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板栗微波脱壳机理及加工工艺研究
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摘要
板栗营养丰富,是我国特有的优良干果和重要的出口创汇产品。目前,我国的板栗生产仍处于初级加工阶段,板栗加工技术相对落后,鲜栗贱卖和腐烂问题仍很突出。发展板栗加工业,可丰富产品市场,促进产业升级,有着很大的市场潜力,可获得良好的社会经济效益。
     微波技术作为一项高新技术,近年来在食品工程研究与应用方面得到了较快发展,应用范围不断扩展。目前应用微波能进行食品干燥、杀菌、解冻等技术已实现工业化,但在板栗加工应用方面,尚未见国内外文献报道。
     本研究将微波技术引入板栗脱壳过程,探索板栗微波脱壳的机理与技术可行性,以期找到一种有效的板栗脱壳去衣方法。研究结果表明:利用微波技术可实现对板栗的一次性脱壳去衣,加工工艺可分为切口与未切口两种。对于切口板栗来说,其较佳的微波脱壳工艺条件为:挑选板栗→称重分级→2%NaCl溶液浸泡7h→切口→微波能连续处理(满功率750W)→分离壳衣、仁→栗仁。而且,此工艺有着较强的适应性,可适用不同重量板栗的微波脱壳加工。未切口板栗较佳的微波爆壳工艺条件为:板栗挑选→称重分级→90℃预热干燥15min→微波脉冲处理(平均功率495W)→爆裂板栗→分离壳衣、仁→栗仁。必须注意:板栗重量不同,其微波脱壳效果有很大差别。微波对栗仁品质会产生影响,利于保护栗仁中含有的Vc,且具有较强的对POD酶的钝化能力,对淀粉晶体结构破坏程度很小。
Chinese Chestnut is a special kind of dried fruit in China, high quality and rich in nutrition, and is the important export products as well. At present, the Chinese Chestnut processing technology is not advanced, still in the primary stage, and is plagued by some major problems such as lower selling prices of fresh products and easy to decay. The development of Chinese Chestnut processing industry may contribute to the prosperity of products market and the upgrading of industry, which possesses a great market potential, and leads to better social and economic benefits.
    Nowadays, microwave technology, as a kind of high and new technology, has been rapidly developed in food engineering research and application, and continues to be found a wider utilization. For the moment, the application of microwave technology has been industrialized in such food engineerings as drying, sterilizing and unfreezing, etc. However, there is no report yet about its application in Chinese Chestnut processing both at home and abroad.
    In this study, microwave technology was introduced into the shelling of Chinese chestnut, and the mechanism of microwave cracking and its technological feasibility were researched with intent to find an efficient way to crack the shell and remove the hull. The results showed that the shelling and hull removing of Chinese chestnut could be achieved by one microwave processing. The processing methods were composed of the treatment of cut chestnut and that of uncut one. The better microwave shelling method for the cut chestnut was showed as follows: choosing → weighing and classifying → dipping in 2% NaCl solution for 7 hours →cutting → continually processing by microwave (full power 750 W) → separating kernel from shell and hull→ chestnut kernel. This method has a strong applicability, and can be utilized in microwave shelling of chestnuts of different weights. While the better microwave cracking method for uncut chestnut was as follows: choosing →weighing and classifying→ preheating and drying(90C, 15min)→ pu
    lsing treatment by microwave(average power 495W) → cracking → separating kernel from shell and hull → chestnut kernel. It should be noticed that different effets of microwave shelling were evidently observed according to various weights of chestnuts. Microwave could impose some effects on the traits of chestnut kernel, such as protecting the vitamin C in it, and obviously inactivate POD enzyme. But the marked destruction of structure of starch crystal was hardly found.
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