淮河试验时期的能量与水份循环研究
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摘要
本文利用1998和1999年夏季淮河能量和水份循环试验(HUBEX)资料,从多种时间和空间尺度角度,对观测期中国东部区域的水份收支和大气的视热源和视水汽汇进行了计算和研究,并利用加密观测区的特殊观测资料对地气系统的能量收支进行了详细的研究,最后用RegCM2对1998年夏季的能量和水汽收支进行了模拟,得出的主要结论如下:
1.从水汽通量的分析表明,1998年5-8月,中国东部地区是全球最强的水汽汇区。水汽通量的势函数极小值区(最大辐合区)对应强降水区,并且暴雨区的水汽辐合是由半球尺度的水汽输送造成,这表明,即使对于该年背景的区域性大暴雨/洪水,它也必须从极大范围地区获得水汽供应。1999年水汽辐合的中心位置较1998年偏东偏南,这使得1999年降水较1998年偏南。
2.1998年的分析进一步表明,南海地区的水汽输送情况与中国强降水密切相关,南海季风爆发后,由西边界经中印半岛输入南海地区的水汽明显增加,成为主要的水汽来源,并在南海地区形成一个明显的水汽源区,在此积累的大量水汽再进一步折向北输送到华南和长江流域,为那里的大降水提供必要的水汽供应条件。对于整个中国东部大陆区而言,来自南部边界(南海)的水汽大于来自西部边界的水汽。
3.1998年和1999年的大气的水汽收支表明,降水主要来自水汽通量的辐合项,辐合主要发生在大气低层;用余差法计算出的局地蒸发项一般为降水量的1/3,因而水汽的再循环过程也十分重要;垂直输送项把低层的水汽向中上层输送,增加高层的水汽积累,为积云的发展和潜热释放提供条件。
4.视热源和视水汽汇分析表明1998年七次降水过程和1999年五次降水过程的视热源和视水汽汇的较大值皆对应降水的大值区,揭示了水汽凝结加热对大气加热所起的重要作用。江淮区域平均的Q1、Q2的垂直廓线表明1998年江淮暴雨的对流活动要强于1999年。TBB的分析表明1998年夏季对流区是从南向北推进的,但以两次梅雨期对流区(位于江南)的对流最强。并且对流有明显的日变化,1998年对流在夜间要强于白天,强对流主要发生梅雨期的江南区和副热带高压北抬时的江淮区暴雨期,而1999年对流在白天发生为多,对流主要发生在梅雨期的江南区。
5.HUBEX加密观测区中水面、旱田、稻田和森林四种不同下垫面的能量收支日变化有其异同点。其相同点:四种下垫面的能量收支各项的极大值基本出现在午后;不同点:水面和稻田基本为单峰结构,而旱田和森林则为两峰或多
In this paper, by using the data of Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX) during the summer in 1998 and 1999, on the point of view of multi-scales, the water budgets and the apparent heat source and the apparent moisture sink over East China during the HUBEX periods are calculated and investigated, and the energy budgets of earth-air system are studied in detail by using the especial data of the intensive observation region, and finally the energy and water vapor cycle in the summer of 1998 is simulated by RegCM2. The main results are obtained as follows:1. East China is the strongest water vapor sink over the globe in May-August 1998.The minimum potential region (maximum convergent region) of water vapor transport vector correspond to intense heavy rainfall region, and the water vapor convergence of the heavy rain region is supplied by the hemisphere scale water vapor transport, indicating that even for a regional severe flood it must gain water vapor supply from very extensive regions. The situation of the water vapor convergence center in 1999 is more east and south than in 1998, so the heavy rain region in 1999 is souther than in 1998.2. The water vapor transportation in the South China Sea is well related to occurrence of the heavy rainfalls in China After onset of the South China Sea monsoon, the strong precipitation often occurs in the region where water vapor is gained by water vapor transportation from south. For East China, the water vapor flux from southern boundary is more significant than that from west.3. Atmospheric water vapor budgets in 1998 and 1999 indicate that precipitation comes mainly from the convergence of water vapor, mainly in the lower atmosphere; The local evaporation (calculated by the residual) is generally 1/3~1/2 of the precipitation amount, so the water vapor recycling is also important; The vertical advection of the water vapor transports the moisture from the low to the middle and high layers and increases moisture content at the high levels, thus providing a necessary condition for the cumulus development and latent heat release. 4. During the seven rainfall episodes in 1998 and the five rainfall episodes in 1999, the high value regions of the apparent heat source and the apparent moisture sink corresponds the strong precipitation regions, indicating that the water vapor
condensation is main effect in the air heating. The mean profiles of the area-averaged Ql and Q2 over Jianghui Region indicates that the cumulus convection in 1998 is stronger than in 1999. The analysis of TBB indicates that the convection regions in summer of 1998 move from south to north with the two times of strongest convection over Jiangnan region during Mei-yu periods and the convection occurs with diurnal variation obviously which in day is stronger than in night during 1998 but during 1999 the day convection is stronger than the night.5. The diurnal variation of energy budgets over water body, farmland, paddy field and forest over intensive observation region of HUBEX have their similarities and differences. The similarities: the maximum of the terms of the energy budgets occurs just afternoon; The differences: the maximum is only one over water body and paddy field but it is two or more over farmland and forest. The daily averages have differences too.6. The seasonal variations of energy budgets are obvious over four surfaces. The wave number of daily energy budgets over farmland, forest and paddy field is only one in spring and two or more in summer and only one in autumn, which indicating that the plant growth differences during different seasons maybe cause the variations. But to the water body, the wave number is only one in summer and autumn.7. In different synoptic conditions, the energy budgets are different. The values of sensible and latent heat fluxes are small when it is rain, but thereafter, the values become high and then to maximum. It's similar to the other terms of the energy budgets except the down long-wave radiation. It's similar with rain when it is cloudy.8. The means of the sensible and latent heat flux and momentum flux by bulk schemes for the time period from may to august are respectively 30.71 W/m2, 116.81 W/m2,2.86X10"2N/m2 in 1998 and 30.28 W/m2,107.35 W/m2,2.74X10-2N/m2 inl999. The values between the two years are similar.9. The calculations by bowen ratio, eddy and bulk schemes indicating that the sensible heat flux by the bowen ratio schemes is similar with by eddy schemes, and the latent heat flux by the bulk is similar with by the eddy.10. The simulation of the energy and water cycles over Jianghuai region from May to June in 1998 by RegCM2 is successful, e.g. the precipitation distribution, strong convection activity and the latent heat and sense heat transport etc are very simply to the observations in most regions of East China.Finally, the schematics of the budget of water vapor over Jianghuai region and the schematics of energy budgets over four surface during three seasons are given .
1.从水汽通量的分析表明,1998年5-8月,中国东部地区是全球最强的水汽汇区。水汽通量的势函数极小值区(最大辐合区)对应强降水区,并且暴雨区的水汽辐合是由半球尺度的水汽输送造成,这表明,即使对于该年背景的区域性大暴雨/洪水,它也必须从极大范围地区获得水汽供应。1999年水汽辐合的中心位置较1998年偏东偏南,这使得1999年降水较1998年偏南。
2.1998年的分析进一步表明,南海地区的水汽输送情况与中国强降水密切相关,南海季风爆发后,由西边界经中印半岛输入南海地区的水汽明显增加,成为主要的水汽来源,并在南海地区形成一个明显的水汽源区,在此积累的大量水汽再进一步折向北输送到华南和长江流域,为那里的大降水提供必要的水汽供应条件。对于整个中国东部大陆区而言,来自南部边界(南海)的水汽大于来自西部边界的水汽。
3.1998年和1999年的大气的水汽收支表明,降水主要来自水汽通量的辐合项,辐合主要发生在大气低层;用余差法计算出的局地蒸发项一般为降水量的1/3,因而水汽的再循环过程也十分重要;垂直输送项把低层的水汽向中上层输送,增加高层的水汽积累,为积云的发展和潜热释放提供条件。
4.视热源和视水汽汇分析表明1998年七次降水过程和1999年五次降水过程的视热源和视水汽汇的较大值皆对应降水的大值区,揭示了水汽凝结加热对大气加热所起的重要作用。江淮区域平均的Q1、Q2的垂直廓线表明1998年江淮暴雨的对流活动要强于1999年。TBB的分析表明1998年夏季对流区是从南向北推进的,但以两次梅雨期对流区(位于江南)的对流最强。并且对流有明显的日变化,1998年对流在夜间要强于白天,强对流主要发生梅雨期的江南区和副热带高压北抬时的江淮区暴雨期,而1999年对流在白天发生为多,对流主要发生在梅雨期的江南区。
5.HUBEX加密观测区中水面、旱田、稻田和森林四种不同下垫面的能量收支日变化有其异同点。其相同点:四种下垫面的能量收支各项的极大值基本出现在午后;不同点:水面和稻田基本为单峰结构,而旱田和森林则为两峰或多
In this paper, by using the data of Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX) during the summer in 1998 and 1999, on the point of view of multi-scales, the water budgets and the apparent heat source and the apparent moisture sink over East China during the HUBEX periods are calculated and investigated, and the energy budgets of earth-air system are studied in detail by using the especial data of the intensive observation region, and finally the energy and water vapor cycle in the summer of 1998 is simulated by RegCM2. The main results are obtained as follows:1. East China is the strongest water vapor sink over the globe in May-August 1998.The minimum potential region (maximum convergent region) of water vapor transport vector correspond to intense heavy rainfall region, and the water vapor convergence of the heavy rain region is supplied by the hemisphere scale water vapor transport, indicating that even for a regional severe flood it must gain water vapor supply from very extensive regions. The situation of the water vapor convergence center in 1999 is more east and south than in 1998, so the heavy rain region in 1999 is souther than in 1998.2. The water vapor transportation in the South China Sea is well related to occurrence of the heavy rainfalls in China After onset of the South China Sea monsoon, the strong precipitation often occurs in the region where water vapor is gained by water vapor transportation from south. For East China, the water vapor flux from southern boundary is more significant than that from west.3. Atmospheric water vapor budgets in 1998 and 1999 indicate that precipitation comes mainly from the convergence of water vapor, mainly in the lower atmosphere; The local evaporation (calculated by the residual) is generally 1/3~1/2 of the precipitation amount, so the water vapor recycling is also important; The vertical advection of the water vapor transports the moisture from the low to the middle and high layers and increases moisture content at the high levels, thus providing a necessary condition for the cumulus development and latent heat release. 4. During the seven rainfall episodes in 1998 and the five rainfall episodes in 1999, the high value regions of the apparent heat source and the apparent moisture sink corresponds the strong precipitation regions, indicating that the water vapor
condensation is main effect in the air heating. The mean profiles of the area-averaged Ql and Q2 over Jianghui Region indicates that the cumulus convection in 1998 is stronger than in 1999. The analysis of TBB indicates that the convection regions in summer of 1998 move from south to north with the two times of strongest convection over Jiangnan region during Mei-yu periods and the convection occurs with diurnal variation obviously which in day is stronger than in night during 1998 but during 1999 the day convection is stronger than the night.5. The diurnal variation of energy budgets over water body, farmland, paddy field and forest over intensive observation region of HUBEX have their similarities and differences. The similarities: the maximum of the terms of the energy budgets occurs just afternoon; The differences: the maximum is only one over water body and paddy field but it is two or more over farmland and forest. The daily averages have differences too.6. The seasonal variations of energy budgets are obvious over four surfaces. The wave number of daily energy budgets over farmland, forest and paddy field is only one in spring and two or more in summer and only one in autumn, which indicating that the plant growth differences during different seasons maybe cause the variations. But to the water body, the wave number is only one in summer and autumn.7. In different synoptic conditions, the energy budgets are different. The values of sensible and latent heat fluxes are small when it is rain, but thereafter, the values become high and then to maximum. It's similar to the other terms of the energy budgets except the down long-wave radiation. It's similar with rain when it is cloudy.8. The means of the sensible and latent heat flux and momentum flux by bulk schemes for the time period from may to august are respectively 30.71 W/m2, 116.81 W/m2,2.86X10"2N/m2 in 1998 and 30.28 W/m2,107.35 W/m2,2.74X10-2N/m2 inl999. The values between the two years are similar.9. The calculations by bowen ratio, eddy and bulk schemes indicating that the sensible heat flux by the bowen ratio schemes is similar with by eddy schemes, and the latent heat flux by the bulk is similar with by the eddy.10. The simulation of the energy and water cycles over Jianghuai region from May to June in 1998 by RegCM2 is successful, e.g. the precipitation distribution, strong convection activity and the latent heat and sense heat transport etc are very simply to the observations in most regions of East China.Finally, the schematics of the budget of water vapor over Jianghuai region and the schematics of energy budgets over four surface during three seasons are given .
引文
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