中国滨海旅游功能分区及其空间布局研究
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摘要
滨海旅游业是我国海洋产业的重要组成部分和沿海省市的经济增长点,并已成为我国东部沿海地区旅游产业发展的主体和引擎。滨海旅游功能分区研究对于促进滨海旅游资源有序开发、产业发展与合理布局,以及沿海地区产业结构优化调整等具有重要意义。目前全国性滨海旅游区划工作尚未开展,已公布实施的《海洋功能区划》虽已确定重点海域的滨海旅游区及其主要旅游功能,还不足以解决滨海旅游功能分区本质问题。本文吸收“主体功能区划”思想和理念,进行旅游功能分区理论分析与实证研究,主要对沿海城市的旅游发展进行专门分析和功能定位,以期为我国滨海旅游功能分区及其旅游功能区建设提供理论指导和决策参考。本文研究空间范围覆盖北起辽宁省的鸭绿江口,南至广西壮族自治区北仑河口的沿海地区,包括辽、津、冀、鲁、苏、沪、浙、闽、粤、桂、琼等11个沿海省市区(不包括港澳台),其中作为滨海旅游业布局载体的53个沿海城市是功能分区研究的主体。这里分区研究以2007年为基期。
滨海旅游功能分区是指以滨海旅游可持续发展为总体目标,兼顾自然生态、社会经济等综合性旅游环境因素,统筹考虑海洋生态功能与滨海旅游产业发展的空间协调和功能优化,按照一定的原则和标准,将沿海地区划分为不同旅游功能区,明确各功能区域范围、发展目标与功能定位,并提出具体的旅游开发方向与建设对策的过程。海洋功能区划和主体功能区划为滨海旅游功能分区研究提供了一定的实践基础,而地域分异规律、旅游产业集群、旅游环境承载力、区域旅游空间组织与可持续发展理论则是分区的基本理论依据。
我国沿海地区旅游产业及其开发布局已形成以沿海城市为依托的总体格局,加之旅游产业的关联性、集群性与区域管理的可操作性,故选择53个沿海城市作为分区基本地域单元,构建了由旅游资源环境承载力、旅游综合开发程度、旅游可持续发展潜力构成的分区指标体系,选择层次分析法、熵值法确定三大分区指标指数,通过系统聚类与分级、三维魔方图法,得到滨海旅游主体功能三维魔方图与类型识别结果,并结合我国滨海旅游发展实际情况,进行修正与完善,最终确定12个沿海城市为滨海旅游优化开发区、17个沿海城市为滨海旅游重点开发区,其余的24个沿海城市为滨海旅游引导开发区,国家级自然保护区、国家级海洋自然保护区、国家湿地公园、国家级水利风景区、国家矿山公园、世界自然遗产和全国重点文物保护单位等各类自然保护区划入滨海旅游适度开发区。同时,根据旅游经济发展水平、发展速度、旅游资源等地域差异,优化开发区又可划分为综合型和产业主导型两个亚类；重点开发区划分为资源驱动型、产业驱动型、经济驱动型三个亚类；引导开发区划分为资源引导型、产业引导型、经济引导型三个亚类。
按照我国沿海地区环渤海、长三角、泛珠三角地区三大区域格局,根据不同功能区类型的区域组合,分级划分旅游开发地域单元,其中环渤海地区由辽东半岛、环渤海西岸、山东半岛、长山群岛岛屿4个旅游区、9个旅游亚区构成：长三角地区由北部滨海生态旅游区、中部滨海都市旅游区和南部滨海休闲度假旅游区4个旅游区、6个旅游亚区构成；泛珠三角地区由东部滨海休闲文化旅游区、滨海文化与都市旅游区、西部滨海生态与休闲旅游区、海南岛岛屿休闲度假旅游区4个旅游区、7个旅游亚区构成。
根据我国滨海旅游功能区地域结构特点,以53个沿海旅游城市所构成的沿海城市带为主体,以11个省市为依托,以环渤海、长三角、泛珠三角为大框架,构建“一带、三圈、多极”的滨海旅游产业总体空间格局。“一带”即由滨海高速公路、港口等主要交通枢纽为纽带,由53个沿海城市组成我国沿海旅游城市带；“三圈”即切实构建环渤海滨海旅游圈、长三角滨海旅游圈和泛珠三角滨海旅游圈；“多极”则是由主要沿海旅游城市构成“滨海旅游增长极”。
为了加强滨海旅游功能区建设,要稳定快速发展优化开发区,积极发展重点开发区,适时加快引导开发区的发展,确保适度开发区的有序地开发和建设；推动滨海旅游逐渐由“以点带面、点线结合”的资源开发阶段过渡到“集聚发展、全面带动”的产业快速发展阶段,促进“一带、三圈、多极”不同层次问的旅游协调发展。文章通过构建交通、人才、法律、资金等保障体系,并制定分区管制、深化开放格局、优化产业结构、推进市场开发以及促进可持续发展等对策措施,促进我国滨海旅游功能区建设与滨海旅游的快速发展。
综上所述,本文对滨海旅游功能分区理论框架的构建进行了有益的尝试；建立了“类——亚类”分类系统和“区——亚区”分区分级系统相结合的我国滨海旅游功能分区方案；提出构建“一带、三圈、多极”的滨海旅游产业总体空间格局,为我国滨海旅游整体开发与产业综合发展提供科学决策依据。
Coastal tourism industry is an essential and important part of marine industry, zooming as an economic growth point of coastal provinces in China nowadays, and it has gradually become the main subject and engine of tourism industry in eastern coastal areas of China. Research on the coastal tourism functional zoning plays vital significance part in many aspects.It not only benefits for the ordered exploitation of coastal tourism recourse, but also for the tourism industrial development and reasonable allocation, at the same it contributes to optimizing and adjusting industrial structure reasonably in coastal area. At present the coastal tourism functional zoning on a national scale hasn't been carried out entirely. Although "Marine Function Divisions of Whole Country" had divided different coastal tourism functional districts in key sea areas and their main tourism functions according to the characteristics and spatial distribution of tourism resources along the coastline, it would not resolve the essence of the coastal tourism functional regionalization. Absorbing the idea and thought of National Main Function Division for reference, the paper makes the theoretical analysis and empirical research on coastal tourism functional regionalization. It primarily takes professional analysis and functional orientation for the tourism development of coastal cities in order to provide the theoretical guidance and division making for the coastal tourism functional zoning and the construction of tourism functional zones.
The research area of this paper covers the coastal area in China which is from the north of Yalu port in Liaoning province to south of Beilun port in Guangxi zhuang automonous region, containing 11 provinces in the coastal areas which are Liaonmg, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan, As the carrier of coastal tourism industry spatial layout,53 coastal cities is the main subject of the study on tourism functional zoning, and 2007 year is chosen as the base period.
Aiming at coastal tourism sustainable development, giving consideration to comprehensive tourism environment factors containing natural ecology and social economy and others, taking overall consideration of marine ecological function and spatial coordination and functional optimization of coastal tourism industry development, in accordance with certain principle and standard, coastal tourism functional zoning divides the coastal area into some different tourism functional zones, clearing and defining area coverage, development goals and functional orientation, and specific development direction and construction measures are put forward. Marine Function Divisions of Whole Country and National Mam Function Division has made a good base for the study on coastal tourism functional zoning, meanwhile the paper pays attention to illumination on its theoretical basis,such as regional differentiation theory, tourism clustering theory, tourism environment carrying capacity theory, regional tourism spatial structure theory and sustainable development theory and so on.
At present, for tourism industry development and exploitation layout,it has formed overall allocation and arrangement relying on the development of coastal cities in coastal area of China, In addition, tourism industry prominently appears that it is characteristic of strong associated and relevant industry, and it shows outstanding clustering features, and it is needed to be regionally managed and operated, therefore,53 coastal cities are used as the fundamental spatial units.The paper establishes the index system of coastal tourism functional zoning which consists of tourism resource environment carrying capacity, tourism comprehensive exploitation degree and tourism sustainable development potential, and then applies analytic hierarchy process and Entropy method to ascertain indexes of three zoning indicators respectively, after that discerns a three dimension magic cube map of coastal tourism major function and the result of type identification by using Hierarchical clustering method.classifying and three dimension magic cube method, at the same time,connecting the present and practical situation of coastal tourism industry development in China through modifying and improving properly, ultimately it makes out the functional division involving four concrete main-functional regions, which comprises optimized development area and emphatic development area and guided development area and moderate development area of coastal tourism.Thus,12 coastal cities are classified to optimized development area,17 coastal cities are classified to emphatic development area, and the other 24 coastal cities classified to guided development area, and various nature reserves are classified to moderate development area which are composed of National Nature Reserve, National Marine Nature Reserve, the National Wetland Park, National Water Conservancy Scenic Spot. National Mine Park, World Heritage and national cultural heritage site.Furthermore, according to the regional disparity in the level and speed of tourism economy development as well as tourism resources, Optimized development area could be divided into the two sub-classes which are comprehensive and industry-led, Emphatic development area could be divided into the three sub-classes which are resource-driven, industry-driven and economic-driven, Guided development area also could be divided into the three sub-classes which are resource-guided, industry-guided and economic-guided.
On the basis of three major regional structure of the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze Delta, and Pan-Pearl River Delta, according to the regional portfolio of functional areas in different types, tourism development units are divided by adopting grade division standard. There are 4 tourism zones and and 9 tourism sub-zone in the Bohai Rim,which comprises Liaodong Peninsula tourism zone, western bank of Bohai Rim tourism zone, Shandong peninsula tourism zone and Changshan islands tourism zone;there are 4 tourism zones and 6 tourism sub-zones in the Yangtze Delta, which comprises the northern ecotourism zone,central urban tourism zone and the southern resort tourism zone, and there are 4 tourism zones and 7 tourism sub-zones in the Pan-Pearl River Delta, which comprises eastern coastal leisure culture tourism zone,the central coastal culture and urban tourism zone, the western coastal ecotourism and recreational tourism zone,and coastal leisure and holiday tourism zone in Hainan Island.
In the light of regional structural characteristics of the various coastal tourism functional zones in China, taking 53 coastal tourism cities as the main part of urban belt in coastal area, 11 provinces as the basis,simultaneously the Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, the Pan-Pearl River Delta as the major development framework, the paper constructs the overall spatial pattern of coastal tourism industry. Firstly, "One belt" is the coastal tourism belt that is composed of 53 coastal cities in china's coastal area, connecting with the coastal highway and port and other major transportation hub;Secondly,"Three circles" contain coastal tourism circles of the Bohai Rim and Changjiang Delta areas and the Pearl River Delta separately;Thirdly, "Multi-poles" are coastal tourism growths that are composed of major coastal tourism cities in China.
In order to strengthen the construction of coastal tourism functional zones, the optimized development area is needed to be developed stably and rapidly, the emphatic development area must be exploited actively and vigorously, and the guided development area is required be developed timely and promptly, and moderate development area is ensured to be built and constructed orderly and appropriately. Coastal tourism must gradually transit from tourism resource development phase in which coastal tourism develops in the mode of "point driving the area and integration with the point and line,to industrial stage of rapid development which is characteristic of clustering development and overall driving, simultaneously, it is extremely important to boost deeply in order to develop coordinating among different levels of "One belt.Three circles、Multi-poles".Besides, the support systems of tourism traffic and tourism human resources and laws and financial are established. Finally, some measures for the construction of tourism functional zoning and coastal tourism development promptly are put forward, for example, implementing regional control of different functionai zones, deepening an open pattern of coastal tourism development, optimizing the tourism industrial structure of regional coastal tourism, propelling the market to be expanded and promoting the tourism sustainable development and so on.
To sum up, the article attempts to build the theoretical framework of coastal tourism functional zoning usefully, and it establishes the classification system of "class-subclass", zoning and grading system of "zone-sub-zone";constructs the overall spatial pattern of coastal tourism industry of the "One belt.Three circles、Multi-poles", providing scientific basis for decision making for the overall exploitation of coastal tourism and the comprehensive development of tourism industry in China.
滨海旅游功能分区是指以滨海旅游可持续发展为总体目标,兼顾自然生态、社会经济等综合性旅游环境因素,统筹考虑海洋生态功能与滨海旅游产业发展的空间协调和功能优化,按照一定的原则和标准,将沿海地区划分为不同旅游功能区,明确各功能区域范围、发展目标与功能定位,并提出具体的旅游开发方向与建设对策的过程。海洋功能区划和主体功能区划为滨海旅游功能分区研究提供了一定的实践基础,而地域分异规律、旅游产业集群、旅游环境承载力、区域旅游空间组织与可持续发展理论则是分区的基本理论依据。
我国沿海地区旅游产业及其开发布局已形成以沿海城市为依托的总体格局,加之旅游产业的关联性、集群性与区域管理的可操作性,故选择53个沿海城市作为分区基本地域单元,构建了由旅游资源环境承载力、旅游综合开发程度、旅游可持续发展潜力构成的分区指标体系,选择层次分析法、熵值法确定三大分区指标指数,通过系统聚类与分级、三维魔方图法,得到滨海旅游主体功能三维魔方图与类型识别结果,并结合我国滨海旅游发展实际情况,进行修正与完善,最终确定12个沿海城市为滨海旅游优化开发区、17个沿海城市为滨海旅游重点开发区,其余的24个沿海城市为滨海旅游引导开发区,国家级自然保护区、国家级海洋自然保护区、国家湿地公园、国家级水利风景区、国家矿山公园、世界自然遗产和全国重点文物保护单位等各类自然保护区划入滨海旅游适度开发区。同时,根据旅游经济发展水平、发展速度、旅游资源等地域差异,优化开发区又可划分为综合型和产业主导型两个亚类；重点开发区划分为资源驱动型、产业驱动型、经济驱动型三个亚类；引导开发区划分为资源引导型、产业引导型、经济引导型三个亚类。
按照我国沿海地区环渤海、长三角、泛珠三角地区三大区域格局,根据不同功能区类型的区域组合,分级划分旅游开发地域单元,其中环渤海地区由辽东半岛、环渤海西岸、山东半岛、长山群岛岛屿4个旅游区、9个旅游亚区构成：长三角地区由北部滨海生态旅游区、中部滨海都市旅游区和南部滨海休闲度假旅游区4个旅游区、6个旅游亚区构成；泛珠三角地区由东部滨海休闲文化旅游区、滨海文化与都市旅游区、西部滨海生态与休闲旅游区、海南岛岛屿休闲度假旅游区4个旅游区、7个旅游亚区构成。
根据我国滨海旅游功能区地域结构特点,以53个沿海旅游城市所构成的沿海城市带为主体,以11个省市为依托,以环渤海、长三角、泛珠三角为大框架,构建“一带、三圈、多极”的滨海旅游产业总体空间格局。“一带”即由滨海高速公路、港口等主要交通枢纽为纽带,由53个沿海城市组成我国沿海旅游城市带；“三圈”即切实构建环渤海滨海旅游圈、长三角滨海旅游圈和泛珠三角滨海旅游圈；“多极”则是由主要沿海旅游城市构成“滨海旅游增长极”。
为了加强滨海旅游功能区建设,要稳定快速发展优化开发区,积极发展重点开发区,适时加快引导开发区的发展,确保适度开发区的有序地开发和建设；推动滨海旅游逐渐由“以点带面、点线结合”的资源开发阶段过渡到“集聚发展、全面带动”的产业快速发展阶段,促进“一带、三圈、多极”不同层次问的旅游协调发展。文章通过构建交通、人才、法律、资金等保障体系,并制定分区管制、深化开放格局、优化产业结构、推进市场开发以及促进可持续发展等对策措施,促进我国滨海旅游功能区建设与滨海旅游的快速发展。
综上所述,本文对滨海旅游功能分区理论框架的构建进行了有益的尝试；建立了“类——亚类”分类系统和“区——亚区”分区分级系统相结合的我国滨海旅游功能分区方案；提出构建“一带、三圈、多极”的滨海旅游产业总体空间格局,为我国滨海旅游整体开发与产业综合发展提供科学决策依据。
Coastal tourism industry is an essential and important part of marine industry, zooming as an economic growth point of coastal provinces in China nowadays, and it has gradually become the main subject and engine of tourism industry in eastern coastal areas of China. Research on the coastal tourism functional zoning plays vital significance part in many aspects.It not only benefits for the ordered exploitation of coastal tourism recourse, but also for the tourism industrial development and reasonable allocation, at the same it contributes to optimizing and adjusting industrial structure reasonably in coastal area. At present the coastal tourism functional zoning on a national scale hasn't been carried out entirely. Although "Marine Function Divisions of Whole Country" had divided different coastal tourism functional districts in key sea areas and their main tourism functions according to the characteristics and spatial distribution of tourism resources along the coastline, it would not resolve the essence of the coastal tourism functional regionalization. Absorbing the idea and thought of National Main Function Division for reference, the paper makes the theoretical analysis and empirical research on coastal tourism functional regionalization. It primarily takes professional analysis and functional orientation for the tourism development of coastal cities in order to provide the theoretical guidance and division making for the coastal tourism functional zoning and the construction of tourism functional zones.
The research area of this paper covers the coastal area in China which is from the north of Yalu port in Liaoning province to south of Beilun port in Guangxi zhuang automonous region, containing 11 provinces in the coastal areas which are Liaonmg, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan, As the carrier of coastal tourism industry spatial layout,53 coastal cities is the main subject of the study on tourism functional zoning, and 2007 year is chosen as the base period.
Aiming at coastal tourism sustainable development, giving consideration to comprehensive tourism environment factors containing natural ecology and social economy and others, taking overall consideration of marine ecological function and spatial coordination and functional optimization of coastal tourism industry development, in accordance with certain principle and standard, coastal tourism functional zoning divides the coastal area into some different tourism functional zones, clearing and defining area coverage, development goals and functional orientation, and specific development direction and construction measures are put forward. Marine Function Divisions of Whole Country and National Mam Function Division has made a good base for the study on coastal tourism functional zoning, meanwhile the paper pays attention to illumination on its theoretical basis,such as regional differentiation theory, tourism clustering theory, tourism environment carrying capacity theory, regional tourism spatial structure theory and sustainable development theory and so on.
At present, for tourism industry development and exploitation layout,it has formed overall allocation and arrangement relying on the development of coastal cities in coastal area of China, In addition, tourism industry prominently appears that it is characteristic of strong associated and relevant industry, and it shows outstanding clustering features, and it is needed to be regionally managed and operated, therefore,53 coastal cities are used as the fundamental spatial units.The paper establishes the index system of coastal tourism functional zoning which consists of tourism resource environment carrying capacity, tourism comprehensive exploitation degree and tourism sustainable development potential, and then applies analytic hierarchy process and Entropy method to ascertain indexes of three zoning indicators respectively, after that discerns a three dimension magic cube map of coastal tourism major function and the result of type identification by using Hierarchical clustering method.classifying and three dimension magic cube method, at the same time,connecting the present and practical situation of coastal tourism industry development in China through modifying and improving properly, ultimately it makes out the functional division involving four concrete main-functional regions, which comprises optimized development area and emphatic development area and guided development area and moderate development area of coastal tourism.Thus,12 coastal cities are classified to optimized development area,17 coastal cities are classified to emphatic development area, and the other 24 coastal cities classified to guided development area, and various nature reserves are classified to moderate development area which are composed of National Nature Reserve, National Marine Nature Reserve, the National Wetland Park, National Water Conservancy Scenic Spot. National Mine Park, World Heritage and national cultural heritage site.Furthermore, according to the regional disparity in the level and speed of tourism economy development as well as tourism resources, Optimized development area could be divided into the two sub-classes which are comprehensive and industry-led, Emphatic development area could be divided into the three sub-classes which are resource-driven, industry-driven and economic-driven, Guided development area also could be divided into the three sub-classes which are resource-guided, industry-guided and economic-guided.
On the basis of three major regional structure of the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze Delta, and Pan-Pearl River Delta, according to the regional portfolio of functional areas in different types, tourism development units are divided by adopting grade division standard. There are 4 tourism zones and and 9 tourism sub-zone in the Bohai Rim,which comprises Liaodong Peninsula tourism zone, western bank of Bohai Rim tourism zone, Shandong peninsula tourism zone and Changshan islands tourism zone;there are 4 tourism zones and 6 tourism sub-zones in the Yangtze Delta, which comprises the northern ecotourism zone,central urban tourism zone and the southern resort tourism zone, and there are 4 tourism zones and 7 tourism sub-zones in the Pan-Pearl River Delta, which comprises eastern coastal leisure culture tourism zone,the central coastal culture and urban tourism zone, the western coastal ecotourism and recreational tourism zone,and coastal leisure and holiday tourism zone in Hainan Island.
In the light of regional structural characteristics of the various coastal tourism functional zones in China, taking 53 coastal tourism cities as the main part of urban belt in coastal area, 11 provinces as the basis,simultaneously the Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, the Pan-Pearl River Delta as the major development framework, the paper constructs the overall spatial pattern of coastal tourism industry. Firstly, "One belt" is the coastal tourism belt that is composed of 53 coastal cities in china's coastal area, connecting with the coastal highway and port and other major transportation hub;Secondly,"Three circles" contain coastal tourism circles of the Bohai Rim and Changjiang Delta areas and the Pearl River Delta separately;Thirdly, "Multi-poles" are coastal tourism growths that are composed of major coastal tourism cities in China.
In order to strengthen the construction of coastal tourism functional zones, the optimized development area is needed to be developed stably and rapidly, the emphatic development area must be exploited actively and vigorously, and the guided development area is required be developed timely and promptly, and moderate development area is ensured to be built and constructed orderly and appropriately. Coastal tourism must gradually transit from tourism resource development phase in which coastal tourism develops in the mode of "point driving the area and integration with the point and line,to industrial stage of rapid development which is characteristic of clustering development and overall driving, simultaneously, it is extremely important to boost deeply in order to develop coordinating among different levels of "One belt.Three circles、Multi-poles".Besides, the support systems of tourism traffic and tourism human resources and laws and financial are established. Finally, some measures for the construction of tourism functional zoning and coastal tourism development promptly are put forward, for example, implementing regional control of different functionai zones, deepening an open pattern of coastal tourism development, optimizing the tourism industrial structure of regional coastal tourism, propelling the market to be expanded and promoting the tourism sustainable development and so on.
To sum up, the article attempts to build the theoretical framework of coastal tourism functional zoning usefully, and it establishes the classification system of "class-subclass", zoning and grading system of "zone-sub-zone";constructs the overall spatial pattern of coastal tourism industry of the "One belt.Three circles、Multi-poles", providing scientific basis for decision making for the overall exploitation of coastal tourism and the comprehensive development of tourism industry in China.
引文
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