旅游怀旧及其影响因素研究
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摘要
怀旧是思念过去时复杂的心理状态,具有时间、情感、引发物等特征。当今社会随着现代化的加快,人们的学习、工作和日常生活的方方面面都与过去越来越不相同,因而怀旧也常常出现在现代人们的生活中：人们怀念简单的生活,追求粗茶淡饭,对绿色食品需求的增加；人们怀念古朴的风格,追求服饰返古、家居装饰绿色化；人们怀念过去的艺术,摄影界的“黑白艺术”和“老照片”,音乐界的老歌翻唱,电视、广播里的“难忘金曲”和“老歌回顾”,建筑界的“老房子”系列,文学界的“怀旧系列丛书”,影视界的“经典老片新拍”等不断涌现在人们的视野中。此外还有另一个重要的怀旧途径——旅游,人们既可以在紧张生活中得到休闲,又可以感受到怀旧,怀旧成为旅游中不可忽视的主题。如今,越来越多的古城、古镇、古街道成为旅游的热点目的地,人们越来越青睐先辈们留给我们的这些遗产,当过去的景物成为重要的旅游资源时,探寻人们为何进行这一类旅游的原因变得很有必要。
本研究的目的在于探寻人们在旅游中的怀旧具有什么样的特点?怎样测量人们的旅游怀旧心理?哪些因素会影响人们在旅游中的怀旧?这些问题是本研究所要解答的问题。
本研究由4个部分,6个子研究组成。第一部分通过对相关概念的解释和文献的综述,提出本研究需要解决的问题。第二部分为旅游怀旧问卷的编制,包含2个子研究。子研究1通过内容分析的方法对网络宣传信息和个人旅游记录进行研究,确定旅游怀旧相关特征。子研究2在子研究1的基础上,结合文献综述和访谈,开发包含两维度的旅游怀旧问卷。第三部分探讨了影响旅游怀旧的因素,共有4个子研究,子研究3采用自编的旅游怀旧问卷进行调查研究,考察旅游怀旧的现状特点以及人口学变量及其相关因素对旅游怀旧的影响。子研究4通过文献综述和访谈开发旅游动机问卷,并面向景点进行调查研究,探讨了旅游动机对旅游怀旧的影响。子研究5结合眼动实验探讨了怀旧倾向对旅游怀旧的认知偏向和情感的影响。子研究6探讨了怀旧倾向对旅游怀旧行为意向的影响。第四部分为总的讨论和结论,对旅游怀旧的特点及其影响因素进行探讨。
通过上述系列研究,得到以下主要结论：
1、旅游怀旧可分为两种类型：个人怀旧和历史怀旧。个人怀旧是个体对过去真实经历的怀念,以个人自传体记忆为基础,具有直接性、真实性；其怀旧的内容主要是个人过去经历的事件,同自己有关系的人和物,个人经历过的场景以及生命中过去的时光；主要由个人经历的场景和熟悉的物品所引发。历史怀旧是个体对没有经历过的过去,甚至是出生以前的过去的怀念,具有间接性、想象性；其怀旧的内容主要是过去人们生活的场景,历史上发生的事件或者是特定的历史年代的记忆；主要由古建筑、历史的场景以及相关的人、事、物所引发。
2、编制的旅游怀旧问卷包括个人怀旧和历史怀旧两个维度,问卷具有较好的信度和效度,符合心理测量学的要求,是测量旅游怀旧的一种较好工具。
3、景点类型对旅游怀旧有影响。不同景点游客的旅游怀旧存在显著的差异,自然风景类游客具有较高的个人怀旧水平,红色旅游景点的游客具有较高的历史怀旧水平。
4、旅游方式对旅游怀旧有影响,团队旅游游客的旅游怀旧显著高于自由行的游客。
5、旅游动机与旅游怀旧呈显著正相关,旅游动机中重温往昔、个人发展和愉悦身心三因素能够较好地预测总体旅游怀旧水平以及个人怀旧的水平,而个人发展、重温往昔和了解文化三因素能够较好的预测历史怀旧的水平。
6、怀旧倾向与旅游怀旧呈显著正相关,进一步的实验研究表明怀旧倾向会影响旅游怀旧的认知方式、情感和行为意向。表现为较之低怀旧倾向的个体,高怀旧倾向个体会更多地关注黑白色和黄颜色的景点图片,在观看具有怀旧属性的景点图片后情绪激活程度更高,同时会更多的选择具有高怀旧属性的景点去旅游。
本研究对旅游中怀旧心理的内容和结构进行研究,开发了评价旅游怀旧的标准化工具,对影响旅游怀旧心理的相关因素进行了初步的探讨。并采用质性和量化方法相结合的内容分析法进行研究,同时采用眼动仪器记录个体对具有怀旧属性景点图片的注意特点。研究中编制的旅游怀旧问卷和旅游动机问卷可作为基础的研究工具,研究得到的旅游怀旧现状特点及其影响因素,可以供以怀旧为主题的旅游景点建设参考。
目前的研究只是揭示旅游中怀旧心理的—部分,还存在大量的问题,有待在以后的研究中改进。未来研究的可以结合怀旧的情感特征,从更多的视角认识旅游怀旧。扩大调查研究的范围,进一步深入探讨旅游怀旧的影响因素以及心理机制,并且可以采用认知神经科学范式研究旅游怀旧的脑机制。
Nostalgia is a complex mental state with the characteristics of time, emotion, trigger and so on. With the acceleration of modernization, all aspects of people's learning, work and daily life are increasingly different from the past, thus nostalgia often appears in the life of modern people:People miss the simple life, pursue bread and water and demand for green food; People remember the ancient style; Their clothing is prone to be back to the ancient, and homes are decorated green; They are looking backward for the outdated art—"black-and-white and old photos " in photography, the imitative songs, nostalgic golden and memorable songs on TV and radio in music field, the old house in the construction industry, the nostalgic collection in literary, and the remaking of classic films et al., are emerging in people's vision. In addition, there is another important way of nostalgia, that is travelling. People can not only enjoy leisure in the tense life, but feel the nostalgia, which has already become a never-be-ignored theme in tourism. Today, more and more ancient cities, towns and streets have become hot destinations for tourism and these legacy passed down by our old generations are increasingly favored. When these past places of interest become important tourism resources, it is of necessity to explore the reasons why people like tourism of this kind.
The purpose of this study is to explore the nostalgic features in travelling, the approaches to measure tourism nostalgia and its influential factors. These are all the problems we need to solve from the perspective of psychology.
The study was supported by four parts and six series. The first part overviewed the related concepts and previous researches, moreover, proposed the problems need to be addressed, namely, exploring the characteristics and influential factors of nostalgic travel. The second part was the compilation of tourism nostalgia questionnaire, including two studies. Study1researched the propagandized information on internet and personal travelling records by analyzing the contents to confirm the existence of nostalgia in travelling and its related features. On the basis of Study1and the combination of literature review and interviews, Study2developed a two-dimensional nostalgic questionnaire. The third part devoted to the study of influential factors, four studies included. Study3investigated the view spots to inspect the current situation of tourism nostalgia and the influences of demographic variables and related information by the use of self-compiled questionnaire. Study4probed into the effects of tourist motivation to tourism nostalgia by literature review, the questionnaire of tourism development motivation, and investigations for feature spots. Study5discussed the attentional features of personal nostalgia inclination to the pictures of scenic spots with nostalgic attributes. Study6researched the effects of personal nostalgic inclination to tourism nostalgia behavioral intention. The fourth part was the the discussion and conclusion of nostalgic characteristics in tourism and its influential factors.
Through the aboved series of studies, the following conclusions are obtained:
1.There are two types of nostalgic psychology:personal and historical. Personal nostalgia refers to personal yearning for self experience, which mainly bases on autobiographical memory with immediacy and authenticity. Its contents are the individual events in the past, self-related people and things, the scenes experienced individually and the past time in one's life. The triggers are chiefly the scenes of personal experiences and familiar items. Historical nostalgia refers to the pasts never undergone personally, even those in utera, which are indirect and imaginary. Its contents are the scenes of past people's lives, events in history or memories in specific historical era. The triggers are mainly historical scenes and ancient buildings.
2.Compiled tourism nostalgia questionnaire includes two dimensions, namely, personal and historical nostalgia. It has good reliability and validity, and can be a good tool to measure tourism nostalgia.
3. The types of scenic spots will affect tourism nostalgia. Visits in different scenic spots vary in their nostalgia:Visits for natural scenary are of high personal nostalgia, while those for red tourism are of high historical nostalgia.
4. Travelling ways will affect tourism nostalgia. The tourism nostalgia of foliow-group visits is significantly higher than that of package visits.
5. Tourism nostalgia is significantly positive correlated to travel motivation. The three factors in travel motivations, that is reliving the past, personal development and mental and phyiscal pleasure, can better predict the strength of tourist and personal nostalgia, while the other three factors, like personal development, reliving the past and understanding of culture can better forecast the strength of historical nostalgia.
6. The nostalgic proneness is significantly correlated to tourism nostalgia. Experimental research demonstrates that nostalgic inclination will affect tourism nostalgia in cognitive style, emotion and behavioral intention:Individuals with high nostalgic inclination will pay more attention to black-and-white and yellow pictures than those with low nostalgic inclination, what's more, the former are emotionally activated higher than the latter, and willing to visit scenic spots with high nostalgic attributes.
This study researched the contents and structures of nostalgia in travelling, developed the standardized tools for evaluating tourism nostalgia, and discussed related factors which will probably influence tourism nostalgia. In this study, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted, what's more, Eye tracker was used to record the individual attention to the pictures of nostalgic attributes. Tourism nostalgia and motivation questionnaire can be used as research tools. The present situation and its influential factors obtained can provide a reference for the development of scenic spots, in which nostalgia dominates.
The current study only reveals parts of nostalgia in tourism. There are a lot of problems to be solved in the later study. Future research can combine the nostalgic emotional characteristics to broaden the perspectives of researchs. In addition, expanding the scope of investigation, further exploring the influential factors and psychological mechanisms and brain mechanisms of cognitive neuroscience paradigm will surely deepen the research of nostalgia.
本研究的目的在于探寻人们在旅游中的怀旧具有什么样的特点?怎样测量人们的旅游怀旧心理?哪些因素会影响人们在旅游中的怀旧?这些问题是本研究所要解答的问题。
本研究由4个部分,6个子研究组成。第一部分通过对相关概念的解释和文献的综述,提出本研究需要解决的问题。第二部分为旅游怀旧问卷的编制,包含2个子研究。子研究1通过内容分析的方法对网络宣传信息和个人旅游记录进行研究,确定旅游怀旧相关特征。子研究2在子研究1的基础上,结合文献综述和访谈,开发包含两维度的旅游怀旧问卷。第三部分探讨了影响旅游怀旧的因素,共有4个子研究,子研究3采用自编的旅游怀旧问卷进行调查研究,考察旅游怀旧的现状特点以及人口学变量及其相关因素对旅游怀旧的影响。子研究4通过文献综述和访谈开发旅游动机问卷,并面向景点进行调查研究,探讨了旅游动机对旅游怀旧的影响。子研究5结合眼动实验探讨了怀旧倾向对旅游怀旧的认知偏向和情感的影响。子研究6探讨了怀旧倾向对旅游怀旧行为意向的影响。第四部分为总的讨论和结论,对旅游怀旧的特点及其影响因素进行探讨。
通过上述系列研究,得到以下主要结论：
1、旅游怀旧可分为两种类型：个人怀旧和历史怀旧。个人怀旧是个体对过去真实经历的怀念,以个人自传体记忆为基础,具有直接性、真实性；其怀旧的内容主要是个人过去经历的事件,同自己有关系的人和物,个人经历过的场景以及生命中过去的时光；主要由个人经历的场景和熟悉的物品所引发。历史怀旧是个体对没有经历过的过去,甚至是出生以前的过去的怀念,具有间接性、想象性；其怀旧的内容主要是过去人们生活的场景,历史上发生的事件或者是特定的历史年代的记忆；主要由古建筑、历史的场景以及相关的人、事、物所引发。
2、编制的旅游怀旧问卷包括个人怀旧和历史怀旧两个维度,问卷具有较好的信度和效度,符合心理测量学的要求,是测量旅游怀旧的一种较好工具。
3、景点类型对旅游怀旧有影响。不同景点游客的旅游怀旧存在显著的差异,自然风景类游客具有较高的个人怀旧水平,红色旅游景点的游客具有较高的历史怀旧水平。
4、旅游方式对旅游怀旧有影响,团队旅游游客的旅游怀旧显著高于自由行的游客。
5、旅游动机与旅游怀旧呈显著正相关,旅游动机中重温往昔、个人发展和愉悦身心三因素能够较好地预测总体旅游怀旧水平以及个人怀旧的水平,而个人发展、重温往昔和了解文化三因素能够较好的预测历史怀旧的水平。
6、怀旧倾向与旅游怀旧呈显著正相关,进一步的实验研究表明怀旧倾向会影响旅游怀旧的认知方式、情感和行为意向。表现为较之低怀旧倾向的个体,高怀旧倾向个体会更多地关注黑白色和黄颜色的景点图片,在观看具有怀旧属性的景点图片后情绪激活程度更高,同时会更多的选择具有高怀旧属性的景点去旅游。
本研究对旅游中怀旧心理的内容和结构进行研究,开发了评价旅游怀旧的标准化工具,对影响旅游怀旧心理的相关因素进行了初步的探讨。并采用质性和量化方法相结合的内容分析法进行研究,同时采用眼动仪器记录个体对具有怀旧属性景点图片的注意特点。研究中编制的旅游怀旧问卷和旅游动机问卷可作为基础的研究工具,研究得到的旅游怀旧现状特点及其影响因素,可以供以怀旧为主题的旅游景点建设参考。
目前的研究只是揭示旅游中怀旧心理的—部分,还存在大量的问题,有待在以后的研究中改进。未来研究的可以结合怀旧的情感特征,从更多的视角认识旅游怀旧。扩大调查研究的范围,进一步深入探讨旅游怀旧的影响因素以及心理机制,并且可以采用认知神经科学范式研究旅游怀旧的脑机制。
Nostalgia is a complex mental state with the characteristics of time, emotion, trigger and so on. With the acceleration of modernization, all aspects of people's learning, work and daily life are increasingly different from the past, thus nostalgia often appears in the life of modern people:People miss the simple life, pursue bread and water and demand for green food; People remember the ancient style; Their clothing is prone to be back to the ancient, and homes are decorated green; They are looking backward for the outdated art—"black-and-white and old photos " in photography, the imitative songs, nostalgic golden and memorable songs on TV and radio in music field, the old house in the construction industry, the nostalgic collection in literary, and the remaking of classic films et al., are emerging in people's vision. In addition, there is another important way of nostalgia, that is travelling. People can not only enjoy leisure in the tense life, but feel the nostalgia, which has already become a never-be-ignored theme in tourism. Today, more and more ancient cities, towns and streets have become hot destinations for tourism and these legacy passed down by our old generations are increasingly favored. When these past places of interest become important tourism resources, it is of necessity to explore the reasons why people like tourism of this kind.
The purpose of this study is to explore the nostalgic features in travelling, the approaches to measure tourism nostalgia and its influential factors. These are all the problems we need to solve from the perspective of psychology.
The study was supported by four parts and six series. The first part overviewed the related concepts and previous researches, moreover, proposed the problems need to be addressed, namely, exploring the characteristics and influential factors of nostalgic travel. The second part was the compilation of tourism nostalgia questionnaire, including two studies. Study1researched the propagandized information on internet and personal travelling records by analyzing the contents to confirm the existence of nostalgia in travelling and its related features. On the basis of Study1and the combination of literature review and interviews, Study2developed a two-dimensional nostalgic questionnaire. The third part devoted to the study of influential factors, four studies included. Study3investigated the view spots to inspect the current situation of tourism nostalgia and the influences of demographic variables and related information by the use of self-compiled questionnaire. Study4probed into the effects of tourist motivation to tourism nostalgia by literature review, the questionnaire of tourism development motivation, and investigations for feature spots. Study5discussed the attentional features of personal nostalgia inclination to the pictures of scenic spots with nostalgic attributes. Study6researched the effects of personal nostalgic inclination to tourism nostalgia behavioral intention. The fourth part was the the discussion and conclusion of nostalgic characteristics in tourism and its influential factors.
Through the aboved series of studies, the following conclusions are obtained:
1.There are two types of nostalgic psychology:personal and historical. Personal nostalgia refers to personal yearning for self experience, which mainly bases on autobiographical memory with immediacy and authenticity. Its contents are the individual events in the past, self-related people and things, the scenes experienced individually and the past time in one's life. The triggers are chiefly the scenes of personal experiences and familiar items. Historical nostalgia refers to the pasts never undergone personally, even those in utera, which are indirect and imaginary. Its contents are the scenes of past people's lives, events in history or memories in specific historical era. The triggers are mainly historical scenes and ancient buildings.
2.Compiled tourism nostalgia questionnaire includes two dimensions, namely, personal and historical nostalgia. It has good reliability and validity, and can be a good tool to measure tourism nostalgia.
3. The types of scenic spots will affect tourism nostalgia. Visits in different scenic spots vary in their nostalgia:Visits for natural scenary are of high personal nostalgia, while those for red tourism are of high historical nostalgia.
4. Travelling ways will affect tourism nostalgia. The tourism nostalgia of foliow-group visits is significantly higher than that of package visits.
5. Tourism nostalgia is significantly positive correlated to travel motivation. The three factors in travel motivations, that is reliving the past, personal development and mental and phyiscal pleasure, can better predict the strength of tourist and personal nostalgia, while the other three factors, like personal development, reliving the past and understanding of culture can better forecast the strength of historical nostalgia.
6. The nostalgic proneness is significantly correlated to tourism nostalgia. Experimental research demonstrates that nostalgic inclination will affect tourism nostalgia in cognitive style, emotion and behavioral intention:Individuals with high nostalgic inclination will pay more attention to black-and-white and yellow pictures than those with low nostalgic inclination, what's more, the former are emotionally activated higher than the latter, and willing to visit scenic spots with high nostalgic attributes.
This study researched the contents and structures of nostalgia in travelling, developed the standardized tools for evaluating tourism nostalgia, and discussed related factors which will probably influence tourism nostalgia. In this study, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted, what's more, Eye tracker was used to record the individual attention to the pictures of nostalgic attributes. Tourism nostalgia and motivation questionnaire can be used as research tools. The present situation and its influential factors obtained can provide a reference for the development of scenic spots, in which nostalgia dominates.
The current study only reveals parts of nostalgia in tourism. There are a lot of problems to be solved in the later study. Future research can combine the nostalgic emotional characteristics to broaden the perspectives of researchs. In addition, expanding the scope of investigation, further exploring the influential factors and psychological mechanisms and brain mechanisms of cognitive neuroscience paradigm will surely deepen the research of nostalgia.
引文
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