基于亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的脱氮耦合工艺及其控制策略研究
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摘要
基于亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化的耦合,开发出了两类脱氮新工艺,一类为两级反应,以SHARON-ANAMMOX (Single Reactor for High Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite-ANAMMOX)为代表,该工艺是荷兰Delft大学2001年开发了一种新型的脱氮工艺。其基本原理是先在一个反应器内有氧条件下,将NH4+-N部分氧化为N02--N,然后在另一个反应器内缺氧条件下将NH4+-N和N02--N转化为N2。另一类为单级反应,短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化在一个反应器中实现,以CANON为代表,该工艺也是由Delft大学又开发完成,基本原理是,在限氧条件下,利用氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的协同作用,在同一个反应器中完成短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化。尽管亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化的组合工艺对于高氨氮浓度废水具有良好的适应性和处理效果,但是实际污水处理时不但要求反应系统拥有高效的脱氮性能,并且必须适应有机环境及有机环境所带来的大量异养菌。而厌氧氨氧化与亚硝化在单一反应器中耦合也被证明能够解决亚硝酸盐氮过度积累导致细菌活性受抑制的问题,因此研究厌氧氨氧化菌与亚硝酸菌及其他异养菌的共存就非常必要。
本研究从亚硝酸菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的高效富集开始着手,首先摸清亚硝酸菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的富集特征和调控策略,然后对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化进行耦合,耦合分别采取两级工艺(SBR-ASBR两级)和一级工艺(单级SBR工艺)进行尝试,并在此基础上和研发出新型的序批式内循环反应器；最后分别在SBR和SBBR反应器中分别启动亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化/反硝化耦合反应器,并对两者进行对比。
亚硝酸菌的高效富集与适应性调控过程中,利用有机环境向无机环境的变化淘汰所以异养菌,目标性持留能以氨为电子供体进行生长繁殖的硝化菌,并且通过基质控制将硝酸菌洗脱,让亚硝酸菌成为优势菌种,富集完成后污泥颜色由深褐色逐渐变为浅棕色,SVI指数先增大后减小(由102mL/g增加至146mL/g,最后减少至107mL/g), MLSS浓度明显降低(由2730mg/L降低至1490mg/L),富集完成后,污泥中的细菌群落数量明显减少(DGGE条带由16条减少为6条)。为使得完成富集的污泥适应垃圾渗滤液,采取将进水中的渗滤液体积比由20%提高至100%,调节过程中分别在渗滤液体积比提高至50%、70%和100%的时候采取进水模式调节、pH调节、DO调节策略,以不断提高反应器的处理效果和负荷。
厌氧氨氧化菌的高效富集与适应性调控过程分为泥适应阶段、活性提高阶段和稳定运行阶段三个阶段,以活性提高阶段为调控重点和关键,通过添加联氨(1mg/L)和羟胺(1mg/L)、NO(600mg/L)、微量有机质(COD10mg/L)的调控手段,使得厌氧氨氧化的负荷率不断提高,最终进水负荷达到280mg/L·d。
为实现亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化与反硝化有效耦合,首先在成功富集亚硝酸菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的基础上,利用模拟废水对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化进行耦合,耦合过程采取三种形式进行,分别是两级的SBR-ASBR工艺、一级的SBR工艺一级综合性的序批式内循环工艺。三种工艺中,序批式内循环工艺能够承受最高的NH4+负荷,负荷率达0.8kgN/m3·d,其次是SBR-ASBR两级工艺,负荷率为0.5kgN/m3·d,单级SBR工艺的抗负荷能力则较差,负荷率只有0.4kgN/m3·d。对氮的去除能力序批式内循环工艺仍是最高的,TN去除率高达84%左右,SBR-ASBR两级工艺和单级SBR工艺对氮的去除能力相当,TN去除率约为80%。
在成功实现亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化耦合的基础上,采用相对成熟的SBR和SBBR工艺进行亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化与反硝化三者的耦合启动并分别研究其调控方式。首先采用模拟废水实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化的耦合,该阶段完成后反应器中的最大氨氧化活性达到0.79kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day,最大厌氧氨氧化活性达到了0.18kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day。然后通过进水中的原生垃圾渗滤液中携带的反硝化菌实现亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化/反硝化的耦合,进水中的渗滤液体积由20%逐渐提高至100%,为消除FA对亚硝酸菌的抑制,对pH按照如下梯度进行调整：第1-34d的pH为7.8,第35-103d的pH为7.5,第104-124d的pH为7.2。该阶段完成后反应器中的最大氨氧化活性达到2.83g NH4+-N/kgvss/day,最大厌氧氨氧化活性达到了0.65kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day。
Based on the coupling process of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, it has been developed two new kinds of biological nitrogen removal processes——Single Reactor for High Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite-ANAMMOX(SHARON-ANAMMOX) and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON). The SHARON-ANAMMOX process, which was developed by Dutch Delft University in2001, was performed in two different reactors. According to its basic principle, firstly50%of ammonia is oxidized to nitrite in an aerobic reactor and then both ammonia and nitrite are converted to nitrogen gas in an anoxic one with a small amount of nitrate. The CANON process, which was also developed in Dutch Delft University, was performed in a single reactor. In terms of the basic principle, a co-operation with aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria under a limited dissolved oxygen condition could achieve the partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a single reactor. Although the combination of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation process has good adaptability and high removal efficiency when it is used to deal with high concentration of ammonia nitrogen wastewater, the reaction systems in the practical wastewater treatment not only require high nitrogen removal performance, but also need to adapt to organic environment and subsequently large amounts of heterotrophic bacteria brought by it. The coupling of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a single reactor has been proved to be able to solve the problem of excessive nitrite accumulation, which could inhibit the bacterial activity. So it's very necessary to carry out the research on the co-operation among aerobic, anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria and other heterotrophic bacteria.
This study began with the objective to enrich the nitrite oxidizing bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. After finding out the enrichment characteristics and controlling strategies of them, we investigated the coupling of the partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation respectively in two kinds of process——SBR-ASBR and single SBR. A new type of sequencing batch inner loop reactor was developed on the above research. Finally, with the start-up of that coupling respectively in SBR and SBBR, both of the reactors were compared. During the highly enrichment and adaptive controlling process of nitrite oxidizing bacteria, almost all the heterotrophic bacteria were eliminated due to the change of organic environment to the inorganic one. As a result, the nitrifying bacteria growing by receiving electron donor of ammonia were mainly retained. And the nitrite oxidizing bacteria became the dominant bacteria, while the nitrate oxidizing bacteria was eliminated by the means of matrix control.
After the enrichment of nitrite oxidizing bacteria, the sludge has been turned from dark brown to shallow brown in color. The SVI with102mL/g firstly increased to146mL/g and then decreased to107mL/g, while MLSS with2730mg/L significantly decreased to1490mg/L. The decreasing number of DGGE stripe from16to6indicated the decreasing number of bacterial community in the sludge. In order to complete enrichment of the sludge to adapt to the municipal landfill leachate, the leachate volume for the feeding was increased from20%to100%. During the controlling process, the changes in influence mode, pH, DO were used as the strategies to improve the removal efficiency and load rate of the reactor when the leachate volume rate was50%,70%and100%respectively.
The highly enrichment and adaptive controlling process of anaerobic ammonium oxidation was divided into three stages——adaptive phase, activity enhanced phase, and activity stable phase, and the key point is to control the second phase. The means of adding combine hydrazine (1mg/L) and hydroxyl ammonia (1mg/L), NO(600mg/L), trace organic matter (COD10mg/L) was used to improve the anaerobic ammonium oxidation load rate during the experiment. The experiment used the activity stable phase as the main control phase, and the ammonium load finally reached to280mg/L·d.
In order to realize the effective coupling of partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification, the artifical wastewater was used to couple the partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation on the basis of enrichment of nitrite oxidizing bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. The coupling process of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation adopted three forms:two-stage SBR-ASBR process, one-stage SBR process and comprehensive sequencing batch inner loop process. The research indicated that the sequencing batch inner loop process could bear the highest load (0.8kgN/m3·d), following by SBR-ASBR process (0.5kgN/m3·d) and one-stage SBR (0.4kgN/m3·d). At the same time, the sequencing batch inner loop process has the highest removal efficiency of TN which up to84%, while the removal ability of TN was comparative in SBR-ASBR process and one-stage SBR process which were around80%.
Base on the successful coupling of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, the experiment investigated the start-up and controlling strategies of the coupling of partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification by using the relatively mature SBR and SBBR process.
Firstly, the artifical wastewater was used to realize the coupling of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In this period, the ammonia oxidation activity and anammox activity reached the maxium value of0.79kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day and0.18kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day, respectively. Then the denitrifying bacteria carried by primary landfill leachate were used to realize the coupling of partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification. The volume rate of landfill leachate in the feeding was ranging from20%to100%in a gradual step. In order to eliminate the inhibition of FA, the pH was controlled as the following strategy:pH was7.8,7.5,7.2in1～34d,35～103d,104～124d, respectively. At the end of this period, the ammonia oxidation activity and anammox activity reached the maxium value of2.83g NH4+-N/kgvss/day and0.65kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day, respectively.
本研究从亚硝酸菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的高效富集开始着手,首先摸清亚硝酸菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的富集特征和调控策略,然后对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化进行耦合,耦合分别采取两级工艺(SBR-ASBR两级)和一级工艺(单级SBR工艺)进行尝试,并在此基础上和研发出新型的序批式内循环反应器；最后分别在SBR和SBBR反应器中分别启动亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化/反硝化耦合反应器,并对两者进行对比。
亚硝酸菌的高效富集与适应性调控过程中,利用有机环境向无机环境的变化淘汰所以异养菌,目标性持留能以氨为电子供体进行生长繁殖的硝化菌,并且通过基质控制将硝酸菌洗脱,让亚硝酸菌成为优势菌种,富集完成后污泥颜色由深褐色逐渐变为浅棕色,SVI指数先增大后减小(由102mL/g增加至146mL/g,最后减少至107mL/g), MLSS浓度明显降低(由2730mg/L降低至1490mg/L),富集完成后,污泥中的细菌群落数量明显减少(DGGE条带由16条减少为6条)。为使得完成富集的污泥适应垃圾渗滤液,采取将进水中的渗滤液体积比由20%提高至100%,调节过程中分别在渗滤液体积比提高至50%、70%和100%的时候采取进水模式调节、pH调节、DO调节策略,以不断提高反应器的处理效果和负荷。
厌氧氨氧化菌的高效富集与适应性调控过程分为泥适应阶段、活性提高阶段和稳定运行阶段三个阶段,以活性提高阶段为调控重点和关键,通过添加联氨(1mg/L)和羟胺(1mg/L)、NO(600mg/L)、微量有机质(COD10mg/L)的调控手段,使得厌氧氨氧化的负荷率不断提高,最终进水负荷达到280mg/L·d。
为实现亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化与反硝化有效耦合,首先在成功富集亚硝酸菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的基础上,利用模拟废水对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化进行耦合,耦合过程采取三种形式进行,分别是两级的SBR-ASBR工艺、一级的SBR工艺一级综合性的序批式内循环工艺。三种工艺中,序批式内循环工艺能够承受最高的NH4+负荷,负荷率达0.8kgN/m3·d,其次是SBR-ASBR两级工艺,负荷率为0.5kgN/m3·d,单级SBR工艺的抗负荷能力则较差,负荷率只有0.4kgN/m3·d。对氮的去除能力序批式内循环工艺仍是最高的,TN去除率高达84%左右,SBR-ASBR两级工艺和单级SBR工艺对氮的去除能力相当,TN去除率约为80%。
在成功实现亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化耦合的基础上,采用相对成熟的SBR和SBBR工艺进行亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化与反硝化三者的耦合启动并分别研究其调控方式。首先采用模拟废水实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化的耦合,该阶段完成后反应器中的最大氨氧化活性达到0.79kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day,最大厌氧氨氧化活性达到了0.18kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day。然后通过进水中的原生垃圾渗滤液中携带的反硝化菌实现亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化/反硝化的耦合,进水中的渗滤液体积由20%逐渐提高至100%,为消除FA对亚硝酸菌的抑制,对pH按照如下梯度进行调整：第1-34d的pH为7.8,第35-103d的pH为7.5,第104-124d的pH为7.2。该阶段完成后反应器中的最大氨氧化活性达到2.83g NH4+-N/kgvss/day,最大厌氧氨氧化活性达到了0.65kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day。
Based on the coupling process of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, it has been developed two new kinds of biological nitrogen removal processes——Single Reactor for High Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite-ANAMMOX(SHARON-ANAMMOX) and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON). The SHARON-ANAMMOX process, which was developed by Dutch Delft University in2001, was performed in two different reactors. According to its basic principle, firstly50%of ammonia is oxidized to nitrite in an aerobic reactor and then both ammonia and nitrite are converted to nitrogen gas in an anoxic one with a small amount of nitrate. The CANON process, which was also developed in Dutch Delft University, was performed in a single reactor. In terms of the basic principle, a co-operation with aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria under a limited dissolved oxygen condition could achieve the partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a single reactor. Although the combination of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation process has good adaptability and high removal efficiency when it is used to deal with high concentration of ammonia nitrogen wastewater, the reaction systems in the practical wastewater treatment not only require high nitrogen removal performance, but also need to adapt to organic environment and subsequently large amounts of heterotrophic bacteria brought by it. The coupling of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a single reactor has been proved to be able to solve the problem of excessive nitrite accumulation, which could inhibit the bacterial activity. So it's very necessary to carry out the research on the co-operation among aerobic, anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria and other heterotrophic bacteria.
This study began with the objective to enrich the nitrite oxidizing bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. After finding out the enrichment characteristics and controlling strategies of them, we investigated the coupling of the partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation respectively in two kinds of process——SBR-ASBR and single SBR. A new type of sequencing batch inner loop reactor was developed on the above research. Finally, with the start-up of that coupling respectively in SBR and SBBR, both of the reactors were compared. During the highly enrichment and adaptive controlling process of nitrite oxidizing bacteria, almost all the heterotrophic bacteria were eliminated due to the change of organic environment to the inorganic one. As a result, the nitrifying bacteria growing by receiving electron donor of ammonia were mainly retained. And the nitrite oxidizing bacteria became the dominant bacteria, while the nitrate oxidizing bacteria was eliminated by the means of matrix control.
After the enrichment of nitrite oxidizing bacteria, the sludge has been turned from dark brown to shallow brown in color. The SVI with102mL/g firstly increased to146mL/g and then decreased to107mL/g, while MLSS with2730mg/L significantly decreased to1490mg/L. The decreasing number of DGGE stripe from16to6indicated the decreasing number of bacterial community in the sludge. In order to complete enrichment of the sludge to adapt to the municipal landfill leachate, the leachate volume for the feeding was increased from20%to100%. During the controlling process, the changes in influence mode, pH, DO were used as the strategies to improve the removal efficiency and load rate of the reactor when the leachate volume rate was50%,70%and100%respectively.
The highly enrichment and adaptive controlling process of anaerobic ammonium oxidation was divided into three stages——adaptive phase, activity enhanced phase, and activity stable phase, and the key point is to control the second phase. The means of adding combine hydrazine (1mg/L) and hydroxyl ammonia (1mg/L), NO(600mg/L), trace organic matter (COD10mg/L) was used to improve the anaerobic ammonium oxidation load rate during the experiment. The experiment used the activity stable phase as the main control phase, and the ammonium load finally reached to280mg/L·d.
In order to realize the effective coupling of partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification, the artifical wastewater was used to couple the partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation on the basis of enrichment of nitrite oxidizing bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. The coupling process of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation adopted three forms:two-stage SBR-ASBR process, one-stage SBR process and comprehensive sequencing batch inner loop process. The research indicated that the sequencing batch inner loop process could bear the highest load (0.8kgN/m3·d), following by SBR-ASBR process (0.5kgN/m3·d) and one-stage SBR (0.4kgN/m3·d). At the same time, the sequencing batch inner loop process has the highest removal efficiency of TN which up to84%, while the removal ability of TN was comparative in SBR-ASBR process and one-stage SBR process which were around80%.
Base on the successful coupling of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, the experiment investigated the start-up and controlling strategies of the coupling of partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification by using the relatively mature SBR and SBBR process.
Firstly, the artifical wastewater was used to realize the coupling of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In this period, the ammonia oxidation activity and anammox activity reached the maxium value of0.79kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day and0.18kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day, respectively. Then the denitrifying bacteria carried by primary landfill leachate were used to realize the coupling of partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification. The volume rate of landfill leachate in the feeding was ranging from20%to100%in a gradual step. In order to eliminate the inhibition of FA, the pH was controlled as the following strategy:pH was7.8,7.5,7.2in1～34d,35～103d,104～124d, respectively. At the end of this period, the ammonia oxidation activity and anammox activity reached the maxium value of2.83g NH4+-N/kgvss/day and0.65kg NH4+-N/kgvss/day, respectively.
引文
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