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我国水资源污染防控产业研究
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摘要
水资源是人类生命之源,随着世界社会经济的发展和人口逐渐增多,对水资源的争夺,已逐渐演变为国际政治问题。在我国工业化和城镇化过程中,水资源污染问题日益严重,水资源短缺更加凸显,成为阻碍可持续发展的重大问题之一。
     本文依据产业经济学、技术经济学、环境经济学和可持续发展等理论,开展了国内外调研,收集了大量资料和相关数据,采用实证分析和比较研究的方法,对我国的水污染治理进行了综合、系统和多维的研究。
     经研究发现,从20世纪70年代以来,我国政府就逐步把环境保护产业列为控制污染、提高环境质量、推动经济与环境协调发展的重要产业部门,但受认识水平、经济发展和技术管理水平等因素的制约,我国现行的环境保护模式仍以“治理”为主,虽然也提出了源头治理,在实践中却往往采用"先污染后治理"和"边污染边治理"的方式,尤其是作为环境保护产业重要组成部分的水污染治理,远落后于发达国家。
     在学习实践科学发展观的新形势下,我们认为应该引入一个“水资源污染防控产业”的新概念,强调以“防控”为主的发展模式,围绕这一新的概念,我们系统论述了水资源污染防控产业的定义、内涵、产业特征、产业分类、产业构成和产业技术构成,分析了发展水资源污染防控产业存在的问题和制约因素,提出了关于促进水资源污染防控产业发展的途径和政策法规的建议。
     针对产业技术相对落后的问题,我们专门赴美考察了具有世界先进水平的“BST”矿山酸水处理技术在美国的应用案例,该技术具有成本低、见效快、易推广的特点。通过与国内研究院所合作,已对该技术进行了自主创新,在生活污水处理方面进行了实验,效果良好,证明了生物环境技术是水污染防控产业应大力推广和提倡的主要技术。
     在借鉴发达国家经验的基础上,提出了我国水资源污染防控产业发展的优化思路:运用经济、科技和法律手段,从规范市场秩序和提高产业技术水平着手,建立和完善促进水资源污染防控产业发展的政策法规体系,建立政府投资、民间资本和国外资本共同参与的新型投融资机制;建立符合国际规范又具有中国特色的产品标准和技术标准体系;提高公众对水资源污染防控的认识水平和参与度。
Water is the source of human life. According to the development of global social economy and the increase of population, the competition for water resources has become an international political issue. During the process of industrialization and urbanization in our Nation, the problem of the pollution of water resources has become increasingly serious. The lack of water resource has become one of the most significant problems that is an obstacle to sustainable development.
     This essay has launched a comprehensive, systematic and multi-dimensional research to the water pollution treatment in China according to the theories such as industrial economics, technology economics, environmental economics and sustainable development theory etc. and by the collection of a wealth of information and related data as well as empirical analysis and comparative research methods.
     It has been found, according to the studies, that since 1970s, the environmental protection industry has been listed by our government as an important setcor for pollution control, environmental quality improvement and the promotion of economic and environmental development. However, as being restricted by various elements such as the low level of awareness, the slow development of economy and low technical level, the current environmental protection model of China is still based on "treatment" . Even though source control has been put forward, in practice, the methods of "cleaning up after pollution" or "cleaning up while pollution" are usually used, especially in the water resource control, which is as a critical part of environmental protection industry and has lagged far behind the developed countries.
     In the new situation of studying and practicing the idea of scientific development, we believe that a new concept of "water pollution prevention and control industry" should be introduced, which stresses a development model based on "prevention and control". Around this new concept, we have systematically discussed the definition, content, industrial characteristics and classification of water pollution prevention and control industry as well as its composition and its technical composition. We have analysed the problems and constraints occurred in the development of water pollution prevention and control industry and proposed our suggestions on the methods, policies and legal regulations for promoting the development of such industry.
     To the problem that our industrial technology being relatively backward, we went to the United States specially for the investigation into the application cases of "BST" acid mine water treatment technology in the United States, which is of the world's advanced level and has the feature of low cost, quick effect and easy to promote etc. Through the cooperation with domestic research institutes, the technology innovation of such technique and the experiments on domestic sewage treatment have been carried out. As responded well, it has been proven that biological environment technology is the main technique that should be vigorously promoted and advocated in the water pollution prevention and control industry.
     On the basis of the experience of developed countries, the idea of optimizing the development of water pollution prevention and control industry has been proposed: through the use of economic, technological and legal methods, starting from the regulation of market order and the improvement of technical level of the industry, to establish and perfect the policy and legal system that can promote the development of water pollution prevention and control industry, to build up a new investment and financing mechanism that involves the government investment, private investment and foreign capitals jointly, to create a product and technical standard system that not only meets international standards but also has Chinese characteristics, and to improve the public awareness of water pollution prevention and control while increasing their participation.
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