高层建筑施工伤害风险评价研究
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摘要
高层建筑的迅猛发展是人类文明的进步，同时由于高层建筑层数多、施工量大的特点，它的出现又给人们带来了更多安全问题。本文通过对高层建筑施工伤害的分析研究，找出了控制事故的安全技术措施和安全管理措施。文章研究高层建筑施工过程中的伤害事故，不包括高层建筑建成后的工程质量事故。
高层建筑施工存在危险的主要方面有：基础开挖深度深、作业高度高、交叉作业多、施工工期长。国内外建筑安全发展水平不一，文章对比研究了我国内地和美国、德国、日本及港台地区建筑安全的发展情况。我国应该在建筑安全立法、建筑安全管理体制方面向他们学习，同时我国应加大协会在建筑安全监督管理方面的作用。
安全评价工作的基础是对所评价系统进行危险源辨识。常用危险辨识方法有：预先危险性分析(PHA)；危险度分析；故障模式影响级严重度分析(FMECA)；事故树分析(FTA)：事件树分析(ETA)等。每一种方法一般只适用于不同危险特征的分析对象。因此，在具体开展危险辨识时，应根据分析对象的特点，有针对性地选择系统危险辨识方法。本文主要采用的是事故树分析方法。
通过分析大量以往建筑施工安全事故，得出高层建筑施工的主要伤害类型：高处坠落、机械伤害、起重伤害、物体打击、触电、坍塌。这些事故占总事故的70％以上。文章详细分析了高处坠落、物体打击、机械和起重伤害、触电事故的特点、类型、发生原因和防范措施，并用事故树分析法分析了每种类型的典型事故，做出了定性分析。
现行安全评价技术的都有其优缺点。指数法、概率法和国内研究开发的模糊评价法也都适用于不同的评价对象，使用时有一定限制。本文运用控制论、系统论、信息论的原理，提出了安全系统状态方程，加入了反馈机制，考虑了安全系统的动态特征。同时以安全度的概念来衡量系统安全水平，得出了系统的综合安全评价模型：S(k)=S(k-1)+B(k)、B(k)=αC-βH。其中α、β是常数，C、H的确定根据系统危险辨识的结果综合评判。C的确定根据系统安全管理状况确定，文章给出了具体的评价指标体系。H的确定根据各危险源危险情况综合产生，文章给出了建筑工地主要危险源的评价指标体系。
文章最后提出了建筑施工伤害控制对策，包括“四大伤害”的控制和安全管理控制。现代安全管理侧重于对系统安全进行预测、预报、预防，要遵循“计划、实施、检查、处理”的PDCA动态循环管理的要求。安全管理包括安全管理组织机构建立、施工现场安全管理、安全检查和安全教育。施工现场要建立起符合现代管理科学的安全管理体系，首先要建立完善的安全管理组织机构，全面贯彻安全生产责任制。施工现场安全控制可分为三个阶段的控制：开工前的准备工作、施工过程的控制、重点监控。安全检查要根据国家规
定的检查内容和自身的施工特点来制定，检查的形式分定期和不定期连续进行的方法。安
全教育和培训要有明确的目的，确定的时间，固定的内容和形式。
High-rise construction develops rapidly, which is the consequence of human civilization. At the meantime, high-rise construction has more layers and needs more workload. These characteristics of high-rise construction bring up many more safety problems to people. After analyzing high-rise construction injuries, measures for safety techniques and safety management were given in the paper. The paper involves the construction accidents in the process of one building and not those after finishing the building that belong to quality accident.
The main danger in high-rise construction lies in the deep depth of foundation digging, the great height of work place, the much crossover work, the long time for a project. The construction safety standards vary in home and abroad. Compared with America, Germany, Japanese, Hong Kong area and Taiwan area, our main land should study from them in such aspects as construction safety legislation, construction safety management system. At the meantime we should increase the role of association in construction safety supervision.
The identification of danger resource is the basis of safety assessment. The major methods for the identification of danger resource include preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), danger degree analysis, failure mode effect consequence analysis (FMECA), fault tree analysis (FTA), event tree analysis (ETA) and so on. Every method fits to one kind of object. So we should choose different methods according to different objects. Fault tree analysis (FTA) methods are used in this paper.
After the analyzing many existing construction accidents, we get to know that the major injury modes include the falling from high place, machine injury, crane injury, object beating, electric shock and collapse. These accidents occupy the 70 percents of all accidents. Four kinds of accidents including the falling from high place, object beating, machine and crane injury, electric shock were the major research objects in this paper. People always call this four kind of accidents "the four big accidents". The characteristics, modes, causes and protection measures of each kind were given in the paper. A typical accident of each kind was analyzed by FTA methods. Then qualitative analysis was given.
The existing assessment technique was not fully perfect. Exponent methods, probability methods and blur assessment from our country fit to different objects. An equation for safety system was brought up by using the principals of cybernetics, systematic and information. Considering the dynamic characteristic of the system, Feedback is integrated in the system. The safety comprehensive assessment model was given using the conception of safety degree: S(k) = S(k-l) + B(k), B(k)= a C- P H, in which a and P are constant, C can be got according to the state of safety management. The detailed assessment parameters for safety management were given in the paper. H can be got according to the result of identification of danger resource for
system. The detailed assessment parameters for danger resource were given in the paper.
Finally, the control measures for construction injury were brought up that include the control of "the four big accidents" and safety management. Modern safety management emphasizes on safety prediction, safety forecast and safety prevention. Safety management system must accord to the mode of PDCA (plan-do-check-action). Safety management system includes the contents of safety management organization, safety management on spots, safety check and safety education. Safety management organization must be established at the beginning of the project in which the safety production duty system is most important. Safety control on spots can be divided into three stages: preparative work, the processing control and emphasis control. The contents of safety check should be set down according to national regulations and the characteristics of the project. The pattern of safety check includes periodical and aperiodical check. Safety education should have specific objective, time an
高层建筑施工存在危险的主要方面有：基础开挖深度深、作业高度高、交叉作业多、施工工期长。国内外建筑安全发展水平不一，文章对比研究了我国内地和美国、德国、日本及港台地区建筑安全的发展情况。我国应该在建筑安全立法、建筑安全管理体制方面向他们学习，同时我国应加大协会在建筑安全监督管理方面的作用。
安全评价工作的基础是对所评价系统进行危险源辨识。常用危险辨识方法有：预先危险性分析(PHA)；危险度分析；故障模式影响级严重度分析(FMECA)；事故树分析(FTA)：事件树分析(ETA)等。每一种方法一般只适用于不同危险特征的分析对象。因此，在具体开展危险辨识时，应根据分析对象的特点，有针对性地选择系统危险辨识方法。本文主要采用的是事故树分析方法。
通过分析大量以往建筑施工安全事故，得出高层建筑施工的主要伤害类型：高处坠落、机械伤害、起重伤害、物体打击、触电、坍塌。这些事故占总事故的70％以上。文章详细分析了高处坠落、物体打击、机械和起重伤害、触电事故的特点、类型、发生原因和防范措施，并用事故树分析法分析了每种类型的典型事故，做出了定性分析。
现行安全评价技术的都有其优缺点。指数法、概率法和国内研究开发的模糊评价法也都适用于不同的评价对象，使用时有一定限制。本文运用控制论、系统论、信息论的原理，提出了安全系统状态方程，加入了反馈机制，考虑了安全系统的动态特征。同时以安全度的概念来衡量系统安全水平，得出了系统的综合安全评价模型：S(k)=S(k-1)+B(k)、B(k)=αC-βH。其中α、β是常数，C、H的确定根据系统危险辨识的结果综合评判。C的确定根据系统安全管理状况确定，文章给出了具体的评价指标体系。H的确定根据各危险源危险情况综合产生，文章给出了建筑工地主要危险源的评价指标体系。
文章最后提出了建筑施工伤害控制对策，包括“四大伤害”的控制和安全管理控制。现代安全管理侧重于对系统安全进行预测、预报、预防，要遵循“计划、实施、检查、处理”的PDCA动态循环管理的要求。安全管理包括安全管理组织机构建立、施工现场安全管理、安全检查和安全教育。施工现场要建立起符合现代管理科学的安全管理体系，首先要建立完善的安全管理组织机构，全面贯彻安全生产责任制。施工现场安全控制可分为三个阶段的控制：开工前的准备工作、施工过程的控制、重点监控。安全检查要根据国家规
定的检查内容和自身的施工特点来制定，检查的形式分定期和不定期连续进行的方法。安
全教育和培训要有明确的目的，确定的时间，固定的内容和形式。
High-rise construction develops rapidly, which is the consequence of human civilization. At the meantime, high-rise construction has more layers and needs more workload. These characteristics of high-rise construction bring up many more safety problems to people. After analyzing high-rise construction injuries, measures for safety techniques and safety management were given in the paper. The paper involves the construction accidents in the process of one building and not those after finishing the building that belong to quality accident.
The main danger in high-rise construction lies in the deep depth of foundation digging, the great height of work place, the much crossover work, the long time for a project. The construction safety standards vary in home and abroad. Compared with America, Germany, Japanese, Hong Kong area and Taiwan area, our main land should study from them in such aspects as construction safety legislation, construction safety management system. At the meantime we should increase the role of association in construction safety supervision.
The identification of danger resource is the basis of safety assessment. The major methods for the identification of danger resource include preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), danger degree analysis, failure mode effect consequence analysis (FMECA), fault tree analysis (FTA), event tree analysis (ETA) and so on. Every method fits to one kind of object. So we should choose different methods according to different objects. Fault tree analysis (FTA) methods are used in this paper.
After the analyzing many existing construction accidents, we get to know that the major injury modes include the falling from high place, machine injury, crane injury, object beating, electric shock and collapse. These accidents occupy the 70 percents of all accidents. Four kinds of accidents including the falling from high place, object beating, machine and crane injury, electric shock were the major research objects in this paper. People always call this four kind of accidents "the four big accidents". The characteristics, modes, causes and protection measures of each kind were given in the paper. A typical accident of each kind was analyzed by FTA methods. Then qualitative analysis was given.
The existing assessment technique was not fully perfect. Exponent methods, probability methods and blur assessment from our country fit to different objects. An equation for safety system was brought up by using the principals of cybernetics, systematic and information. Considering the dynamic characteristic of the system, Feedback is integrated in the system. The safety comprehensive assessment model was given using the conception of safety degree: S(k) = S(k-l) + B(k), B(k)= a C- P H, in which a and P are constant, C can be got according to the state of safety management. The detailed assessment parameters for safety management were given in the paper. H can be got according to the result of identification of danger resource for
system. The detailed assessment parameters for danger resource were given in the paper.
Finally, the control measures for construction injury were brought up that include the control of "the four big accidents" and safety management. Modern safety management emphasizes on safety prediction, safety forecast and safety prevention. Safety management system must accord to the mode of PDCA (plan-do-check-action). Safety management system includes the contents of safety management organization, safety management on spots, safety check and safety education. Safety management organization must be established at the beginning of the project in which the safety production duty system is most important. Safety control on spots can be divided into three stages: preparative work, the processing control and emphasis control. The contents of safety check should be set down according to national regulations and the characteristics of the project. The pattern of safety check includes periodical and aperiodical check. Safety education should have specific objective, time an
引文
1．李士轩．建筑施工安全检查标准实施手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000．10
2．上海市工程建设监督研究会编．施工现场安全生产保证体系的建立和实施．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000．8
3．王志民，胡满江．应用“控制论”研究重大工业危险源．第六届海峡两岸及香港、澳门地区职业安全卫生学术研讨会论文集．《中国安全科学》编辑部．1998．10．
4．劳动部武汉安全工程研究院等．《三峡工程建设中的劳动安全评价及危险源控制对策》(研究成果报告)．1997．7
5．建筑施工手册．中国建筑工业出版社．1997．4
6．高层建筑施王．中国建筑工业出版社．1998．8
7．广州市建筑集团有限公司编．实用建筑施工安全手册．中国建筑工业出版社．1999．4
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2．上海市工程建设监督研究会编．施工现场安全生产保证体系的建立和实施．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000．8
3．王志民，胡满江．应用“控制论”研究重大工业危险源．第六届海峡两岸及香港、澳门地区职业安全卫生学术研讨会论文集．《中国安全科学》编辑部．1998．10．
4．劳动部武汉安全工程研究院等．《三峡工程建设中的劳动安全评价及危险源控制对策》(研究成果报告)．1997．7
5．建筑施工手册．中国建筑工业出版社．1997．4
6．高层建筑施王．中国建筑工业出版社．1998．8
7．广州市建筑集团有限公司编．实用建筑施工安全手册．中国建筑工业出版社．1999．4
8．肖洪．高层建筑施工组织与管理．湖南科学技术出版社．1995．4
9．秦春芳，魏忠泽．建筑施工安全技术手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．1999．12
10．辽宁省劳动保护科学技术学会编．建筑施工安全技术手册．辽宁科学技术出版社．1992．12
11．建筑事故防范与处理课题组编写．建筑事故防范与处理使用全书．中国建材工业出版社．1998．10
12．李建生．最新工程建设事故防范与事故鉴定赔偿．中国物资出版社．1999．6
13．冯肇瑞．安全系统工程．北京：冶金工业出版社．1993．10
14．王金波，陈宝智，徐竹云．系统安全工程．沈阳：东北工学院出版社．1992．
15．隋鹏程，陈宝智．安全原理与事故预测．北京：冶金工业出版社．1988．7
16．机械工业部生产管理局．事故树分析与应用．北京：机械工业出版社．1986．3
17．吴宗之，高进东，魏利军．危险评价方法及应用．北京：冶金工业出版社．2001．6．
18．吴宗之，高进东，张兴凯．工业危险辨识与评价．北京：气象出版社．2000．4
19．吴宗之，高进东．重大危险源辨识与控制．冶金工业出版社．2001．6
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