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高浓度洗煤废水处理与回用技术研究
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摘要
高浓度洗煤废水是湿法选煤所产生的工业废水,其中含有大量的煤泥颗粒,而且颗粒表面带有较强的负电荷,久置不沉,难于处理,是煤矿的主要污染源之一。本研究主要是针对高浓度洗煤废水难处理的技术难题,对高浓度洗煤废水的处理与回用技术进行研究,为高浓度洗煤废水的处理与回用提供一项经济有效、切实可行的技术措施,实现洗煤废水的闭路循环,减轻洗煤废水对周围环境的污染。同时进行较为深入的理论分析,为研究成果的推广应用提供理论依据。
     通过对高浓度洗煤废水SS、COD、ζ电位、污泥比阻等指标的测定,分析了高浓度洗煤废水的特点及难以处理的原因。针对高浓度洗煤废水的特点,确定了混凝沉淀的处理方案,并做了混凝剂和絮凝剂的筛选实验。根据混凝剂和絮凝剂的筛选实验结果,对石灰-PAM法、电石渣-PAM法、氯化钙-PAM法和钙镁复配药剂-PAM法处理高浓度洗煤废水的效果进行了实验研究,通过单因素实验,确定了投药量、搅拌速度、搅拌时间、沉淀时间、加药顺序等对处理效果的影响。通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺条件和技术参数,并进行了最佳工艺条件的验证实验。在实验研究结果的基础上,对混凝沉淀法处理高浓度洗煤废水的作用机理进行较为深入研究与分析,并对OH~-、Ca~(2+)、Ca(OH)_2等成分在混凝中的作用进行了讨论。为了减轻氯离子对管道和设备的腐蚀,采用氯化钙和硫酸镁复配出钙镁复配药剂,并进行了混凝实验研究。
     实验研究结果表明,煤泥颗粒表面带有较强的负电荷是高浓度洗煤废水难处理的主要原因。石灰-PAM法、电石渣-PAM法能够从高浓度洗煤废水分离出37%的清水,上清液中除pH值外,SS和COD均达到排放标准和回用洗煤的标准,沉淀煤泥的污泥比阻在0.08x10~(13)m/kg左右,满足机械脱水的要求。氯化钙-PAM法和钙镁复配药剂-PAM法不仅能从高浓度洗煤废水分离出约46%的清水,而且上清液中pH值、SS和COD均达到排放标准和和回用洗煤的标准,SS和COD还低于前两种方法,沉淀煤泥的污泥比阻在0.1×10~(13)m/kg左右,满足机械脱水的要求。作用机理分析认为,Ca~(2+)(或Mg~(2+))及其羟基络合物是破坏胶体稳定性的最主要因素,Ca(OH)_2对混凝效果有一定的促进作用,并对改善沉淀煤泥的脱水性能有一定的作用。PAM的吸附架桥作用强化了混凝效果,对提高沉速具有重要作用。
Concentrated wastewater of coal washing is one of main pollutant sources of coal mine. The waste water produced from the coal dressing process with wet method is difficult to treat, in which there are a lot of slime particles held in suspension by their surface negative charge. The most important objective of this study is to solve the technology problem, search for the effective treatment process and reuse method, accomplish complete closed circuit of coal washing wastewater, thereby alleviate the dangers to the surrounding. At the same time, the effective mechanism which is the foundation to extend the achievement was deeply studied.
    The characteristic of the concentrated wastewater of coal washing and the reason why the wastewater is difficult to treat were investigated respectively by mensuration of wastewater factors include SS, COD, (?) potential, sludge specific resistance etc. According to the characteristic of the concentrated wastewater of coal washing, a coagulation and sedimetation plan was made and the experiments of screening coagulants and flocculants were carried out. Based on the results, the influence of lime-PAM, calcium carbide residue-PAM, calcium chloride-PAM, and compound drug of calcium and magnesium-PAM on treating effect were investigated respectively. By single factor experiment, the influence of five factors, include dosage, mixing speed, mixing time, sediment time and drug order etc were confirmed. Then, the best process conditions and technical parameters was confirmed by quadrature experiment, and the experiment of the best process conditions was carried out. Based on the experiments, the effect mechanismes of coagulation and sedimetation method to treat concentrated wastewater of coal washing were deeply studied. The effects of components including OH~-, Ca~(2+) and Ca(OH)_2 in coagulation were disgussed too. In order to decrease the corrosion of pipelines and equipments by chloridion, we made compound drug of calcium and magnesium was meade by mixing calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate, and its coagulating effect was studied.
    The study result indicates that the main reason, why wastewater of coal washing is
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