基于无线传感器网络的选择协作传输方法研究
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摘要
作为一种新型的传输技术，协作传输技术应用于无线传感器网络（WirelessSensor Network，WSN），能够有效发挥多用户分集的优势，提高网络传输的可靠性。在各种协作传输方法中，选择协作方法在执行时无需全部中继节点参与转发，只需选出一个最佳中继节点承担协作传输任务，便可以达到与全中继协作相同的分集效果，因此具有简便、高效、易与现有网络集成的优点，成为在无线传感器网络中实施协作传输技术的优先方法。但现有的选择协作传输方法，并未针对无线传感器网络的特征进行设计。为了满足传感器网络对低复杂度、低功耗、跨层设计等条件的需求，有必要对选择协作传输技术进行理论方法上的改进与优化，并探索优化后的性能。
本文从无线传感器网络的特征和需求出发，按照建立系统模型、提出新方法、推导理论性能、进行仿真验证、开展实验测试的研究思路，对选择协作传输技术在无线传感器网络中的应用方法进行了深入探讨和系统性研究。
首先，针对无线传感器网络的低复杂度需求，本文提出了一种基于反馈的轻量级选择协作传输方法。该方法不需要节点接收机具备合并接收能力，也不需要在协作时进行信道增益排序，从而进一步降低了选择协作方法的实现复杂度。同时，通过中断概率和分集复用权衡（Diversity Multiplexing Tradeoff，DMT）推导表明，轻量级方法能够突破传统选择协作方法在中继选择方面的局限，无需总是选取信道增益最大的节点作为最佳中继节点，只需从既能收到源节点的数据信息、又能接收到目标节点的反馈信息的中继节点中任选一个进行协作转发，就能够达到对应场景下的最优DMT性能，这一特性为选择协作传输方法建立了双重优化框架，扩大了系统选取中继节点的范围。作为示例，论文还提出了两种支持中继均衡的最佳中继节点选择策略，在保持最优DMT的基础上，实现了各个中继节点进行协作传输次数的均衡，延长了传感器网络的生存时间。
接着，针对WSN的跨层设计特点，提出了一种适用于异构网络的基于事件关联的选择协作方法。对于由多种传感器组成的异构网络，当传感器之间的应用层存在事件触发关联时，当先活跃的传感器在完成自身传输后，利用物理层的协作传输方法，能够自动协助被触发的传感器的传输，从而提高后者传输的可靠性。通过将传感器之间应用层的关联与物理层的协作进行跨层联合优化，所提方法达到了最大分集增益。以此为基础，论文还提出了一种基于功率控制的节能型中继选择策略，在不降低系统分集增益性能的前提下，最大化的降低了协作能耗开销，满足了传感器网络对能量效率的需求。
然后，针对WSN的多样化通信场景，提出了一种面向干扰和非正交传输场景的多点到单点选择协作方法。通过在汇聚节点采用连续干扰抵消接收方式，降低了干扰受限对传输性能的影响，并克服了反馈延迟问题。论文推导了干扰场景下选择协作方法的中断概率性能，并与已有方法进行了对比。结果表明，所提方法在使系统达到足够实用的可靠性的前提下，有效提升了系统的频谱利用效率。
最后，针对协作传输实验平台匮乏的问题，构建和实现了一种基于无线传感器网络的改进型选择协作传输实验平台。设计了实验平台的架构，将选择协作传输方法应用到基于低速无线个域网媒体接入控制与物理层规范标准（WirelessMedium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications for Low-Rate WirelessPersonal Area Networks，IEEE802.15.4）的无线传感器网络中。实验平台使用市售的普通无线传感器节点和开源协议栈进行组建，成本低，扩展性好。利用实验平台，通过详细的实验测试，对所提出的协作方法及其性能进行了实际验证。
本文的研究工作，将协作传输技术与无线传感器网络密切结合起来，既完善了选择协作传输技术的基本方法，扩展了选择协作传输方法的应用范围，又提升了无线传感器网络数据传输的可靠性，有助于协作传输技术在无线传感器网络中的实际部署和广泛应用。
As a novel transmission strategy, cooperative transmission is suitable for wirelesssensor network (WSN) for its multi-user diversity and improved communicationreliability. Among various cooperative schemes, selection cooperation is an effectivecooperative method for its simplify and easy implementation. In this scheme, thecooperative transmission is performed only by one best relay node selected frommultiple relays and it achieves the full diversity gain. Therefore, selection cooperationbecomes a preferable cooperative scheme for WSN. However, it does not designed andoptimized for WSN initially, so it is significant to investigate improved selectioncooperation schemes and their performance for meeting the requirements of WSN,including low complexity, energy efficiency, and cross layer design.
In this dissertation, considering the characteristics and requirements of WSN,following the steps of model building, scheme design, theoretical analysis, simulationresults, and experimental tests, we focus on the selection cooperation schemesoptimized for WSN.
Considering the requirement of low complexity, we first develop a lightweightselection cooperation protocol with feedback. The scheme does not require the radio ofnodes to perform combining reception and channel sorting. So it reduces the complexitygreatly. Through outage probability and diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) analysis,we reveal an interesting fact that choosing any node that successfully receives themessage from the source and the feedback frame from the destination as the best relay,the protocol always achieves the optimal DMT. This result overcomes the limitation thatthe node with the maximum relay-destination channel has to be selected as the bestrelay for obtaining the optimal DMT in conventional selection cooperation schemes. Italso establishes a framework for obtaining multiple optimization objectives in selectioncooperation networks. As an illustrative example, we then develop two best relayselection methods for relay balance without sacrificing the full diversity order, whichhave remarkable balance effect and prolong the network life time.
Next, using cross layer design principle, we propose a context-aware selectioncooperation scheme based on sensor relationship for heterogeneous networks. Weconsider a heterogeneous wireless sensor network consisting of different kinds ofsensors where the activities of one kind of sensors are designed to trigger by the other kinds of sensors. The prior transmissions of the inducing sensors make up the context ofthe transmissions of the following sensors. By exploiting the context information andthe transmission relation, in the proposed scheme, the inducing sensors can cooperatewith the following sensors after their own transmissions for improving thecommunication reliability of the latter nodes. Through performance analysis, we showthat the protocol achieves the full diversity gain with the cross layer optimization fromapplication layer to physical layer. We further develop an energy-efficient best relayselection method based on power control where the power consumption is minimizedwithout decreasing the full diversity order. The method fits the requirement of lowenergy consumption in WSN.
For interferential scenarios in WSN, we proposed a non-orthogonal selectioncooperation scheme for multiple points to one point case. By using successiveinterference cancellation in the sink node, the effect of interference is reduced and thefeedback delay problem is solved. Through the outage probability analysis andcomparison, we show that the spectral efficiency is improved while the system stillkeeps acceptable transmission reliability.
Finally, we establish and implement an improved selection cooperationexperimental platform based on WSN to address the issue of test bed for cooperativetransmission. The architecture of the platform is presented and the selection cooperationschemes are deeply integrated into the IEEE802.15.4standard (Wireless MediumAccess Control and Physical Layer Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal AreaNetworks). The platform is built with commodity hardware of wireless sensors andopen-source protocol stack and has the advantage of low cost and flexibility. Based onthe experimental platform, the performance of proposed cooperative schemes in thisdissertation is verified by detailed tests.
The work in this dissertation combines the cooperative transmission and the WSN.On one hand, it enhances the basic schemes of selection cooperation and extends itsapplication areas. On the other hand, it improves the transmission reliability of wirelesssensor networks and contributes to the practical deployment and applications ofselection cooperation in WSN.
本文从无线传感器网络的特征和需求出发，按照建立系统模型、提出新方法、推导理论性能、进行仿真验证、开展实验测试的研究思路，对选择协作传输技术在无线传感器网络中的应用方法进行了深入探讨和系统性研究。
首先，针对无线传感器网络的低复杂度需求，本文提出了一种基于反馈的轻量级选择协作传输方法。该方法不需要节点接收机具备合并接收能力，也不需要在协作时进行信道增益排序，从而进一步降低了选择协作方法的实现复杂度。同时，通过中断概率和分集复用权衡（Diversity Multiplexing Tradeoff，DMT）推导表明，轻量级方法能够突破传统选择协作方法在中继选择方面的局限，无需总是选取信道增益最大的节点作为最佳中继节点，只需从既能收到源节点的数据信息、又能接收到目标节点的反馈信息的中继节点中任选一个进行协作转发，就能够达到对应场景下的最优DMT性能，这一特性为选择协作传输方法建立了双重优化框架，扩大了系统选取中继节点的范围。作为示例，论文还提出了两种支持中继均衡的最佳中继节点选择策略，在保持最优DMT的基础上，实现了各个中继节点进行协作传输次数的均衡，延长了传感器网络的生存时间。
接着，针对WSN的跨层设计特点，提出了一种适用于异构网络的基于事件关联的选择协作方法。对于由多种传感器组成的异构网络，当传感器之间的应用层存在事件触发关联时，当先活跃的传感器在完成自身传输后，利用物理层的协作传输方法，能够自动协助被触发的传感器的传输，从而提高后者传输的可靠性。通过将传感器之间应用层的关联与物理层的协作进行跨层联合优化，所提方法达到了最大分集增益。以此为基础，论文还提出了一种基于功率控制的节能型中继选择策略，在不降低系统分集增益性能的前提下，最大化的降低了协作能耗开销，满足了传感器网络对能量效率的需求。
然后，针对WSN的多样化通信场景，提出了一种面向干扰和非正交传输场景的多点到单点选择协作方法。通过在汇聚节点采用连续干扰抵消接收方式，降低了干扰受限对传输性能的影响，并克服了反馈延迟问题。论文推导了干扰场景下选择协作方法的中断概率性能，并与已有方法进行了对比。结果表明，所提方法在使系统达到足够实用的可靠性的前提下，有效提升了系统的频谱利用效率。
最后，针对协作传输实验平台匮乏的问题，构建和实现了一种基于无线传感器网络的改进型选择协作传输实验平台。设计了实验平台的架构，将选择协作传输方法应用到基于低速无线个域网媒体接入控制与物理层规范标准（WirelessMedium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications for Low-Rate WirelessPersonal Area Networks，IEEE802.15.4）的无线传感器网络中。实验平台使用市售的普通无线传感器节点和开源协议栈进行组建，成本低，扩展性好。利用实验平台，通过详细的实验测试，对所提出的协作方法及其性能进行了实际验证。
本文的研究工作，将协作传输技术与无线传感器网络密切结合起来，既完善了选择协作传输技术的基本方法，扩展了选择协作传输方法的应用范围，又提升了无线传感器网络数据传输的可靠性，有助于协作传输技术在无线传感器网络中的实际部署和广泛应用。
As a novel transmission strategy, cooperative transmission is suitable for wirelesssensor network (WSN) for its multi-user diversity and improved communicationreliability. Among various cooperative schemes, selection cooperation is an effectivecooperative method for its simplify and easy implementation. In this scheme, thecooperative transmission is performed only by one best relay node selected frommultiple relays and it achieves the full diversity gain. Therefore, selection cooperationbecomes a preferable cooperative scheme for WSN. However, it does not designed andoptimized for WSN initially, so it is significant to investigate improved selectioncooperation schemes and their performance for meeting the requirements of WSN,including low complexity, energy efficiency, and cross layer design.
In this dissertation, considering the characteristics and requirements of WSN,following the steps of model building, scheme design, theoretical analysis, simulationresults, and experimental tests, we focus on the selection cooperation schemesoptimized for WSN.
Considering the requirement of low complexity, we first develop a lightweightselection cooperation protocol with feedback. The scheme does not require the radio ofnodes to perform combining reception and channel sorting. So it reduces the complexitygreatly. Through outage probability and diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) analysis,we reveal an interesting fact that choosing any node that successfully receives themessage from the source and the feedback frame from the destination as the best relay,the protocol always achieves the optimal DMT. This result overcomes the limitation thatthe node with the maximum relay-destination channel has to be selected as the bestrelay for obtaining the optimal DMT in conventional selection cooperation schemes. Italso establishes a framework for obtaining multiple optimization objectives in selectioncooperation networks. As an illustrative example, we then develop two best relayselection methods for relay balance without sacrificing the full diversity order, whichhave remarkable balance effect and prolong the network life time.
Next, using cross layer design principle, we propose a context-aware selectioncooperation scheme based on sensor relationship for heterogeneous networks. Weconsider a heterogeneous wireless sensor network consisting of different kinds ofsensors where the activities of one kind of sensors are designed to trigger by the other kinds of sensors. The prior transmissions of the inducing sensors make up the context ofthe transmissions of the following sensors. By exploiting the context information andthe transmission relation, in the proposed scheme, the inducing sensors can cooperatewith the following sensors after their own transmissions for improving thecommunication reliability of the latter nodes. Through performance analysis, we showthat the protocol achieves the full diversity gain with the cross layer optimization fromapplication layer to physical layer. We further develop an energy-efficient best relayselection method based on power control where the power consumption is minimizedwithout decreasing the full diversity order. The method fits the requirement of lowenergy consumption in WSN.
For interferential scenarios in WSN, we proposed a non-orthogonal selectioncooperation scheme for multiple points to one point case. By using successiveinterference cancellation in the sink node, the effect of interference is reduced and thefeedback delay problem is solved. Through the outage probability analysis andcomparison, we show that the spectral efficiency is improved while the system stillkeeps acceptable transmission reliability.
Finally, we establish and implement an improved selection cooperationexperimental platform based on WSN to address the issue of test bed for cooperativetransmission. The architecture of the platform is presented and the selection cooperationschemes are deeply integrated into the IEEE802.15.4standard (Wireless MediumAccess Control and Physical Layer Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal AreaNetworks). The platform is built with commodity hardware of wireless sensors andopen-source protocol stack and has the advantage of low cost and flexibility. Based onthe experimental platform, the performance of proposed cooperative schemes in thisdissertation is verified by detailed tests.
The work in this dissertation combines the cooperative transmission and the WSN.On one hand, it enhances the basic schemes of selection cooperation and extends itsapplication areas. On the other hand, it improves the transmission reliability of wirelesssensor networks and contributes to the practical deployment and applications ofselection cooperation in WSN.
引文
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