工业硝酸铵的改性研究
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摘要
针对目前多孔硝酸铵的制备方法以及产品性能的不足,本文通过大量的硝酸铵改性及造粒实验,力求获得性能更加优越的硝酸铵品种。
利用小型转筒造粒机对粒状硝酸铵进行升降温再造粒研究,对改性硝酸铵的表面形状、吸油率、比表面积、孔径、雷管感度、含水量以及堆积密度等性质进行测试表征。实验得出：改性硝酸铵的吸油率、比表面积、微孔数量、雷管感度均有一定的提升；再造粒的较优实验条件为：升降温温度范围为15℃～65℃,实验空气湿度小于60%,升降温次数为5次。
为了提高粒状硝酸铵的颗粒强度,添加不同添加剂对硝酸铵进行改性,并讨论了添加剂对硝酸铵抗压强度以及吸湿率的影响。实验得出：经过0.1%的SK添加剂和0.5%的石蜡复合改性之后的硝酸铵效果最好。
添加不同含量的珍珠岩、高岭土、硅藻土对硝酸铵进行改性处理,通过实验得出：经过这几种微孔性物质改性的硝酸铵感度有一定下降,与实验预期效果有差别,还需要更深入系统的研究产生这种现象的原因。
利用QZL球形抛丸机和FL-B型立式沸腾干燥机对硝酸铵进行造粒,并将所得样品和工业粒状硝酸铵进行比较,发现沸腾干燥造粒机制得的粒状硝酸铵效果最好,但效率很低；硝酸铵的圆盘造粒还有许多地方需要改进；喷雾造粒是目前效率最高的硝酸铵造粒方法,但也存在感度偏低等缺点。
In view of the preparation method of porous ammonium nitrate and the shortage of product's performance, a large number of modification and granulation experiment of ammonium nitrate were carried out in the paper, to obtain the better performance of ammonium nitrate.
Granular ammonium nitrate were heated and cooled treatment by laboratorial rotary drum. And the granular ammonium nitrate was characterized by SEM、oil absorption rate、BET、pore diameter analyzer、detonators sensitivity、water content and accumulation density. It was shown that modified ammonium nitrate's oil absorption rate、BET、the number of pore and detonators sensitivity have certain promotion. The optimum experimental conditions were obtained as follows:heat and cool five time between 15℃and 65℃, and the air humidity should be less than 60%.
In order to improve the strength of granular ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate were modified by adding different additives, and the differences of the modified ammonium nitrate were investigated. The results show that the modified ammonium nitrate with 0.1% of SK additives and 0.5% of paraffin wax have the best performances.
Ammonium nitrate were modified by adding different amounts of perlite, kaolin, diatomaceous earth. It was shown that the detonators sensitivity of modified ammonium nitrate have certain decline. The results were different to our expection, and this phenomenon need more in-depth research.
Ammonium nitrate were granulated by QZL spherical abrator and FL-B type vertical boiling dryer. It was found that ammonium nitrate granulated by boiling granulation have better performances compared to industrial granular ammonium nitrate, and the disk granulation of ammonium nitrate have many aspects to improve. At present the spray granulation of ammonium nitrate is the best way to granulation, however, there are still some disadvantages such as low sensitivity.
利用小型转筒造粒机对粒状硝酸铵进行升降温再造粒研究,对改性硝酸铵的表面形状、吸油率、比表面积、孔径、雷管感度、含水量以及堆积密度等性质进行测试表征。实验得出：改性硝酸铵的吸油率、比表面积、微孔数量、雷管感度均有一定的提升；再造粒的较优实验条件为：升降温温度范围为15℃～65℃,实验空气湿度小于60%,升降温次数为5次。
为了提高粒状硝酸铵的颗粒强度,添加不同添加剂对硝酸铵进行改性,并讨论了添加剂对硝酸铵抗压强度以及吸湿率的影响。实验得出：经过0.1%的SK添加剂和0.5%的石蜡复合改性之后的硝酸铵效果最好。
添加不同含量的珍珠岩、高岭土、硅藻土对硝酸铵进行改性处理,通过实验得出：经过这几种微孔性物质改性的硝酸铵感度有一定下降,与实验预期效果有差别,还需要更深入系统的研究产生这种现象的原因。
利用QZL球形抛丸机和FL-B型立式沸腾干燥机对硝酸铵进行造粒,并将所得样品和工业粒状硝酸铵进行比较,发现沸腾干燥造粒机制得的粒状硝酸铵效果最好,但效率很低；硝酸铵的圆盘造粒还有许多地方需要改进；喷雾造粒是目前效率最高的硝酸铵造粒方法,但也存在感度偏低等缺点。
In view of the preparation method of porous ammonium nitrate and the shortage of product's performance, a large number of modification and granulation experiment of ammonium nitrate were carried out in the paper, to obtain the better performance of ammonium nitrate.
Granular ammonium nitrate were heated and cooled treatment by laboratorial rotary drum. And the granular ammonium nitrate was characterized by SEM、oil absorption rate、BET、pore diameter analyzer、detonators sensitivity、water content and accumulation density. It was shown that modified ammonium nitrate's oil absorption rate、BET、the number of pore and detonators sensitivity have certain promotion. The optimum experimental conditions were obtained as follows:heat and cool five time between 15℃and 65℃, and the air humidity should be less than 60%.
In order to improve the strength of granular ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate were modified by adding different additives, and the differences of the modified ammonium nitrate were investigated. The results show that the modified ammonium nitrate with 0.1% of SK additives and 0.5% of paraffin wax have the best performances.
Ammonium nitrate were modified by adding different amounts of perlite, kaolin, diatomaceous earth. It was shown that the detonators sensitivity of modified ammonium nitrate have certain decline. The results were different to our expection, and this phenomenon need more in-depth research.
Ammonium nitrate were granulated by QZL spherical abrator and FL-B type vertical boiling dryer. It was found that ammonium nitrate granulated by boiling granulation have better performances compared to industrial granular ammonium nitrate, and the disk granulation of ammonium nitrate have many aspects to improve. At present the spray granulation of ammonium nitrate is the best way to granulation, however, there are still some disadvantages such as low sensitivity.
引文
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[2]Oxley J C, Smith J L, et al. Ammonium nitrate:thermal stability and explosivity modifiers[J]. Thermochimica Acta,2002,384:23-45
[3]陈智刚,庙延钢,谢瑞靖,等.一起硝酸铵爆炸事故原因模拟试验分析[J].工程爆破,2006,12(4)：70-73,81
[4]吕春绪,刘祖亮,陆明,等.膨化硝铵炸药[M].北京：兵器工业出版社,2001
[5]杨爱萍,罗宁,郑思友.国内外硝酸铵改性研究综述[J].煤矿爆破,2008,2：21-23
[6]李君励,张惠坤.复合推进剂中使用的改性硝酸铵[J].推进技术,1994,1：58-64
[7]蔡敏敏,陈天云,黄建祯,等.无机盐添加剂对硝酸铵晶变及结块性的影响[J].南京理工大学学报,2000,24(1)：76-79
[8]赵孝彬,侯林法.硝酸铵的改性[J].含能材料,1999,7(2)：67-69,73
[9]张杰,杨荣杰,刘云飞.硝酸铵的吸湿性研究[J].火炸药学报,2001,24(3)：22-25
[10]叶志文Gemini表面活性剂C12-3(OH)-C12·2C1对膨化硝酸铵晶体性能影响的研究[J].精细与专用化学品,2006,14(11)：42-45
[11]叶志文,刘祖亮,吕春绪,等.表面活性剂改善膨化硝铵晶变的研究[J].爆破器材,1998,27(4)：8-11
[12]叶志文.表面活性剂改善硝酸铵吸湿性研究[J].精细化工.2001,18(2)：70-71,116
[13]黄文尧,吴翠香.硝酸铵粉体复合改性剂的研究[J].淮南工业学院学报,2002,22(3)：40-42
[14]殷鹏刚,勒国良.硝酸铵表面单分子层自组装膜的结构表征[J].北京理工大学学报,2000,20(5)：643-646
[15]包昌火.国外硝铵炸药防潮防结块的概况[J].爆破器材,1965,2：39-43
[16]Boris G, Abraham S, Evgeny Z, et al. Method for preparing AN encapsulated slow-release particulate fertilizer[P]. USP:5560768,1996
[17]岳金文,邓剑如.沉淀聚合包覆硝酸铵的吸湿性研究[J].含能材料,2004,12(2)：82-84,100
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[20]吕春绪,刘祖亮,惠君明.膨化硝酸铵自敏化理论形成与发展[J].火炸药学报, 2000,4：1-4
[21]陆明,吕春绪.硝酸铵的膨化机理研究[J].兵工学报,2002,23(1)：30-34
[22]陆明,吕春绪.硝酸铵膨化过程中的结晶参数研究[J].含能材料,1999,7(2)：79-82
[23]吕春绪,陆明,陈天云,等.膨化硝酸铵自敏化理论的微气泡研究[J].兵工学报,2001,22(4)：485-488
[24]胡炳成,刘祖亮.影响膨胀化硝酸铵性能的因素[J].爆破器材,2000,29(2)：16-18
[25]胡炳成,刘祖亮.膨化硝酸铵及其无梯炸药的安全性研究[J].爆破器材,1997,26(6)：13-15
[26]周新利,刘祖亮,吕春绪.松香对膨化铵油炸药冲击波感度的影响[J].爆破,2006,23(3)：10-12,21
[27]周新利.膨化硝酸铵自敏化理论及其炸药的物理性能和改性研究[D].南京：南京理工大学,2003
[28]邵甲宇,张书华.改善膨化硝铵炸药流散性的技术途径[J].煤矿爆破,2007,4：20-22
[29]杨桐.工业粉状炸药的新产品-膨化硝铵炸药[J].爆破器材,1996,23(5)：15-16
[30]杨桐.岩石膨化硝铵炸药技术调查简况[J].爆破器材,1996,3：30-31
[31]于立志,牟宗庆.浅谈膨化硝铵炸药[J].爆破器材,1997,26(5)：13-15
[32]葛韬武.我国工业炸药的现状与发展[J].爆破器材,1998,27(3)：12-16
[33]谭杜艳.多孔粒状硝酸铵生产工艺的发展概况[J].矿业研究与开发,1996,16(3)：85-87
[34]张海金,耿月霞.塔式造粒硝酸铵生产工艺[J].河北化工,1995,3：49-50
[35]何天萍.塔式法生产多孔粒状硝酸铵的述评[J].浙江化工,1994,25(3)：18-20
[36]李思敏.硝酸铵生产技术的新进展[J].中氮肥,1990,4：91-95
[37]王效英,唐文骞.我国硝酸铵工业生产技术新进展[J].氮肥技术,2008,29(4)：33-34,54
[38]杨以威.制备多孔硝铵方法简介[J].太化科技,1991,4：1-2
[39]Tomas J M, Lambert R M,黄仲涛译.催化剂的表征[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1987
[40]李荣生,甄开吉,王国甲.催化作用(第二版)[M].北京：科学出版社,1990
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