我国成年人群2型糖尿病的流行病学研究
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摘要
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)是由多种病因引起的以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢紊乱,2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)主要由于胰岛素抵抗伴随相对胰岛素分泌不足,或胰岛素分泌缺陷伴有或不伴有胰岛素抵抗,占糖尿病的90%-95%。
近年来,糖尿病在全世界广泛流行,是继肿瘤、心血管疾病之后第三位严重危害人类健康的慢性病。糖尿病易并发多器官病变,而且糖尿病患者常存在多种代谢异常聚集的现象,其在危害人类健康的同时也给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。随着我国经济、社会的迅速发展,膳食结构和生活方式的改变,人口老龄化速度的加快,糖尿病的患病率也呈现快速增加的趋势。在糖尿病患病率快速上升的同时,我国糖尿病的知晓率、治疗率及控制率明显偏低。糖尿病已成为一个严重危害我国人群健康的公共卫生问题,对我国的经济社会发展和人民的身体健康产生越来越严重的影响。
本研究应用具有全国代表性的大样本人群,分析我国成年人群中2型糖尿病的患病率、知晓率、治疗及控制状况以及影响患病的因素,探讨代谢异常的聚集与2型糖尿病的关系,评价全身性肥胖和向心性肥胖测量指标与2型糖尿病和空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)的关系,并评估哪个肥胖测量指标能更好地鉴别中国成年人群2型糖尿病和IFG的发生,为制定2型糖尿病的预防和控制规划提供科学依据。
研究设计与方法
本课题是亚洲心血管疾病国际合作研究(International Collaborative Study ofCardiovascular Disease in ASIA,InterASIA)的中国部分,现场流行病学调查于2000～2001年进行。本研究结合中国的实际情况,应用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在全国范围内抽取有代表性的35～74岁的人群作为研究对象。按照设计要求,应查19012人,实际调查15838人,应答率为83.3%。当前分析的范围限定为年龄在35-74岁之间且完成空腹血糖测定的15236名研究对象。研究内容包括问卷调查(人口学特征、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病的知晓和治疗情况、行为危险因素和膳食调查)、体格检查(身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压)和实验室检测(总胆固醇,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯和空腹血糖)。采用现况研究和病例对照研究方法,对我国35-74岁人群2型糖尿病的患病率、知晓率、治疗及控制情况、2型糖尿病的危险因素以及代谢异常的聚集与2型糖尿病的关系进行研究,并应用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristric curve,ROCcurve)探讨不同肥胖测量指标对2型糖尿病和IFG的鉴别能力。
结果
(一)IFG和T2DM患病率:总体上,我国35-74岁人群IFG和T2DM患病率分别为7.33%和5.49%,年龄标化患病率亦为7.33%和5.49%(应用2000年全国人口普查数据作为标准人口)。男性IFG患病率为7.66%,T2DM的患病率为5.24%;女性IFG患病率为6.98%,T2DM的患病率为5.77%。男女间IFG和T2DM的患病率均无显著的统计学差异(P＞0.05)。随着年龄的增长,IFG和T2DM的患病率呈现出显著的上升趋势(P＜0.0001)。城市居民的T2DM的患病率为7.64%,显著高于农村居民的患病率(4.95%)(P＜0.0001),而IFG患病率在城市(7.69%)和农村(7.24%)间则无显著的统计学差异(P＞0.05)。北方地区居民的IFG和T2DM的患病率分别为8.01%和6.41%,均显著高于南方地区居民的IFG(6.83%)和T2DM(4.83%)的患病率(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。不同文化水平、婚姻状况的研究对象间的IFG、T2DM的患病率差异均无显著的统计学意义(P＞0.05)。不同职业研究对象间的IFG患病率有显著的统计学差异(P＜0.01),而T2DM的患病率无显著差异(P＞0.05)。随着人均收入水平的增高,T2DM的患病率呈现出上升的趋势(P＜0.01),而不同人均收入水平研究对象间的IFG患病率无显著差异(P＞0.05)。
(二)T2DM的知晓率、治疗及空腹血糖水平控制状况:在986例T2DM患者中,23.66%的患者知道自己患有糖尿病,20.33%的患者目前进行药物或非药物治疗,8.28%的患者空腹血糖水平控制在126mg/dl以下;在已诊断的T2DM患者中,85.22%的患者进行药物或非药物治疗,35%的患者空腹血糖水平控制在126mg/dl以下。在不同治疗方式的已诊断糖尿病患者中,采用胰岛素注射疗法或口服降糖药物的T2DM患者的血糖控制率(分别为17.65%和31.3%)显著低于应用非药物疗法的患者(50.38%)(P＜0.05)。
(三)T2DM危险因素分析:在调整了年龄、文化水平、职业、婚姻状况、人均收入、南北、城乡因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,具有糖尿病家族史(OR=5.734,95%CI=3.915-8.398)、总胆固醇水平(OR=1.467,95%CI=1.049-2.052)和甘油三酯水平(OR=1.002,95%CI=1.001-1.004)是男性T2DM发生的正相关因素;而吸烟(相对于不吸烟)(OR=0.685,95%CI=0.489-0.960)和水果摄入频率(OR=0.915,95%CI=0.876-0.956)是男性T2DM发生的负相关因素。对于女性研究对象,具有糖尿病家族史(OR=4.992,95%CI=3.453-7.217)、腰臀比值(OR=1.713,95%CI=1.260-2.330)、收缩压水平(OR=1.018,95%CI=1.260-2.330)、甘油三酯水平(OR=1.004,95%CI=1.009-1.027)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(OR=1.011,95%CI=1.004-1.018)和豆类摄入频率(OR=1.077,95%CI=1.041-1.114)是T2DM发生的正相关因素。
(四)代谢异常的聚集与T2DM的关系:在分析单个用于诊断代谢综合征的指标与T2DM关系时,向心性肥胖、血压升高、低HDL-C和高TG的作用均具有显著性(P＜0.0001),OR(95%CI)分别为2.573(2.160-3.066)、2.338(1.955-2.796)、6.782(4.124-11.125)和2.855(2.392-3.408)。随着代谢指标异常聚集数的增加,T2DM的危险性也增大,在同时聚集四个代谢异常因素时,T2DM的危险性在所有组合中最大(OR=10.939,95%CI=4.575-26.157)。
(五)肥胖测量指标鉴别T2DM:腰臀比值(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)、腰围(waist circumference,WC)和体重指数(body mass index,BMI)鉴别T2DM的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.666(95%CI:0.647-0.685)、0.661(95%CI:0.643-0.682)和0.622(95%CI:0.601-0.642),其中WHR和WC鉴别T2DM的ROC曲线下面积显著大于BMI的面积(所有P＜0.0001),而WHR和WC鉴别T2DM的ROC曲线下面积则无显著差异(P＞0.05)。WHR、WC和BMI鉴别IFG的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.638(95%CI:0.619-0.655)、0.637(95%CI:0.615-0.654)、0.607(95%CI:0.589-0.627),其中WHR和WC鉴别IFG的ROC曲线下面积显著大于BMI的面积(所有P＜0.0001),但WHR和WC鉴别IFG的ROC曲线下面积则无显著差异(P＞0.05)。
结论
(一)我国成年人群T2DM不仅总的患病率水平较高,而且表现出继续升高的趋势,同时发病年龄降低。迫切需要有效的基于人群(社区)的糖尿病干预策略和措施来遏制严峻的发病趋势。
(二)亟需在高危人群中开展糖尿病的筛检计划,提高知晓率,并加强病人的管理,改善病人的治疗和控制现状。
(三)向心性肥胖比全身性肥胖能更好地鉴别2型糖尿病和空腹血糖受损,而且WHR和WC的鉴别能力相仿。我们在重视BMI的同时,不能忽略向心性肥胖尤其是不要忽视BMI正常的人群中向心性肥胖的危害。
Background
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex of metabolic disorder characterized with chronic hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which accounts for 90-95% of DM, results from both genetic and environmental risk factors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity. In recent years, T2DM has reached an epidemic level globally. Following tumor and cardiovascular diseases, T2DM has become the third chronic disease which is most seriously harmful to human health in the world.
In the past few decades, the prevalence of T2DM in China increased rapidly. With the rapid raising in prevalence of T2DM, the hazard by T2DM and its complications became more and more seriously. T2DM associated long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, and clustering of metabolic disorders are common phenomenons in individuals with T2DM. T2DM not only affects health, but also causes the greatly economic burden for family and society. At the same time, contrast to the fast raising of the prevalence for T2DM, the rates of awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM are relatively low. T2DM had become a serious public health problem in China.
The present study was designed to provide current and reliable data on the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors of T2DM in the Chinese adults. It also wants to analyze the relationship between the clustering of metabolic disorders and T2DM, to compare central and overall obesity measurements as correlates of T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and furtherly to determine which single measurement is more powerful for predicting T2DM and IFG.
Study design and methods
International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in ASIA (Inter ASIA), a cross-sectional study, was conducted in 2000～2001. A 4-stage stratified sampling strategy was used to select a nationally representative sample of the Chinese general population aged 35-74 years. 31 provinces (and municipalities) were stratified into northern and southern China, as divided by the Chang Jiang River. Five provinces or municipalities from northern China and five from southern China were selected to be representative of the geographic and economic developing status in their regions. A total of 15 838 persons (7684 men and 8154 women) were selected and completed the study. The present analysis was restricted to the 15 236 adults aged 35 to 74 years who had fasting glucose measured. Data was collected by questionnaire interview (demographic characteristics, T2DM familly history, the awareness and treatment information, behavior risk factors, and diet information), anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure), and laboratory measurements [fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyeride (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. Cross-sectional and case-control study designs were used to analyze the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, risk factors, and the relationship between the clustering of metabolic disorders and T2DM. Receiver operating characteristric (ROC) curve was used to compare central and overall obesity measurements as correlates for predicting T2DM and IFG.
Results
1. Prevalence of IFG and T2DM: The prevalence rates of IFG and DM for the Chinese adults aged 35 to 74 years were 7.33% and 5.49%, respectively, and the age-standardized prevalence of IFG and DM were 7.33% and 5.49% (2000 national population census dada were used as standard population ), respectively. There were no significant differences between males and females for the prevalence rates of T2DM (7.66% for males vs. 5.24% for females) and IFG (6.98% for males vs. 5.77% for females) (all P>0.05). The prevalence rates of IFG and T2DM all increased significantly with age (all P<0.0001). The prevalence rate of T2DM in urban areas (7.64%) was statistically significantly higher than that in rural ones (4.95%) (P<0.0001), however, there was no significant difference for the prevalence rate of IFG between urban and rural areas (7.69% vs. 7.24%) (P>0.05). The prevalence rates of IFG and T2DM in north were significantly higher than those in south (8.01% vs. 6.83% for IFG and 6.41% vs. 4.83% for T2DM) (both P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences for the prevalence rates of IFG and T2DM among different education levels, and marital status. There was statistical difference for the prevalence rate of IFG among individuals with different occupations (P<0.01), but there was no difference for the prevalence rate of T2DM. The T2DM rates but not IFG increased across average yearly individual income levels.
2. Awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM: Among 986 T2DM participants, 23.66% were aware of their DM diagnosis, 20.33% were taking prescription medication or nonpharmacological interventions, and 8.28% were having their fasting glucose level under 126mg/dl. Among diabetics who reported a prior diagnosis of DM, 85.22% were taking prescription medication or nonpharmacological interventions, 35% had fasting plasma glucose < 126 mg/dl. Among diabetics who reported a prior DM diagnosis using different treatment methods, the rates of control in diabetics for using insulin (17.65%) or oral hypoglycemic medication (31.3%) were significantly lower than that in diabetics for using nonpharmacological treatment (50.38%) (P<0.05).
3. Risk factors of T2DM: After adjusted for age, education level, occupation, marital status, average yearly individual income, and geographic region (urban or rural, north or south), logistic regression analysis shows that family history of diabetes (OR=5.734, 95%CI: 3.915-8.398), TC level (OR=1.467, 95%CI: 1.049-2.052), and TG level (OR=1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.004) were significantly positively associated with T2DM, whereas, smoking (OR=0.685, 95%CI: 0.489-0.960) and the frequency of fruit intake (OR=O.915, 95%CI: 0.876-0.956) were nagatively associated with the development of T2DM in males. For females, the family history of diabetes (OR=4.992, 95%CI: 3.453-7.217), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (OR=1.713, 95%CI: 1.260-2.330), systolic blood pressure level (OR=1.018, 95%CI: 1.260-2.330), TG level (OR=1.004, 95%CI: 1.009-1.027), HDL-C (OR=1.011, 95%CI: 1.004-1.018), and the frequency of intake of beans (OR=1.077, 95%CI: 1.041-1.114) were significantly positively related to the development of T2DM.
4. The relationship between the cluster of metabolic disorder indexes and T2DM: Central obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL-C, and high TG were all significantly associated with T2DM when only one index was compared. The ORs (95%CI) were 2.573 (2.160-3.066), 2.338 (1.955-2.796), 6.782 (4.124-11.125), and 2.855 (2.392-3.408) for central obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL-C level, and high TG level, respectively. The risk to have T2DM was enhanced with the increase of metabolic disorder indexes and the hazard to have T2DM is biggist (OR=1 0.939, 95%CI=4.575-26.157) when four indexes clusterd.
5. The identijyting abilities of different obesity measurements for T2DM and IFG: ROC analysis reveals significant differences between areas under ROC curve (AUCs) for WHR (0.666, 95%CI: 0.647-0.685) and body mass index (BMI) (0.622, 95%CI: 0.601-0.642) and waist circumference (WC) (0.661, 95%CI: 0.643-0.682) and BMI for identifying T2DM (all P<0.0001). The analysis also demonstrates the significant differences between AUCs for WHR (0.638, 95%CI: 0.619-0.655) and BMI (0.607, 95%CI: 0.589-0.627) and WC (0.637, 95%CI: 0.615-0.654) and BMI for identifying IFG(all P<0.001).
Conclusions
1. The prevalence rate of T2DM for the Chinese adults is comparatively high, and shows a trend to keep increasing; at the same time, the on-set age for having T2DM is decreasing. The effective intervention strategies and measures for T2DM based on population (community) are urgently needed in China.
2. There is stringent need for the diabetes screening program in high risk population to increase the awareness rate. It is also need to strengthen the management of the diabetics so that to improve the treatment and control status.
3. Central rather than overall obesity is related more closely to T2DM and IFG in the Chinese adult population and both WHR and WC are equally able to identify T2DM and IFG. Central obesity should be emphasiszed in the population especially for those individuals with BMI within the normal range.
近年来,糖尿病在全世界广泛流行,是继肿瘤、心血管疾病之后第三位严重危害人类健康的慢性病。糖尿病易并发多器官病变,而且糖尿病患者常存在多种代谢异常聚集的现象,其在危害人类健康的同时也给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。随着我国经济、社会的迅速发展,膳食结构和生活方式的改变,人口老龄化速度的加快,糖尿病的患病率也呈现快速增加的趋势。在糖尿病患病率快速上升的同时,我国糖尿病的知晓率、治疗率及控制率明显偏低。糖尿病已成为一个严重危害我国人群健康的公共卫生问题,对我国的经济社会发展和人民的身体健康产生越来越严重的影响。
本研究应用具有全国代表性的大样本人群,分析我国成年人群中2型糖尿病的患病率、知晓率、治疗及控制状况以及影响患病的因素,探讨代谢异常的聚集与2型糖尿病的关系,评价全身性肥胖和向心性肥胖测量指标与2型糖尿病和空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)的关系,并评估哪个肥胖测量指标能更好地鉴别中国成年人群2型糖尿病和IFG的发生,为制定2型糖尿病的预防和控制规划提供科学依据。
研究设计与方法
本课题是亚洲心血管疾病国际合作研究(International Collaborative Study ofCardiovascular Disease in ASIA,InterASIA)的中国部分,现场流行病学调查于2000～2001年进行。本研究结合中国的实际情况,应用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在全国范围内抽取有代表性的35～74岁的人群作为研究对象。按照设计要求,应查19012人,实际调查15838人,应答率为83.3%。当前分析的范围限定为年龄在35-74岁之间且完成空腹血糖测定的15236名研究对象。研究内容包括问卷调查(人口学特征、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病的知晓和治疗情况、行为危险因素和膳食调查)、体格检查(身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压)和实验室检测(总胆固醇,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯和空腹血糖)。采用现况研究和病例对照研究方法,对我国35-74岁人群2型糖尿病的患病率、知晓率、治疗及控制情况、2型糖尿病的危险因素以及代谢异常的聚集与2型糖尿病的关系进行研究,并应用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristric curve,ROCcurve)探讨不同肥胖测量指标对2型糖尿病和IFG的鉴别能力。
结果
(一)IFG和T2DM患病率:总体上,我国35-74岁人群IFG和T2DM患病率分别为7.33%和5.49%,年龄标化患病率亦为7.33%和5.49%(应用2000年全国人口普查数据作为标准人口)。男性IFG患病率为7.66%,T2DM的患病率为5.24%;女性IFG患病率为6.98%,T2DM的患病率为5.77%。男女间IFG和T2DM的患病率均无显著的统计学差异(P＞0.05)。随着年龄的增长,IFG和T2DM的患病率呈现出显著的上升趋势(P＜0.0001)。城市居民的T2DM的患病率为7.64%,显著高于农村居民的患病率(4.95%)(P＜0.0001),而IFG患病率在城市(7.69%)和农村(7.24%)间则无显著的统计学差异(P＞0.05)。北方地区居民的IFG和T2DM的患病率分别为8.01%和6.41%,均显著高于南方地区居民的IFG(6.83%)和T2DM(4.83%)的患病率(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。不同文化水平、婚姻状况的研究对象间的IFG、T2DM的患病率差异均无显著的统计学意义(P＞0.05)。不同职业研究对象间的IFG患病率有显著的统计学差异(P＜0.01),而T2DM的患病率无显著差异(P＞0.05)。随着人均收入水平的增高,T2DM的患病率呈现出上升的趋势(P＜0.01),而不同人均收入水平研究对象间的IFG患病率无显著差异(P＞0.05)。
(二)T2DM的知晓率、治疗及空腹血糖水平控制状况:在986例T2DM患者中,23.66%的患者知道自己患有糖尿病,20.33%的患者目前进行药物或非药物治疗,8.28%的患者空腹血糖水平控制在126mg/dl以下;在已诊断的T2DM患者中,85.22%的患者进行药物或非药物治疗,35%的患者空腹血糖水平控制在126mg/dl以下。在不同治疗方式的已诊断糖尿病患者中,采用胰岛素注射疗法或口服降糖药物的T2DM患者的血糖控制率(分别为17.65%和31.3%)显著低于应用非药物疗法的患者(50.38%)(P＜0.05)。
(三)T2DM危险因素分析:在调整了年龄、文化水平、职业、婚姻状况、人均收入、南北、城乡因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,具有糖尿病家族史(OR=5.734,95%CI=3.915-8.398)、总胆固醇水平(OR=1.467,95%CI=1.049-2.052)和甘油三酯水平(OR=1.002,95%CI=1.001-1.004)是男性T2DM发生的正相关因素;而吸烟(相对于不吸烟)(OR=0.685,95%CI=0.489-0.960)和水果摄入频率(OR=0.915,95%CI=0.876-0.956)是男性T2DM发生的负相关因素。对于女性研究对象,具有糖尿病家族史(OR=4.992,95%CI=3.453-7.217)、腰臀比值(OR=1.713,95%CI=1.260-2.330)、收缩压水平(OR=1.018,95%CI=1.260-2.330)、甘油三酯水平(OR=1.004,95%CI=1.009-1.027)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(OR=1.011,95%CI=1.004-1.018)和豆类摄入频率(OR=1.077,95%CI=1.041-1.114)是T2DM发生的正相关因素。
(四)代谢异常的聚集与T2DM的关系:在分析单个用于诊断代谢综合征的指标与T2DM关系时,向心性肥胖、血压升高、低HDL-C和高TG的作用均具有显著性(P＜0.0001),OR(95%CI)分别为2.573(2.160-3.066)、2.338(1.955-2.796)、6.782(4.124-11.125)和2.855(2.392-3.408)。随着代谢指标异常聚集数的增加,T2DM的危险性也增大,在同时聚集四个代谢异常因素时,T2DM的危险性在所有组合中最大(OR=10.939,95%CI=4.575-26.157)。
(五)肥胖测量指标鉴别T2DM:腰臀比值(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)、腰围(waist circumference,WC)和体重指数(body mass index,BMI)鉴别T2DM的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.666(95%CI:0.647-0.685)、0.661(95%CI:0.643-0.682)和0.622(95%CI:0.601-0.642),其中WHR和WC鉴别T2DM的ROC曲线下面积显著大于BMI的面积(所有P＜0.0001),而WHR和WC鉴别T2DM的ROC曲线下面积则无显著差异(P＞0.05)。WHR、WC和BMI鉴别IFG的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.638(95%CI:0.619-0.655)、0.637(95%CI:0.615-0.654)、0.607(95%CI:0.589-0.627),其中WHR和WC鉴别IFG的ROC曲线下面积显著大于BMI的面积(所有P＜0.0001),但WHR和WC鉴别IFG的ROC曲线下面积则无显著差异(P＞0.05)。
结论
(一)我国成年人群T2DM不仅总的患病率水平较高,而且表现出继续升高的趋势,同时发病年龄降低。迫切需要有效的基于人群(社区)的糖尿病干预策略和措施来遏制严峻的发病趋势。
(二)亟需在高危人群中开展糖尿病的筛检计划,提高知晓率,并加强病人的管理,改善病人的治疗和控制现状。
(三)向心性肥胖比全身性肥胖能更好地鉴别2型糖尿病和空腹血糖受损,而且WHR和WC的鉴别能力相仿。我们在重视BMI的同时,不能忽略向心性肥胖尤其是不要忽视BMI正常的人群中向心性肥胖的危害。
Background
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex of metabolic disorder characterized with chronic hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which accounts for 90-95% of DM, results from both genetic and environmental risk factors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity. In recent years, T2DM has reached an epidemic level globally. Following tumor and cardiovascular diseases, T2DM has become the third chronic disease which is most seriously harmful to human health in the world.
In the past few decades, the prevalence of T2DM in China increased rapidly. With the rapid raising in prevalence of T2DM, the hazard by T2DM and its complications became more and more seriously. T2DM associated long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, and clustering of metabolic disorders are common phenomenons in individuals with T2DM. T2DM not only affects health, but also causes the greatly economic burden for family and society. At the same time, contrast to the fast raising of the prevalence for T2DM, the rates of awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM are relatively low. T2DM had become a serious public health problem in China.
The present study was designed to provide current and reliable data on the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors of T2DM in the Chinese adults. It also wants to analyze the relationship between the clustering of metabolic disorders and T2DM, to compare central and overall obesity measurements as correlates of T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and furtherly to determine which single measurement is more powerful for predicting T2DM and IFG.
Study design and methods
International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in ASIA (Inter ASIA), a cross-sectional study, was conducted in 2000～2001. A 4-stage stratified sampling strategy was used to select a nationally representative sample of the Chinese general population aged 35-74 years. 31 provinces (and municipalities) were stratified into northern and southern China, as divided by the Chang Jiang River. Five provinces or municipalities from northern China and five from southern China were selected to be representative of the geographic and economic developing status in their regions. A total of 15 838 persons (7684 men and 8154 women) were selected and completed the study. The present analysis was restricted to the 15 236 adults aged 35 to 74 years who had fasting glucose measured. Data was collected by questionnaire interview (demographic characteristics, T2DM familly history, the awareness and treatment information, behavior risk factors, and diet information), anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure), and laboratory measurements [fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyeride (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. Cross-sectional and case-control study designs were used to analyze the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, risk factors, and the relationship between the clustering of metabolic disorders and T2DM. Receiver operating characteristric (ROC) curve was used to compare central and overall obesity measurements as correlates for predicting T2DM and IFG.
Results
1. Prevalence of IFG and T2DM: The prevalence rates of IFG and DM for the Chinese adults aged 35 to 74 years were 7.33% and 5.49%, respectively, and the age-standardized prevalence of IFG and DM were 7.33% and 5.49% (2000 national population census dada were used as standard population ), respectively. There were no significant differences between males and females for the prevalence rates of T2DM (7.66% for males vs. 5.24% for females) and IFG (6.98% for males vs. 5.77% for females) (all P>0.05). The prevalence rates of IFG and T2DM all increased significantly with age (all P<0.0001). The prevalence rate of T2DM in urban areas (7.64%) was statistically significantly higher than that in rural ones (4.95%) (P<0.0001), however, there was no significant difference for the prevalence rate of IFG between urban and rural areas (7.69% vs. 7.24%) (P>0.05). The prevalence rates of IFG and T2DM in north were significantly higher than those in south (8.01% vs. 6.83% for IFG and 6.41% vs. 4.83% for T2DM) (both P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences for the prevalence rates of IFG and T2DM among different education levels, and marital status. There was statistical difference for the prevalence rate of IFG among individuals with different occupations (P<0.01), but there was no difference for the prevalence rate of T2DM. The T2DM rates but not IFG increased across average yearly individual income levels.
2. Awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM: Among 986 T2DM participants, 23.66% were aware of their DM diagnosis, 20.33% were taking prescription medication or nonpharmacological interventions, and 8.28% were having their fasting glucose level under 126mg/dl. Among diabetics who reported a prior diagnosis of DM, 85.22% were taking prescription medication or nonpharmacological interventions, 35% had fasting plasma glucose < 126 mg/dl. Among diabetics who reported a prior DM diagnosis using different treatment methods, the rates of control in diabetics for using insulin (17.65%) or oral hypoglycemic medication (31.3%) were significantly lower than that in diabetics for using nonpharmacological treatment (50.38%) (P<0.05).
3. Risk factors of T2DM: After adjusted for age, education level, occupation, marital status, average yearly individual income, and geographic region (urban or rural, north or south), logistic regression analysis shows that family history of diabetes (OR=5.734, 95%CI: 3.915-8.398), TC level (OR=1.467, 95%CI: 1.049-2.052), and TG level (OR=1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.004) were significantly positively associated with T2DM, whereas, smoking (OR=0.685, 95%CI: 0.489-0.960) and the frequency of fruit intake (OR=O.915, 95%CI: 0.876-0.956) were nagatively associated with the development of T2DM in males. For females, the family history of diabetes (OR=4.992, 95%CI: 3.453-7.217), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (OR=1.713, 95%CI: 1.260-2.330), systolic blood pressure level (OR=1.018, 95%CI: 1.260-2.330), TG level (OR=1.004, 95%CI: 1.009-1.027), HDL-C (OR=1.011, 95%CI: 1.004-1.018), and the frequency of intake of beans (OR=1.077, 95%CI: 1.041-1.114) were significantly positively related to the development of T2DM.
4. The relationship between the cluster of metabolic disorder indexes and T2DM: Central obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL-C, and high TG were all significantly associated with T2DM when only one index was compared. The ORs (95%CI) were 2.573 (2.160-3.066), 2.338 (1.955-2.796), 6.782 (4.124-11.125), and 2.855 (2.392-3.408) for central obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL-C level, and high TG level, respectively. The risk to have T2DM was enhanced with the increase of metabolic disorder indexes and the hazard to have T2DM is biggist (OR=1 0.939, 95%CI=4.575-26.157) when four indexes clusterd.
5. The identijyting abilities of different obesity measurements for T2DM and IFG: ROC analysis reveals significant differences between areas under ROC curve (AUCs) for WHR (0.666, 95%CI: 0.647-0.685) and body mass index (BMI) (0.622, 95%CI: 0.601-0.642) and waist circumference (WC) (0.661, 95%CI: 0.643-0.682) and BMI for identifying T2DM (all P<0.0001). The analysis also demonstrates the significant differences between AUCs for WHR (0.638, 95%CI: 0.619-0.655) and BMI (0.607, 95%CI: 0.589-0.627) and WC (0.637, 95%CI: 0.615-0.654) and BMI for identifying IFG(all P<0.001).
Conclusions
1. The prevalence rate of T2DM for the Chinese adults is comparatively high, and shows a trend to keep increasing; at the same time, the on-set age for having T2DM is decreasing. The effective intervention strategies and measures for T2DM based on population (community) are urgently needed in China.
2. There is stringent need for the diabetes screening program in high risk population to increase the awareness rate. It is also need to strengthen the management of the diabetics so that to improve the treatment and control status.
3. Central rather than overall obesity is related more closely to T2DM and IFG in the Chinese adult population and both WHR and WC are equally able to identify T2DM and IFG. Central obesity should be emphasiszed in the population especially for those individuals with BMI within the normal range.
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