, Franco J & Perez V, A marine biotic index to establish the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(12): 1100-1114.
161. Brandt A, Abundance, diversity and community patterns of epibenthic- and benthic boundary layer peracarid crustaceans at 75° N off East Greenland. Polar Biol., 1997, 17: 159-174.
162. Brey T, Estimating productivity of macrobenthic invertebrates from biomass and mean individual weight. Meeresforsch. 1990,32: 329-343.
163. Briggs JC, Species diversity: land and sea compared. Syst. Biol., 1994, 43: 130-135.
164. Clare KR, Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. A ust.J. Ecol., 1993, 18: 117-143.
165. Clarke KR and Ainsworth M, A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser., 1993, 92:205-219.
166. Clarke KR and Warwick RM, Quantifying structural redundancy in ecological communities. Oecologia, 1998, 113:278-289.
167. Cloern JM, Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San Francisco Bay ? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1982, 9: 191-202.
168. Coleman N, Gason A and Poore GCB, High species richness in the shallow marine waters of south-east Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1997, 154: 17-26.
169. Coul BC, Chandler GT, Pollution and meiofauna: field. Laboratory and mesocosm studies. Oceanogr Mar. Biol. Annu Rev, 1992,23: 399-489.
170. Crisp DJ, Energy flow measurements. In: Holme NA and McIntyre AD. (eds.), Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos (2nd edition). Blackwell Oxford, 1984: 284-372.
171. Dame R, Zingmark R, Stevenson R. Nelson D, Filter feeder coupling between the estuarine water column and benthic subsystems. In: Kennedy, V.S. (eds.), Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, San Diego, 1980: 521-526.
172. Dauvin JC, Zouhiri S, Suprabenthic crustacean fauna of a dense Ampelisca community from
the English Channel, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 1996, 76: 909-929.
173. De Bovee f. & Soyer J. Cycle annuel quantitatif du meiobenthos des vases terrigenes cotieres. Distribution verticale. Vie et Millieu 1974,24:141-151.
174. DeAngelis PL, Waterhouse JC, Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecol. Monogr., 1987, 57: 1-21.
175. Dettrich HW, Westerfield M, Zon LI. The Zebrafish. London: Academic Press, 1999.
176. Ehrlich PR, Wilson EO, Biodiversity studies: Science and policy. Science, 1991, 253: 758-762.
177. Erik Bonsdorff, The use of the Log-Normal distribution of individuals among species in Monitoring zoobenthos in the Northern Baltic Archipelago, Mar. Poll. Bull.,13 (1982),9: 324-327.
178. Feller R & Warwick RM, Energetics. In: Introduction to the study of Meiofauna, edited By R.P.Higgins & H.Thiel,Simthsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1988,pp.18-38.
179. Fenchel TM, Riedl RJ. The sulfide system: a new biotic community underneath the oxidized layer of marine sand bottom. Mar. Biol., 1970,7:255-268.
180. Fisher RA., Corbet AS., Williams CB, The relationship between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1943, 12: 42-58.
181. Flammarion P, Noury P, Garric J. The measurement of cholinesterase activities as a biomarker in chub (Leuciscus cephalus): the fish length should not be ignored. Environmental Pollution. 2002.
182. Frid CLJ., Buchanan JB, Garwood PR. Short communication: variability and stability: twenty-two years of monitoring of Northumberland. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 1996, 53: 978-980.
183. Gahms HU, Qian PY, 2004. Multiple Interactions at Setting Sites.
184.GB/T18420.2-2001海洋石油勘探开发污染物的生物毒性检验方法.
185.GBI8420.1-2001海洋石油勘探开发污染物的生物毒性分级.
186. Gerlach SA, On the importance of marine meiofauna for benthos communities. Oecologia, 1971,6:176-190.
187. Gerlach SA, Riemann FA Catalogue of Nematoda Adenophorea excluding the Dorylaimida.Verff lust Meeresforsch Bremerh. 1974,(4):405.
188. Gerlack SA, On the importance of marine meiofauna for benthos communities. Oecologia(Berl.), 1971,6:176-190.
189. Goldberg ED, Missel US, Result on trace metals and mdionuclides. Estuarine Costal and Shelf. Science,1977-1978,16 (1): 69-93.
190. Graf G., Rosenberg R. Bioresuspension and biodeposion: a review. J. Mar. Systems, 1997, 11: 269-278.
191. Grassle JG, Maciolek NJ, Deep-sea species richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples. Am. Nat., 1992, 139: 313-341.
192. Gray JS, Detecting pollution—induced changes in communities using the log—normal distribution of individuals among species. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1981b, 12: 173-176.
193. Gray JS, Is coastal biodiversity as high as that of the deep sea? In: Eleftheriou, A., Ansell AD. and Smith CJ. (eds.), Biology and ecology of shallow coastal waters. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, 1995: 181-184.
194. Gray JS, Is deep-sea species diversity really so high? Species diversity of the Norwegian continental shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1994, 112: 205-209.
195. Gray JS, Poore GCB, Ugland KL, Wilson RS, Coastal and deep-sea benthic diversities compared. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1997, 159: 97-103.
196. Gray JS, The Ecology of Marine Sediments-An introduction to the structure and function of benthic communities. Cambridge University Press, 1981a.
197. Guo Y, Somerfield PJ, Warwick RM et al. Large-scale patterns in the community structure and biodiversity of freeing nematodes in the Bohai Sea, China,J.Mar.Biol.Ass.U.K.,2001,81:755-763.
198. Heip C, et al, The ecology of marine nematode. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann, Rev, 1985,23:399-489.
199. Heip C, Vincx M, Smol N & Vranken G, The systematics and ecology of free-living marine nematodes. Commonw.lnst.Parasitol.,helminthological Abst.Ser.B, 1982.51:1-31.
200. Heip C, Vincx M, Vranken G, The ecology of marine nematodes. Oceanogr.Mar.Biol. Annu.Rev. 1985.23:399-489.
201. Hick GRF, & Coull BC, The ecology of marine meiobenthic Harpacticoid copepods. Oceannogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 1983,21: 67-175.
202. Higgins RM and Thiel H, Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna.Smithsonnian Institution Press, Washing DC. 488pp. 1988.(eds).
203. Hily C, Is the activity of benthic suspension feeders a factor controlling water quality in the Bay of Brest? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1991, 69: 179-188.
204. Holme NA., McIntyre AD, Methods for the study of marine benthos. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, 1984: 387.
205. Hope & Zhang, Hope WD and Zhang ZN, 1995, New nematodes from the Yellow Sea, Hopperia hexdentata n.sp. and Cervonema deltensis n.sp. (Chromadorida:Comesomatidae), with observations on morphology and systematics, Invertebrate Biology, 114(2), 119-138.
206. Horn HS, MacArthur RH, Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin environment. Ecology. 1972,5: 749-752.
207. Huting NC, Gray JS, A Manual for the Study of Meiofauna Smithsonian Contrihtion to Zoology, Washington DC,1971,78-83.
208. Huys R ,Gee JM, Moore CG, et al. Marine and brackish water harpacticoid copepods. Part 1. In: Synopses of the British Fauna (New series), D.M.Kermack,R.S.K. Brnes and J.H.Crothers edit.,London. 1996,352pp.
209. Jackson JBC, Community unity? Science, 1994, 264:1412-1413.
210. Jensen KT, Macrozoobenthos on an intertidal mudflat in the Danish Wadden Sea: comparisons of surveys made in the 1930s, 1940s and 1980s. Helgolander Meeresunters, 1992,46: 363-376.
211. Josefson AB, Jensen JN, Aertebjerg G, The benthos community structure anomaly in the late 1970s and early 1980s - a result of a major food pulse? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1993, 172: 31-45.
212. Juario VJ, Nematode species composition and seasonal fluctuation of a sublittoral meiofauna community in the German Bight.Veroff.Inst.Mecresforsch.Bremerh. 1975,15:283-337.
213. Kahle J, Zauke GP, Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the calanoid copepod Metridia gerlachei from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Science of The Total Environment, 2002, 295 (1～3): 1～16.
214. Kanneworff E, Christensen H, Benthic community respiration in relation to sedimentation of phytoplankton in the esund. Ophelia, 1986, 26: 269-284.
215. Khan RA, Payne JF, Some factors influencing EROD activity in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) exposed to effluent from a pulp and paper mill. Chemosphere, 2002, 46 (2): 235～239.
216. Kroncke I. Long-term change in North Sea benthos. Senckenbergiana Marit, 1995, 26: 73-80.
217. Kuidong Xu, Joong Ki Choi, Eun Jin Yang, et al. Biomonitoring of coastal pollution status using protozoan communities with a modified PFU method. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002, 44 (9): 877～886.
218. Lalli CM, Parsons TR, Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. Elsevier, Amsterdam,1993:261(中译本:张志南,周红等译.青岛海洋大学出版社,青岛,2000:251).
219. Lambshead PJD, Platt H M and Shaw K M, The detection of differences among assemblages of marine benthic based on an assessment of dominance and diversity.J.Nat.Hist., 1983.17:859-874.
220. Larvae, Meiofauna and Biofilms, Italy: Twelfth Internationa Meiofauna Conference, 11-16.
221. Leppakoski E, Assessment of degree of pollution on the basis of macrozoobenthos in marine and Brackish-water environments, Acta Acard. Abo ser. B35 (1975): 1-90.
222. Levinton JS. Marine biology, function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
223. Lie U, Evans R K, Mar. Biol. 1970, 21: 122-126.
224. Livingstorn DR, Responses of the detoxication/toxication enzyme systems of molluses to organic pollutants and xenobiotics.Marine Poilution Bulletin, 1985,16(4): 158.
225. Lopez JE, Francesch O, Dorrio AV, and Parra S, Long term variation of the infaunal benthos of La Coruna Bay (NW Spain): results from a 12-year study (1982-1993). Sci. Mar., 1995, 59 (Suppl. 1): 49-61.
226. Lopez RL, Levinton JS, Ecology of deposit-feeding animals in marine sediments. Q. Rev. Biol., 1987, 62: 235-260.
227. Loreuzen S, The Phylogenetic systematics of Freeliving Nematodes. London:The Ray Society, 1994,162.
228. Madoni P, et al. A sludge biotic index (SBI) for the evaluation of the biological performance of activated sludge plants based on the microfauna analysis.Wat Res, 1994,28(1):67～75.
229. Madoni P, et al. Comparative analysis of the activated sludge microfauna in s everal sewage treatment works. Wat Res, 1993,27(9):1485～1491.
230. Margalef R, The organization of space. Oikos, 1979, 33: 152-159.
231. McCall PS, Tevesz MJS, (eds.), Animal-Sediment Relations: The Biogenic Alteration of Sediments. Plenum Press, New York, 1982: 586.
232. McIntyre AD, The meiofauna of sub-littoral muds. J. Mrr. Niol. Ass. UK. 1964.44:665-674.
233. Meadows PS, Reid A, The behavior of Corophiurn volutator (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J. Zool., Lond., 1966, 150: 387-399.
234. Mirjana Pavlica, Goran Ⅳ Klobu, Nina Moja, et al. Detection of DNA damage in haemocytes of zebra mussel using comet assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2001, 490 (2): 209-214.
235. Mohamed Dellali, Mauricette Gnassia Barelli, Michele Romeo, et al. The use of acetylcholinesterase activity in Ruditapes decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis in the biomonitoring of Bizerta lagoon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 2001, 130 (2): 227-235.
236. Moodley L, Heip CHR, and Middelburg JJ, Benthic activity in sediments of the northwestern Adriatic Sea: sediment oxygen consumption, macro-and meiofauna dynamics. J. Sea Res., 1998, 40: 263-280.
237. Nicholls AG, Copepods from the interstitial fauna of a sandy beach, Journal of the Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom. 1935.20:379-405.
238. O'Riordan CA, Monismith SG, Koseff JR, The bed hydrodynamics on model bivalve filtration rates. Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Adv. Limnol., 1995, 47: 247-254.
239. Officer CB, Smayda TJ, Mann R, Benthic filter feeding: A natural eutrophication control. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1982, 9: 203-210.
240. Paine RT, In: Marine Rocky Shore and Community Ecology: An Experimentalist's Perspective. Excellence in Ecology, Ecology Institute, Germany, 1994, 4: 152.
241. Pearson TH, Josefson AB, Rosenberg R, Petersen's benthic stations revisited. I. Is the Kattegat becoming eutrophic? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1985, 92: 157-206.
242. Perceval O, Pinel-Alloul B, Methot G, et al. Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein synthesis in freshwater bivalves (Pyganodon grandis): relative influence of the metal exposure gradient versus limnological variability. Environmental Pollution, 2002, 118 (1): 5-17.
243. Petrovi S, Ozreti B, Krajnovi-Ozreti M, et al. Lysosomal Membrane Stability and Metallothioneins in Digestive Gland of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as Biomarkers in a Field Study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42 (12): 1373～1378.
244. Platt HM, & Warwick RM, The significance of free-living nematodes to the littoral ecosystem. 1980, In the Shore Enviroment, 2. Ecosystem, edite by JH. Price et al, Academic Press, New York, NY. 729-759.
245. Platt HM, Shaw KM and Lambshead PJD, Nematode species abundance patterns and their use in the direction of environmental perturbations. Hydrobiologia, 1984. 118:59-66.
246. Platt HM, Shaw KM, and Lambshead PJD. Nematode species abundance patterns and their use in the direction of environmental perturbations. Hydrobiologia, 1984,118: 59-66.
247. Pool JE, et al. A study of the relationship between the mixed liquor fauna and plant performance for a variety of activated sludge sewage treatment works.Wat Res. 1984,18:281-287.
248. Rainbow PS, Blackmore G, Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time. Marine Environmental Research, 2001, 51 (5): 441～463.
249.Rainbow PS.中国近海水域重金属的生物监测.海洋环境科学,1992,11(2):34—40.
250. Reise K, Schubert A. Macrobenthos turnover in the subtidal Wadden Sea: the Norderaue revisited after 60 years. Helgolander Meeresunters, 1987, 41: 69-82.
251. Reish DI, A discussion of the importance of screen size in washing quantative marine bottom samples. Ecology,1985, 46(2): 307-309.
252. Rhoads DC, Mass properties, stability and ecology of marine muds related to burrow activity. Journal of Geology, U.K., 1970: 391-460.
253. Rhoads DC, McCall PL, Yingst JY, Disturbance and production on the estuarine seafloor. American Scientist, 1978, 66: 577-586.
254. Rhoads DC, Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 1974, 12: 263-300.
255. Rhoads DC, Young DK, The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure. Journal of Marine Research, 1970, 28: 150-178.
256. Rhoads DC, Boesch DF, Tang ZC, Xu FC, Huang LQ, and Nilsen KJ, Macrobenthos and sedimentary facies on the Changjiang delta platform and adjacent continental shelf, East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 1985, 4 (1/2): 189-213.
257. Ricklefs RE, Community diversity: Relative roles of local and regional processes. Science, 1987,235: 167-171.
258. Rosenberg R, Gray JS, Josefson AB, Pearson TH, Pertersen's benthic stations revisited. II. Is the Oslofjord and eastern Skagerrak enriched? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1987, 105: 219-251.
259. Rowe GT, Biomass and production in the deep-sea macrobenthos. In: Rowe, G. (eds.), The Sea. Vol. S. Dep-Sea Biology. Wiley, New York, 1983, pp.97-122.
260. Rudnick DT, Elmgren R, & Frithsen JB, Meiofaunal prominence and benthic seasonality in a coastal marine ecosystem. Oecologia 1985,67:157-168.
261. Salvado H, et al. Determination of organic loading rate of activated sludge plants based on protozoan analysis. Wat Res, 1993,27(5): 891-895.
262. Sanders HL, Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952-4. X. The biology of marine bottom communities. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 1956, 15: 345-414.
263. Sarda R, Foreman K, Valiela I, Long-term changes of macroinfaunal assemblages in experimentally enriched salt marsh tidal creeks. Biol. Bull., 1994, 187: 282-283.
264. Schaff T, Levin L, Blair N, De Master D, Pope R, Boehme S, Spatial heterogeneity of benthos on the Carolina continental slope: large (100 km)-scale variation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Sen, 1992,88: 143-160.
265. Shannon CE, Weaver W, The Mathematical Theory of ommunication. Ubana: University of Hlinois Press, 1949.
266. Shelford VE, The ecology of North America. University of Illionis Press. 1963: 892.
267. Shin PKS , Lam WKC . Development of a marine sediment pollution index. Environmental Pollution, 2001, 113: 281-291.
268. Soule ME, Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1986.
269. Sun DY, & Dong YT, Ecological control of polycheate distribution in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent waters. Continental shelf research, 1985, 4:215-225.
270. Tevesz MJS , McCall PS, (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. New York, Plenum Press, 1983: 262.
271. Thiel H, Meiobenthos and nanobenthos of the deep sea. In,The Sea, volume 8,edited by Rowe GT, John Wiley & Sons, New York,pp, 1983,167-230.
272. Thorson G, Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf). In: Hedgepeth J.W. (eds.),
Treatise on Marine Ecology and Palaeoecology. Geological Society of America. 1957: 461-534.
273. Tietjen JH, The ecology of shallow water meiofauna in two New England estuaries. Oecologia, 1969,2:251-291.
274. Van Dolah RF, HylandJL, Hol land AF, et al. A benthic index of biological integrity for assessing habitat quality in estuaries of the southeastern USA. Marine Environmental Research, 1999, 48: 269-283.
275. Walker BH, Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biodiversity, 1992, 6: 18-23.
276. Warwick RM et at, Analyais of macrobenthic and meiobenthic community structure in relation of the species abundance biomass method,Mar.Biol.,1987,95(2):193-200.
277. Warwick RM, A new method for detecting pollution affects on marine macrobenthic communities. Mar.Biol. 1986.92:557-562.
278. Warwick RM, Biodiversity and production on the sea floor. In: Hempel, G (eds.), The ocean and the poles, grand challenges for European cooperation. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1997: 217-226.
279. Warwick RM, Clarke KR, Relearnting the ABC: faxonomic changes and abundance/ biomass relationship in disturbed benthic communities. Marine Biology, 1994, 118: 737-744.
280. Warwick RM, Platt HM & Soerfield PJ, Freeliving marine nematodes. Part HI. Monhysterids. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No.53. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury. 1998.
281.Watin MC,The effects of meifauna on settling macrofauna:meiofauna may structure macrofaunal communities,Oecologia, 1983,59:163-166.
282. Westerberg J, Macrobenthos diversity and organic pollution in the Archipelago of Aland (N. Baltic),Aqua Fenn. (1978): 70-77.
283. Wetsberg SB, Ranasinghe JA, Dauer DM ,et al. An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries. 1997, 20 (1): 149-158.
284. Whittaker RH, Communities and Ecosystems. 2nd edition, New York, Macmillan, 1975.
285. Whittaker RH, Evolution of species diversity in land communities. Evolutionary Biology, 1977, 10: 1-67.
286. Whittaker RH, Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biological Reviews, 1967, 42: 207-264.
287. Whittaker RH, Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 1960, 30: 279-338.
288. Widbom B, Determination of average individual dry weight and ash-free dry weight in different sieve fractions of marine meiofauna. Mar. Biol. 1984.84:101-108.
289. Wieser W, Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay.Ⅱ .The Meiofauna. Limnology and Oceanography, 1960,5:121-137.
290. Woodin SA, Adult-larval interactions in dense faunal assemblages: patterns of abundance. Journal of Marine Research, 1976, 34: 25-41.
291. Woods JA, O'Leary KA, McCarthy RP, et al. Preservation of comet assay slides: comparison with fresh slides. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 1999, 429 (2): 181-187.
292. Yingst JY, Patterns of micro-and meiofaunal abundance in marine sediment, measured with the adenosine triphosphate assay. Mar.Biol. 1978,47:41-45.
293. Zenkevich LA, Biology of the Seas of the U.S.S.R. (Translation by Botcharskaya, S.), George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1963: 955.
294. Zhang ZN, A new species of the genus Thalassironus DeMan, 1889 (Nematodes, Adenophora, Ironidea) from the Bohai sea, China Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao 1990, Vol. 20(3): 103-108.
295. Zhang ZN, New species of marine nematodes from Qingdao, China, Bull Br Mus nat Hist (Zool), 1983.45(5):253-261.
296. Zhang ZN, Two new species of marine nematodes from the Bohai sea,China,Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 1991.21 (2):49-60.
297. Zhang ZN, Two new species of the Genus Dorylaimopsis Dittevsen, 1918 (Nematoda: Adenophora, Comesmatidae) from the Bobai Sea, China, CHIN J Oceanal Limnol, 1992.10(1): 31-39.
298. ZHENG S, Formaminiferal faunal trends and assemblages of the Bohai Sea and East China Sea. Bull, Mar, Sci, 1990, 49: 192-212.
2.毕洪生,孙道元,胶州湾多毛类的生态特点.生态学报.1998,18(1):63-68.
3.毕洪生,孙松,孙道元,胶州湾大型底栖生物群落的变化.海洋与湖沼.2001,32(2):132-137.
4.蔡福龙,陈英,许丕安,等,大弹涂鱼浓集~(137)Cs,~(134)Cs,~(65)Zn,~(60)CO的研究.海洋环境科学,1992,11(1):1—8.
5.蔡福龙,陈英,许丕安,等,悦目大眼蟹作为海洋放射性污染指标物的研究.海洋环境科学,1993,12(3—4):15—24.
6.蔡立哲,洪华生,黄玉山,香港维多利亚港大型底栖生物群落的时空变化.海洋学报,1997,19(2):65—70.
7.蔡立哲,林鹏,余书生,等,深圳河口泥滩多毛类动物的生态研究.海洋环境科学,1998,17(1):41—47.
8.蔡立哲,马丽,高阳,等,海洋底栖动物多样性指数污染程度评价标准的分析。厦门大学学报,2002,41(5):641—646
9.蔡立哲,闽江口潮下带大型底栖生物群落生态特点,纪念陈祯教授诞生百周年论文集,中国科学技术出版社,1994,283～289.
10.蔡晓明,任久长,宗志祥,等,青龙河底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及其水质评价.应用生态学报,1992,3(4):36.
11.陈鸣,达良俊,水污染生物监测和检测方法及其研究进展.上海环境科学,2004.(7).
12.陈莆华等,汞在渤海湾近海表层海水和底质中分布及在两者间迁移的初步研究,1984,3(2):1-7.
13.陈先芬,胶州湾环境污染调查报告.海洋通报.1991(4):72-77.
14.程树军,杨丰华,刘忠华,等,石油开发污染物毒性监测的试验生物筛选Ⅱ.消油剂对水生动物的毒性比较.热带海洋,1999,18(3):95—99.
15.邓巨鲨,关贯勋,徐利生,深圳市福田红树林鸟类保护区及无脊椎动物调查报告,生态科学,1986,(1):44—50.
16.邓岳文,杨丰华,湛波,等,钻井泥浆和消油剂对合浦珠母贝稚贝的急性毒性试验.湛江海洋大学学报,2000,20(4):23—28.
17.范航清,何斌源,韦受庆.海岸红树林地沙丘移动对林内大型底栖动物的影响.生态学报,2000,20(5):722—727.
18.范振刚,胶州湾潮间带污染生态学的研究.海洋科学,1982,(6):39—41.
19.方少华等.厦门文昌鱼自然保护区资源调查及开发利用研究.福建海详研究所,2002年(调查报告).
20.方圆,倪晋仁,蔡立哲,湿地泥沙环境动态评估方法及其应用研究.应用与环境科学学报,2000a,20(6):570-675.
21.方圆,赵志杰,孙卫玲等,深圳湾潮间带湿地沉积物的重金属分布特征.应用基础与工程科学学报,2000b,8(4):343-353.
22.方允中,李文杰主编,自由基与酶:基础理论及其在生物学和医学中的应用.北京:科学出版社.1989,156-157.
23.高尚武,渤海浮游动物生物量及主要种类数量变动的研究.渤海水域生态系统研究论文报告,1995,7.
24.郭玉清,渤海自由生活海洋线虫的群落结构和多样性研究.青岛海洋大学博士论文.2000.
25.国家海洋局,海洋生态环境监测技术规程,2002,4.
26.国家技术监督局,海洋调查规范,海洋生物调查,中华人民共和国国家GB.中国标准出版,北京,1991.
27.国家质量技术监督局GB17378,7—1998,海洋监测规范第七部分,1998.
28.国家质量技术监督局GB17378.7—1998,海洋监测规范第7部分.1998.
29.韩洁,渤海大型底栖动物的生态学研究.青岛海洋大学博士论文.2001.
30.何明海,利用底栖生物监测与评价海洋环境质量.海洋环境科学,1989,8(4):49-54.
31.何明海等,厦门西港底栖生物的生态,台湾海峡,1998,7(2):189-194.
32.贺广凯,黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留量水平,中国环境科学,1996.16(2):96-100.
33.胡炜,成水平,周永欣,稀有鮈卿亚慢性毒性试验.水生生物学报,1998,4.
34.季如宝,张志南,~(14)C示踪法测定养虾池小型底栖动物对底栖硅藻的摄食,青岛海洋大学学报1994,24(总83):199-205.
35.贾晓平,林钦,广东沿海牡蛎石油烃污染研究Ⅳ.海洋环境科学,1992,11(3):18-21.
36.贾晓平,林钦,南海原油和燃料油对仔虾和仔鱼的急性毒性试验.热带海洋,1998,17(1):93-97
37.蒋昭凤,王菊芳,齐庆临,用底栖动物的变化趋势评价湘江水质污染.江苏环境科学,1997,(4):21-25.
38.金岚,环境生态学,第一版,北京:高等教育出版社.1992.
39.孔繁翔,环境生物学,北京:高等教育出版社,2000,162—163.
40.李冠国,多样性指数的应用,海洋科学,1981.2:4-8.
41.李荣冠,江锦祥,厦门西站海域大型底栖生物群落变化,台湾海峡,1989,8(2):144-149.
42.李荣冠,江锦祥,应用丰度生物量比较法监测海洋污染对底栖生物群落的影响,海洋学报,1992,14(1):108-114.
43.李向,两种网目对大型底栖动物定量样品的分选效率.海洋通报.1991,9(4):47-52.
44.李永棋,丁美丽,海洋污染生物学.北京:海洋出版社,1991.445-449.
45.廖先贵,渤海湾底质中砷的地球化学特征.海洋科学,1985.7(4):453-459.
46.刘发义,孙凤,石油污染对梭鱼肝脏混合功能氧化酶的影响.海洋环境科学,1991.10(3):49-52.
47.刘凌云,郑光美,普通动物学.高等教育出版社,第三版,2000.
48.刘绮,一种新的生物监测方法研究.中国环境监测,2000.16(5):38-40.
49.刘瑞玉,等.大型底栖生物生态学.胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京:科学出版社,1992:220-237
50.刘瑞玉,胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京:科学出版社,1982.
51.卢玲,沈英娃,酚类、烷基苯类、硝基苯类化合物和环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有鮈卿的急性毒性.环境科学研究.2002,4.
52.卢纹岱,SPSS for Windows统计分析.电子工业出版社,北京,2000,pp.409-429.
53.罗岳平,李宁,汤光明,生物早期警报系统在水和废水水质评价中的应用.重庆环境科学,2002,24(1):49-54.
54.马藏允,刘海,姚波等,几种大型底柄生物对Cd,Zn,Cu的积累实验研究.中国环境科学.1997,17(2):151-155.
55.马丽,蔡立哲,袁东星,红树林区底栖动物污染生态学研究进展,台湾海峡,2003,22(1):113-119.
56.梅卓华,方东,楼霄,SOS显色法测定水中遗传毒性.环境监测管理与技术,1997,9(3):17-18.
57.慕芳红,渤海底栖桡足类的分类学和生态学研究.青岛海洋大学博士论文.2000.
58.宁修仁,刘字琳,史君贤,渤、黄、东海初级生产力和潜在渔业生产量的评估,海洋学报,1995,17(3):75-84.
59.欧阳培,徐培宁,林种玉,碱土扇贝碱性磷酸酶探.海洋环境科学,1990,9(4):30-34.
60.彭建华,刘家寿,朱爱民.水溪河底栖动物现状及水质评价.水生生物学报,2000,24(4):340.
61.秦蕴珊,李凡,渤海海水中悬浮体的研究.海洋科学,1982,4(2):191-200.
62.邱光胜,印士勇,余秋梅,水生生物环境诊断(AOD)技术应用研究.人民长江,2001,32(7):47-48.
63.任南琪,等,水污染控制微生物学.哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1993.
64.日本生态学会环境间题专门委员会编,卢全章译.环境和指示生物(水域分册),中国环境科学出版社,1987.
65.山东省科学技术委员会,山东省海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告集—综合调查报告.中国科学技术出版社,1990.
66.沈国英,施并章编著,海洋生态学.厦门大学出版社,2002第二版.
67.沈立,张勤,徐韧,等,石油污染对非洲鲫鱼血清蛋白的影响.海洋环境科学,1997,16(1):1-5.
68.沈韫芬,等.微生物监测新技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990.
69.沈志良等,黄河口附近海区沉积物间隙水中营养盐.海洋学报,1991,13(3):407-411.
70.石存斌,吴淑勤,黄志斌,人工配合饵料饲养剑尾鱼的初步研究.实验动物科学与管理.1994,11(5):56-60.
71.史玉强,李开国,沈玉兰,大伙房水库底栖动物(1980～1992)群落结构特征及水质生物学评价.中国环境科学.1994,14(5):14-19.
72.史玉强,赵国华,荆万钧,等,辽宁大伙房水库水质生态学监测的研究.中国环境监测,2000,16(1):12-15.
73.宋金明,海洋沉积物中的生物种群在生源物质循环中的功能.海洋科学,2000,24(4):22-26.
74.苏纪兰,唐启升,中国海洋生态系统动力学研究Ⅱ渤海生态系统动力学过程.科学出版社,2002.
75.孙滨,等,软底动物数量的季节变化.胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京:科学出版社,1992:238-256.
76.孙道元,胶州湾底栖生物的数量动态研究.胶州湾生态学研究.北京:科学出版社,1995,159-165.
77.孙道元,胶州湾多毛类名录及新记录的描述.海洋科学集刊,1990,31:133-146.
78.孙道元,等,胶州湾底栖生物的数量动态研究.胶州湾生态学研究.北京:科学出版社,1995:159-165.
79.孙道元,刘银城,渤海底栖动物种类组成和数量分布,黄渤海海洋.1991,9(1)43—49.
80.孙道元,唐质灿,黄河口及其临近水域底栖动物生态特点.海洋科学集刊,1989,30: 261-275.
81.孙道元、陈木,小头虫作为有机质污染指示生物的调查研究.环境科学,1981,(1)7-19.
82.孙儒泳,动物生态学原理.北京师范大学出版社,北京,1993,pp.352-361.
83.王备新,杨莲芳,大型底栖无脊椎动物水质快速生物评价的研究进展.南京农业大学学报,2001,24(4);107-111.
84.王伯苏,廖宝文,王勇军等,深圳湾红树林生态系统及其持续发展.科学出版社,北京,2002,3-11.
85.王初升,许章程,郑金树,等.研究海洋环境质量生物标准的意义及内容.海洋环境科学,1999,18(3):22-27
86.王敬贤,建立湖北省生物监测系统的必要性与可行性分析.环境科学与技术,2000,90(增刊):87-89.
87.王连生,环境化学进展.化学工业出版社,1995.
88.王梅芳,余祥勇,杨荣权等,二色裂江跳EST和SOD同工酶组织特异性研究.湛江海洋大学学报,2000,20(1):5-8.
89.王诗红,张志南,养虾池海洋线虫的实验室培养及生活史研究.青岛海洋大学学报 1994,24(总83):199-205.
90.王寿景,李立,李燕初,等,厦门河江湾海洋水文特征,台湾海峡,1988,17(2):201-206.
91.王志勇,渤海湾海河口水质污染状况的生物多样性指数法评价.交通环保,1996(6):14-16
92.韦受庆,陈坚,范航清,广西山口红树林保护区大型底栖动物及其生态学的研究.广西科学院学报,993,9(3):45-57.
93.魏玉银,吴春江,孙弟,等,石油对海湾扇贝影响的海上围隔实验.海洋环境科学,1992,11(3):29-32.
94.吴甘霖,利用蚕豆根尖微核技术(MCN)对马鞍山市废水的监测研究.安徽师大学报(自然科学版),1997,20(2):183-188.
95.吴甘霖,利用水花生根尖微核技术(MCN)对马鞍山市废水的监测研究.安庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),1997,8(8):57-62.
96.吴桂汉,陈品健,江瑞胜,等,贝虾混养池底栖动物调查及有机污染评估.厦门大学学报,2002(1):20-25.
97.吴剑峰,蚕豆根尖微核技术监测南通市濠河水质污染的研究.生物学杂志,1999,16(1):23-25.
98.吴景阳,李云飞,渤海湾沉积物中若干重金属的环境地球化学Ⅰ沉积物中重金属的分布模式及其背景值.海洋与湖沼,1985,16(2):92-101.
99.吴可琴,林宝法,祁冬梅译,2020年的海洋科学、发展趋势合可持续发展面临的挑战.海洋出版社,2004.
100.吴荣军,张学雷,郑家声等,海洋生物监测新技术探索:幼虫变态实验.黄渤海海洋,2002,20(1):66-71.
101.吴伟,胡庚东,火村英,等.应用四膜虫刺泡发射评价加氯水体中有机浓集物的致突变性.中国环境科学,1999,19(5):413-416.
102.吴耀泉,胶州湾水域筏式养殖规模与生态调空关系之浅见.海洋科学.1997(3):70.
103.吴耀泉,吕锡缙,孙道元,菲律宾蛤仔生物学与资源.胶州湾生态学和生物资源.北京,科学出版社.1992,339-352.
104.席玉英,韩凤英,郭婷,等,长叶异痣蟌对水体汞污染的指示作用.农业环境保护, 2000,19(6):345-345.
105.谢建春,水体污染与水生动物.生物学通报,2001,36(6):10-11.
106.徐伟,白庆利,曹顶臣,等,彩鲫、红鲫、银鲫体色发育生物学初步观察,水产学杂志,1999,1
107.许木启,从浮游动物群落结构与功能的变化看府河—白洋淀水体的自净效果.水生生物学报,1996,20(3):212-220.
108.杨德渐,孙世春,海洋无脊椎动物学.青岛海洋大学出版社,1999.
109.杨德渐等,中国北部海洋无脊椎动物.高等教育出版社,1996.
110.杨丰华,程树军,魏社林,等.石油开发污染物毒性监测的试验生物筛选Ⅰ.钻井泥浆对水生动物的毒性比较.湛江海洋大学学报,1998,18(3):18-22.
111.杨丰华,邓岳文,杜晓东,等,钻井泥浆和消油剂对合浦珠母贝的急性毒性效应.海洋环境科学,2001,26(2):66-70.
112.杨建强,崔文林,张洪亮等,莱州湾西部海域海洋生态系统健康评价的结构功能指标法.海洋通报,2003,22(5):58-64.
113.尹福祥,杨立辉,应用PFU法监测印染废水净化效能的研究.环境与开发,2001,16(2):32-33.
114.于淑红,王新红,陈荣,等,荧蒽、菲、芘对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)超氧化物歧化酶的影响,厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2000,39(4):504-507.
115.于子山,王诗红,张志南,周宇,紫彩血蛤的生物扰动对沉积物颗粒垂直分布的影响.青岛海洋大学学报,1999,29(2):279-282.
116.于子山,张志南,韩洁,渤海底栖生物次级生产力的初步研究.青岛海洋大学学报,2001,31(6):267-271.
117.于子山,张志南,王诗红,胶州湾北部软底大型底栖动物丰度和生物量的研究.青岛海洋大学学报.2000,30(2):39-41.
118.于子山,张志南,虾池水域小型底栖动物的数量研究。青岛海洋大学学报,1994,24(3):519-526。
119.远克芬,黄河口及邻近海域沉积物中的叶绿素和有机质.青岛海洋大学学报,1990,20(1):46-59.
120.曾丽漩,陈桂珠,余日清,等,水体重金属污染生物监测的研究进展.环境监测管理与技术,2003,15(3):12-16.
121.湛波,黄韧,杨丰华,等,卤虫和扁藻在油田生产水生物毒性监测应用的研究.湛江海洋大学学报,2001,21(2):72.
122.张海波,浅谈水污染的生物监测.丹东师专学报,1998,20(2):67-68.
123.张玺,马绣同,国立北平研究院动物学研究所中文报告汇刊.1936,11:1-96.
124.张雅芝,陈灿忠,王渊源,等,福建红树林区底栖生物生态研究.生态学报,1999,19(6):896-901.
125.张志南,谷峰,于子山,黄河口水下三角洲海洋线虫空间分布的研究.海洋与湖沼,1990,20(1):11-19.
126.张志南,林霞,于子山,大连石槽岩滩附植小型动物的初步研究.青岛海洋大学学报.1994,24(3):373-383.
127.张志南,周宇,韩洁,于子山,生物扰动实验系统(AFS)的基本结构和工作原理.海洋科学,1999,6:28-30.
128.张志南,周宇,韩洁,于子山,应用生物扰动实验系统(Annular Flux System)研究 大型滤食性双壳类的生物沉降作用.青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(2):270-276.
129.张志南,党宏月,于子山,青岛湾有机质污染带小型底栖生物群落的研究.青岛海洋大学学报,1993,23(1):83-91.
130.张志南,等,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(一)生物量,青岛海洋大学学报.1990a,20(2):45-52.
131.张志南,等,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(一)生物与沉积环境的关系,青岛海洋大学学报.1990b,20(2):37-45.
132.张志南,谷峰,于子山,黄河口水下三角洲及其临近水域小型底栖动物的初步研究,海洋与湖沼,1989,21(3):197-207.
133.张志南,郭玉清,慕芳红,等,渤海小型底栖生物生态学的初步研究.国家自然基金重大项目:渤海生态动力学与生物资源的持续利用,2000.中期检查论文报告集.
134.张志南,海洋底栖生物基础.中国海洋大学生命学院试用教材.1984:5.
135.张志南,钱国珍,小型底栖生物取样方法的研究.海洋湖沼通报,1990,4:37-42.
136.张志南,秦皇岛四个砂质海滩自由生活海洋线虫的数量研究,青岛海洋大学学报,1991,21(1):63-75.
137.张志南,水层-底栖耦合的某些进展.青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(1):115-122.
138.张志南,图立红,于子山,黄河口及邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(2).生物与沉积环境的关系.青岛海洋大学学报,1990b,20(2):45-52.
139.张志南,图立红,于子山,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物的初步研究(1)生物量,青岛海洋大学学报,1990a,20(1):37-45.
140.张志南,周红,于子山,韩洁,胶州湾小型底栖生物得丰度和生物量.海洋与湖沼,2001,32(3):139-147.
141.张自杰,等,活性污泥生物学与反应动力学.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.
142.赵晶,Westheide W,吴宝铃,黄海小型砂间多毛类异触手属一新种,海洋与湖沼,1991,22(4):304-308.
143.赵晶,Westheide W,吴宝铃,黄海砂间小型多毛类微目属新种(多毛类:海女虫科),动物分类学报,1993,18(1):1-4.
144.赵晶,吴宝铃,黄海小型砂间多毛类海女虫科初步研究.黄渤海海洋,1992,10(2):36-41
145.赵伟,渤海辽东湾环境状况及污染防治对策.辽宁城乡环境科技,1997,19(3):25-30.
146.郑雯君,处理水域溢油的化学试剂.海洋环境科学,1993,12(2):68-74.
147.庄峙厦,等,香港维多利亚港沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd在各地球化学相中的分布特征,厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1994,33(6):832-837.
148.邹栋梁,肩淑英,铜、锌、镉、汞、锰和铬对斑节对虾仔虾急性毒性的研究.海洋环境科学,1994,13(3):13-18.
149. Abele LG, Waiters K, Marine benthic diversity: a critique and alternative explanation. J. Biogeogr., 1979a, 6: 115-126.
150. Abele LG, Walters K, The stability-time hypothesis: reevaluation of the data. Am. Nat., 1979b, 114: 559-568.
151. Aller JY and Stupakoff, I. The distribution and seasonal characteristics of benthic communities on the Amazon shelf as indicators of physical process. Continental Shelf Research, 1996,16 (5/6): 717-751.
152. Al-Shahwani SM, et al., The use of protozoa to indicate changes in the perfor mance of activated sludge plants.Wat Res, 1991,25(6):633-638.
153. Arntz WE, Gili JM , ReiseK, Unjustifiably ignored: reflections on the role of benthos in marine ecosystem. In: Gray JS, Ambrose WJ and Szaniawska, (eds.), Biogeochemical cycling and sediment ecology. Kliwer Academic Publishers. 1998: 105-124.
154. ASTME1022-94, Standard Practice for conducting biocontraction tests with fishes and satt water bivalve amaolluske.1994.
155. ASTME1463-92, Standard guide for conducting static and flow-through acute toxicity tests with myside from the coast of the United States. 1992.
156. Belding DC. The respiratory movements of fish as an indicator of a toxic environment, Trans. Am. Fish Soc., 1999, 59: 238-246.
157. Beukema JJ, Essink K, Michaelis H. The geographic scale of synchronized fluctuation patterns in zoobenthos populations as a key to underlying factors: climatic or man-induced. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 1996, 53: 964-971.
158. Beukema JJ, Mar. Biol. 1991, 111: 293-307.
159. Bonsdorff E, Blomqvist EM, Biotic coupling on shallow water soft bottoms - examples from the Northern Baltic Sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 1993,31: 153-176.
160. Borja A, Franco J & Perez V, A marine biotic index to establish the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(12): 1100-1114.
161. Brandt A, Abundance, diversity and community patterns of epibenthic- and benthic boundary layer peracarid crustaceans at 75° N off East Greenland. Polar Biol., 1997, 17: 159-174.
162. Brey T, Estimating productivity of macrobenthic invertebrates from biomass and mean individual weight. Meeresforsch. 1990,32: 329-343.
163. Briggs JC, Species diversity: land and sea compared. Syst. Biol., 1994, 43: 130-135.
164. Clare KR, Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. A ust.J. Ecol., 1993, 18: 117-143.
165. Clarke KR and Ainsworth M, A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser., 1993, 92:205-219.
166. Clarke KR and Warwick RM, Quantifying structural redundancy in ecological communities. Oecologia, 1998, 113:278-289.
167. Cloern JM, Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San Francisco Bay ? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1982, 9: 191-202.
168. Coleman N, Gason A and Poore GCB, High species richness in the shallow marine waters of south-east Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1997, 154: 17-26.
169. Coul BC, Chandler GT, Pollution and meiofauna: field. Laboratory and mesocosm studies. Oceanogr Mar. Biol. Annu Rev, 1992,23: 399-489.
170. Crisp DJ, Energy flow measurements. In: Holme NA and McIntyre AD. (eds.), Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos (2nd edition). Blackwell Oxford, 1984: 284-372.
171. Dame R, Zingmark R, Stevenson R. Nelson D, Filter feeder coupling between the estuarine water column and benthic subsystems. In: Kennedy, V.S. (eds.), Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, San Diego, 1980: 521-526.
172. Dauvin JC, Zouhiri S, Suprabenthic crustacean fauna of a dense Ampelisca community from
the English Channel, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 1996, 76: 909-929.
173. De Bovee f. & Soyer J. Cycle annuel quantitatif du meiobenthos des vases terrigenes cotieres. Distribution verticale. Vie et Millieu 1974,24:141-151.
174. DeAngelis PL, Waterhouse JC, Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecol. Monogr., 1987, 57: 1-21.
175. Dettrich HW, Westerfield M, Zon LI. The Zebrafish. London: Academic Press, 1999.
176. Ehrlich PR, Wilson EO, Biodiversity studies: Science and policy. Science, 1991, 253: 758-762.
177. Erik Bonsdorff, The use of the Log-Normal distribution of individuals among species in Monitoring zoobenthos in the Northern Baltic Archipelago, Mar. Poll. Bull.,13 (1982),9: 324-327.
178. Feller R & Warwick RM, Energetics. In: Introduction to the study of Meiofauna, edited By R.P.Higgins & H.Thiel,Simthsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1988,pp.18-38.
179. Fenchel TM, Riedl RJ. The sulfide system: a new biotic community underneath the oxidized layer of marine sand bottom. Mar. Biol., 1970,7:255-268.
180. Fisher RA., Corbet AS., Williams CB, The relationship between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1943, 12: 42-58.
181. Flammarion P, Noury P, Garric J. The measurement of cholinesterase activities as a biomarker in chub (Leuciscus cephalus): the fish length should not be ignored. Environmental Pollution. 2002.
182. Frid CLJ., Buchanan JB, Garwood PR. Short communication: variability and stability: twenty-two years of monitoring of Northumberland. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 1996, 53: 978-980.
183. Gahms HU, Qian PY, 2004. Multiple Interactions at Setting Sites.
184.GB/T18420.2-2001海洋石油勘探开发污染物的生物毒性检验方法.
185.GBI8420.1-2001海洋石油勘探开发污染物的生物毒性分级.
186. Gerlach SA, On the importance of marine meiofauna for benthos communities. Oecologia, 1971,6:176-190.
187. Gerlach SA, Riemann FA Catalogue of Nematoda Adenophorea excluding the Dorylaimida.Verff lust Meeresforsch Bremerh. 1974,(4):405.
188. Gerlack SA, On the importance of marine meiofauna for benthos communities. Oecologia(Berl.), 1971,6:176-190.
189. Goldberg ED, Missel US, Result on trace metals and mdionuclides. Estuarine Costal and Shelf. Science,1977-1978,16 (1): 69-93.
190. Graf G., Rosenberg R. Bioresuspension and biodeposion: a review. J. Mar. Systems, 1997, 11: 269-278.
191. Grassle JG, Maciolek NJ, Deep-sea species richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples. Am. Nat., 1992, 139: 313-341.
192. Gray JS, Detecting pollution—induced changes in communities using the log—normal distribution of individuals among species. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1981b, 12: 173-176.
193. Gray JS, Is coastal biodiversity as high as that of the deep sea? In: Eleftheriou, A., Ansell AD. and Smith CJ. (eds.), Biology and ecology of shallow coastal waters. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, 1995: 181-184.
194. Gray JS, Is deep-sea species diversity really so high? Species diversity of the Norwegian continental shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1994, 112: 205-209.
195. Gray JS, Poore GCB, Ugland KL, Wilson RS, Coastal and deep-sea benthic diversities compared. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1997, 159: 97-103.
196. Gray JS, The Ecology of Marine Sediments-An introduction to the structure and function of benthic communities. Cambridge University Press, 1981a.
197. Guo Y, Somerfield PJ, Warwick RM et al. Large-scale patterns in the community structure and biodiversity of freeing nematodes in the Bohai Sea, China,J.Mar.Biol.Ass.U.K.,2001,81:755-763.
198. Heip C, et al, The ecology of marine nematode. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann, Rev, 1985,23:399-489.
199. Heip C, Vincx M, Smol N & Vranken G, The systematics and ecology of free-living marine nematodes. Commonw.lnst.Parasitol.,helminthological Abst.Ser.B, 1982.51:1-31.
200. Heip C, Vincx M, Vranken G, The ecology of marine nematodes. Oceanogr.Mar.Biol. Annu.Rev. 1985.23:399-489.
201. Hick GRF, & Coull BC, The ecology of marine meiobenthic Harpacticoid copepods. Oceannogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 1983,21: 67-175.
202. Higgins RM and Thiel H, Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna.Smithsonnian Institution Press, Washing DC. 488pp. 1988.(eds).
203. Hily C, Is the activity of benthic suspension feeders a factor controlling water quality in the Bay of Brest? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1991, 69: 179-188.
204. Holme NA., McIntyre AD, Methods for the study of marine benthos. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, 1984: 387.
205. Hope & Zhang, Hope WD and Zhang ZN, 1995, New nematodes from the Yellow Sea, Hopperia hexdentata n.sp. and Cervonema deltensis n.sp. (Chromadorida:Comesomatidae), with observations on morphology and systematics, Invertebrate Biology, 114(2), 119-138.
206. Horn HS, MacArthur RH, Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin environment. Ecology. 1972,5: 749-752.
207. Huting NC, Gray JS, A Manual for the Study of Meiofauna Smithsonian Contrihtion to Zoology, Washington DC,1971,78-83.
208. Huys R ,Gee JM, Moore CG, et al. Marine and brackish water harpacticoid copepods. Part 1. In: Synopses of the British Fauna (New series), D.M.Kermack,R.S.K. Brnes and J.H.Crothers edit.,London. 1996,352pp.
209. Jackson JBC, Community unity? Science, 1994, 264:1412-1413.
210. Jensen KT, Macrozoobenthos on an intertidal mudflat in the Danish Wadden Sea: comparisons of surveys made in the 1930s, 1940s and 1980s. Helgolander Meeresunters, 1992,46: 363-376.
211. Josefson AB, Jensen JN, Aertebjerg G, The benthos community structure anomaly in the late 1970s and early 1980s - a result of a major food pulse? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1993, 172: 31-45.
212. Juario VJ, Nematode species composition and seasonal fluctuation of a sublittoral meiofauna community in the German Bight.Veroff.Inst.Mecresforsch.Bremerh. 1975,15:283-337.
213. Kahle J, Zauke GP, Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the calanoid copepod Metridia gerlachei from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Science of The Total Environment, 2002, 295 (1～3): 1～16.
214. Kanneworff E, Christensen H, Benthic community respiration in relation to sedimentation of phytoplankton in the esund. Ophelia, 1986, 26: 269-284.
215. Khan RA, Payne JF, Some factors influencing EROD activity in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) exposed to effluent from a pulp and paper mill. Chemosphere, 2002, 46 (2): 235～239.
216. Kroncke I. Long-term change in North Sea benthos. Senckenbergiana Marit, 1995, 26: 73-80.
217. Kuidong Xu, Joong Ki Choi, Eun Jin Yang, et al. Biomonitoring of coastal pollution status using protozoan communities with a modified PFU method. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002, 44 (9): 877～886.
218. Lalli CM, Parsons TR, Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. Elsevier, Amsterdam,1993:261(中译本:张志南,周红等译.青岛海洋大学出版社,青岛,2000:251).
219. Lambshead PJD, Platt H M and Shaw K M, The detection of differences among assemblages of marine benthic based on an assessment of dominance and diversity.J.Nat.Hist., 1983.17:859-874.
220. Larvae, Meiofauna and Biofilms, Italy: Twelfth Internationa Meiofauna Conference, 11-16.
221. Leppakoski E, Assessment of degree of pollution on the basis of macrozoobenthos in marine and Brackish-water environments, Acta Acard. Abo ser. B35 (1975): 1-90.
222. Levinton JS. Marine biology, function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
223. Lie U, Evans R K, Mar. Biol. 1970, 21: 122-126.
224. Livingstorn DR, Responses of the detoxication/toxication enzyme systems of molluses to organic pollutants and xenobiotics.Marine Poilution Bulletin, 1985,16(4): 158.
225. Lopez JE, Francesch O, Dorrio AV, and Parra S, Long term variation of the infaunal benthos of La Coruna Bay (NW Spain): results from a 12-year study (1982-1993). Sci. Mar., 1995, 59 (Suppl. 1): 49-61.
226. Lopez RL, Levinton JS, Ecology of deposit-feeding animals in marine sediments. Q. Rev. Biol., 1987, 62: 235-260.
227. Loreuzen S, The Phylogenetic systematics of Freeliving Nematodes. London:The Ray Society, 1994,162.
228. Madoni P, et al. A sludge biotic index (SBI) for the evaluation of the biological performance of activated sludge plants based on the microfauna analysis.Wat Res, 1994,28(1):67～75.
229. Madoni P, et al. Comparative analysis of the activated sludge microfauna in s everal sewage treatment works. Wat Res, 1993,27(9):1485～1491.
230. Margalef R, The organization of space. Oikos, 1979, 33: 152-159.
231. McCall PS, Tevesz MJS, (eds.), Animal-Sediment Relations: The Biogenic Alteration of Sediments. Plenum Press, New York, 1982: 586.
232. McIntyre AD, The meiofauna of sub-littoral muds. J. Mrr. Niol. Ass. UK. 1964.44:665-674.
233. Meadows PS, Reid A, The behavior of Corophiurn volutator (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J. Zool., Lond., 1966, 150: 387-399.
234. Mirjana Pavlica, Goran Ⅳ Klobu, Nina Moja, et al. Detection of DNA damage in haemocytes of zebra mussel using comet assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2001, 490 (2): 209-214.
235. Mohamed Dellali, Mauricette Gnassia Barelli, Michele Romeo, et al. The use of acetylcholinesterase activity in Ruditapes decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis in the biomonitoring of Bizerta lagoon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 2001, 130 (2): 227-235.
236. Moodley L, Heip CHR, and Middelburg JJ, Benthic activity in sediments of the northwestern Adriatic Sea: sediment oxygen consumption, macro-and meiofauna dynamics. J. Sea Res., 1998, 40: 263-280.
237. Nicholls AG, Copepods from the interstitial fauna of a sandy beach, Journal of the Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom. 1935.20:379-405.
238. O'Riordan CA, Monismith SG, Koseff JR, The bed hydrodynamics on model bivalve filtration rates. Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Adv. Limnol., 1995, 47: 247-254.
239. Officer CB, Smayda TJ, Mann R, Benthic filter feeding: A natural eutrophication control. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1982, 9: 203-210.
240. Paine RT, In: Marine Rocky Shore and Community Ecology: An Experimentalist's Perspective. Excellence in Ecology, Ecology Institute, Germany, 1994, 4: 152.
241. Pearson TH, Josefson AB, Rosenberg R, Petersen's benthic stations revisited. I. Is the Kattegat becoming eutrophic? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1985, 92: 157-206.
242. Perceval O, Pinel-Alloul B, Methot G, et al. Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein synthesis in freshwater bivalves (Pyganodon grandis): relative influence of the metal exposure gradient versus limnological variability. Environmental Pollution, 2002, 118 (1): 5-17.
243. Petrovi S, Ozreti B, Krajnovi-Ozreti M, et al. Lysosomal Membrane Stability and Metallothioneins in Digestive Gland of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as Biomarkers in a Field Study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42 (12): 1373～1378.
244. Platt HM, & Warwick RM, The significance of free-living nematodes to the littoral ecosystem. 1980, In the Shore Enviroment, 2. Ecosystem, edite by JH. Price et al, Academic Press, New York, NY. 729-759.
245. Platt HM, Shaw KM and Lambshead PJD, Nematode species abundance patterns and their use in the direction of environmental perturbations. Hydrobiologia, 1984. 118:59-66.
246. Platt HM, Shaw KM, and Lambshead PJD. Nematode species abundance patterns and their use in the direction of environmental perturbations. Hydrobiologia, 1984,118: 59-66.
247. Pool JE, et al. A study of the relationship between the mixed liquor fauna and plant performance for a variety of activated sludge sewage treatment works.Wat Res. 1984,18:281-287.
248. Rainbow PS, Blackmore G, Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time. Marine Environmental Research, 2001, 51 (5): 441～463.
249.Rainbow PS.中国近海水域重金属的生物监测.海洋环境科学,1992,11(2):34—40.
250. Reise K, Schubert A. Macrobenthos turnover in the subtidal Wadden Sea: the Norderaue revisited after 60 years. Helgolander Meeresunters, 1987, 41: 69-82.
251. Reish DI, A discussion of the importance of screen size in washing quantative marine bottom samples. Ecology,1985, 46(2): 307-309.
252. Rhoads DC, Mass properties, stability and ecology of marine muds related to burrow activity. Journal of Geology, U.K., 1970: 391-460.
253. Rhoads DC, McCall PL, Yingst JY, Disturbance and production on the estuarine seafloor. American Scientist, 1978, 66: 577-586.
254. Rhoads DC, Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 1974, 12: 263-300.
255. Rhoads DC, Young DK, The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure. Journal of Marine Research, 1970, 28: 150-178.
256. Rhoads DC, Boesch DF, Tang ZC, Xu FC, Huang LQ, and Nilsen KJ, Macrobenthos and sedimentary facies on the Changjiang delta platform and adjacent continental shelf, East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 1985, 4 (1/2): 189-213.
257. Ricklefs RE, Community diversity: Relative roles of local and regional processes. Science, 1987,235: 167-171.
258. Rosenberg R, Gray JS, Josefson AB, Pearson TH, Pertersen's benthic stations revisited. II. Is the Oslofjord and eastern Skagerrak enriched? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1987, 105: 219-251.
259. Rowe GT, Biomass and production in the deep-sea macrobenthos. In: Rowe, G. (eds.), The Sea. Vol. S. Dep-Sea Biology. Wiley, New York, 1983, pp.97-122.
260. Rudnick DT, Elmgren R, & Frithsen JB, Meiofaunal prominence and benthic seasonality in a coastal marine ecosystem. Oecologia 1985,67:157-168.
261. Salvado H, et al. Determination of organic loading rate of activated sludge plants based on protozoan analysis. Wat Res, 1993,27(5): 891-895.
262. Sanders HL, Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952-4. X. The biology of marine bottom communities. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 1956, 15: 345-414.
263. Sarda R, Foreman K, Valiela I, Long-term changes of macroinfaunal assemblages in experimentally enriched salt marsh tidal creeks. Biol. Bull., 1994, 187: 282-283.
264. Schaff T, Levin L, Blair N, De Master D, Pope R, Boehme S, Spatial heterogeneity of benthos on the Carolina continental slope: large (100 km)-scale variation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Sen, 1992,88: 143-160.
265. Shannon CE, Weaver W, The Mathematical Theory of ommunication. Ubana: University of Hlinois Press, 1949.
266. Shelford VE, The ecology of North America. University of Illionis Press. 1963: 892.
267. Shin PKS , Lam WKC . Development of a marine sediment pollution index. Environmental Pollution, 2001, 113: 281-291.
268. Soule ME, Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1986.
269. Sun DY, & Dong YT, Ecological control of polycheate distribution in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent waters. Continental shelf research, 1985, 4:215-225.
270. Tevesz MJS , McCall PS, (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. New York, Plenum Press, 1983: 262.
271. Thiel H, Meiobenthos and nanobenthos of the deep sea. In,The Sea, volume 8,edited by Rowe GT, John Wiley & Sons, New York,pp, 1983,167-230.
272. Thorson G, Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf). In: Hedgepeth J.W. (eds.),
Treatise on Marine Ecology and Palaeoecology. Geological Society of America. 1957: 461-534.
273. Tietjen JH, The ecology of shallow water meiofauna in two New England estuaries. Oecologia, 1969,2:251-291.
274. Van Dolah RF, HylandJL, Hol land AF, et al. A benthic index of biological integrity for assessing habitat quality in estuaries of the southeastern USA. Marine Environmental Research, 1999, 48: 269-283.
275. Walker BH, Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biodiversity, 1992, 6: 18-23.
276. Warwick RM et at, Analyais of macrobenthic and meiobenthic community structure in relation of the species abundance biomass method,Mar.Biol.,1987,95(2):193-200.
277. Warwick RM, A new method for detecting pollution affects on marine macrobenthic communities. Mar.Biol. 1986.92:557-562.
278. Warwick RM, Biodiversity and production on the sea floor. In: Hempel, G (eds.), The ocean and the poles, grand challenges for European cooperation. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1997: 217-226.
279. Warwick RM, Clarke KR, Relearnting the ABC: faxonomic changes and abundance/ biomass relationship in disturbed benthic communities. Marine Biology, 1994, 118: 737-744.
280. Warwick RM, Platt HM & Soerfield PJ, Freeliving marine nematodes. Part HI. Monhysterids. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No.53. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury. 1998.
281.Watin MC,The effects of meifauna on settling macrofauna:meiofauna may structure macrofaunal communities,Oecologia, 1983,59:163-166.
282. Westerberg J, Macrobenthos diversity and organic pollution in the Archipelago of Aland (N. Baltic),Aqua Fenn. (1978): 70-77.
283. Wetsberg SB, Ranasinghe JA, Dauer DM ,et al. An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries. 1997, 20 (1): 149-158.
284. Whittaker RH, Communities and Ecosystems. 2nd edition, New York, Macmillan, 1975.
285. Whittaker RH, Evolution of species diversity in land communities. Evolutionary Biology, 1977, 10: 1-67.
286. Whittaker RH, Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biological Reviews, 1967, 42: 207-264.
287. Whittaker RH, Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 1960, 30: 279-338.
288. Widbom B, Determination of average individual dry weight and ash-free dry weight in different sieve fractions of marine meiofauna. Mar. Biol. 1984.84:101-108.
289. Wieser W, Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay.Ⅱ .The Meiofauna. Limnology and Oceanography, 1960,5:121-137.
290. Woodin SA, Adult-larval interactions in dense faunal assemblages: patterns of abundance. Journal of Marine Research, 1976, 34: 25-41.
291. Woods JA, O'Leary KA, McCarthy RP, et al. Preservation of comet assay slides: comparison with fresh slides. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 1999, 429 (2): 181-187.
292. Yingst JY, Patterns of micro-and meiofaunal abundance in marine sediment, measured with the adenosine triphosphate assay. Mar.Biol. 1978,47:41-45.
293. Zenkevich LA, Biology of the Seas of the U.S.S.R. (Translation by Botcharskaya, S.), George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1963: 955.
294. Zhang ZN, A new species of the genus Thalassironus DeMan, 1889 (Nematodes, Adenophora, Ironidea) from the Bohai sea, China Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao 1990, Vol. 20(3): 103-108.
295. Zhang ZN, New species of marine nematodes from Qingdao, China, Bull Br Mus nat Hist (Zool), 1983.45(5):253-261.
296. Zhang ZN, Two new species of marine nematodes from the Bohai sea,China,Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 1991.21 (2):49-60.
297. Zhang ZN, Two new species of the Genus Dorylaimopsis Dittevsen, 1918 (Nematoda: Adenophora, Comesmatidae) from the Bobai Sea, China, CHIN J Oceanal Limnol, 1992.10(1): 31-39.
298. ZHENG S, Formaminiferal faunal trends and assemblages of the Bohai Sea and East China Sea. Bull, Mar, Sci, 1990, 49: 192-212.