产品功能性包装的低碳概念设计关键技术与应用
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摘要
国内包装工业总产值已近万亿,跃升至国民经济42个主要行业中的第14位,中国正努力由包装大国向包装强国过渡,与此同时,包装工业碳排放总量占全国总排放量的2.74%,已超过同期包装工业总产值占全国GDP的比重(2.43%),过度及不合理包装产生的环境和经济问题日益严峻,并成为阻碍包装工业可持续发展的顽症。为了在产品功能性包装的生命周期前端综合考虑其包装的低碳和成本问题,在包装方案具体实施之前得到可修整并优化的多种选择,本文围绕包装、低碳、成本以及概念设计等关键词主要开展了以下工作：
1通过对国内外碳问题、包装行业的现状及存在问题的调研确定了低碳包装的内涵以及实施的必要性,从包装需建立在“被包装物”的基础上这一区别于一般产品的主要特征入手,分析了概念设计在产品功能性低碳包装中的重要地位和可行性以及包装、低碳和概念设计三者的结合思路。
2分析了一般产品与产品包装之间存在的差异性,在此基础上给出了低碳包装概念设计的一般流程、步骤以及在低碳包装概念设计中需要注意的关键技术,如边界确定、碳足迹计算模型和评价机制等,并将模块化和QFD技术加以变换形成的性能模块化和FsD模型用于低碳包装的概念设计之中。
3建立了包装概念设计的主成分分析模型,用集成和继承原有信息变量的方法得出少量主成分,并以主成分为设计原则实现概念设计对包装物性需求和客户需求的映射、设计元素的筛选以及设计维度的降低,从一定程度上降低了概念设计的难度。
4给出了包装碳足迹计算的边界和准则,详细讨论了功能性包装低碳边界内的参数和相关注意事项,在此基础上给出了概念设计阶段考虑包装全生命周期范围的碳足迹计算模型。并对碳足迹计算的不确定性进行了详细的讨论,建立了节点的低碳敏感性分析方法。
5在统一的边界和准则范围内,同样讨论了该范围内的成本计算问题,并将碳足迹和成本的综合指标-碳效益作为产品功能性低碳包装概念设计方案的评价标准,同时还给出了节点碳流、成本流以及碳效益流模式以此方便查证包装各生命周期节点产生的碳或成本的高低问题,快速查找高碳效益节点以改变方案映射得出最优结果。并通过节点优化的正负关系以及优化分类分级来实现低碳和成本的冲突消解。
6以机电类产品一小型汽油机为实例,通过对汽油机包装的需求分析和基于主成分方法的概念设计方案映射,对产生的木材、瓦楞纸板和胶合板三种不同方案进行了碳足迹、成本和碳效益的计算,最终双层UV型瓦楞纸板包装以167.17的综合分值成为最优方案,符合目前高强度瓦楞纸板代木包装在机电产品包装中的应用趋势。同时对遴选出的瓦楞纸板方案的碳足迹数据进行了不确定性分析,确定了充填、装箱和装卸搬运环节作为整个汽油机包装生命周期的数据改进关键节点。
7总结全文并提出论文未来的研究方向。
Gross domestic packaging industry has reached almost one trillion and jumped to the14th among the42major national industries. China is making efforts to achieve transition from a major packaging country into a power packaging country. At the same time, carbon emission of packaging industry has accounted for2.74%of the total emission and exceeded the proportion of output value in GDP (2.43%) over the same period. Excessive and unreasonable packaging has generated serious environmental and economic problems, which has hindered sustainable development of packaging industry. In order to consider low-carbon and cost issues of packaging in the initial part of the product life cycle of packaging functionality, and obtain a variety of choices in implementing specific packaging program, this paper deals with the following issues by focusing on packaging, low-carbon, cost and conceptual design:
1Through investigating domestic and international carbon issues and analyzing the present status and problems of packaging industry, the paper points out the necessity of implementing a low-carbon packaging. Due to the fact that packaging is based on the product, which distinguishes packing from general products, the study analyses the importance and feasibility of conceptual design in the product packaging functionality and aims at combining packaging, low-carbon and conceptual design.
2By analyzing the differences between general product and product packaging, the paper suggests the conceptual design processes, procedures and key technologies in low-carbon packaging, such as boundary determination, calculation model of carbon footprint and evaluation mechanisms. The performance modular and FSD model which are respectively transformed from the modular and QFD are applied to the conceptual design of low-carbon packaging.
3The principal component analysis (PCA) model of packaging conceptual design is established. Through integrating and inheriting original information, a small number of principal components are obtained, which are used as design principles to meet the basic needs packaging and of the customers by filtering and reducing the dimension of the design, and to some extent reduces the difficulty of conceptual design.
4The carbon footprint calculation boundary and guideline of packaging are provided, the parameters of low-carbon boundary in functional packaging and related considerations are discussed in details. By considering packaging life cycle in the conceptual design stage, the carbon footprint calculation model is given. The uncertainties of carbon footprint calculation are discussed in details and the sensitivity analysis method of node carbon footprint is established.
5The cost issue of packaging is also discussed within the unified boundary and guideline. Carbon benefit integrating carbon footprint and cost is treated as the comprehensive indicator and used to evaluate the criteria of low-carbon conceptual design of functional packaging. The nodes flow of carbon footprint, cost and carbon benefit are also given in order to verify carbon and cost issue of packaging life cycle conveniently. Finding the high carbon benefit nodes quickly could contribute to obtaining optimal results. By optimizing positive and negative relationship between the nodes and by classifying and grading them, the conflicts between low-carbon and cost are resolved.
6The case study results of machinery and electronic product-gasoline packaging show the method is effective through three scenarios including wood, corrugated cardboard and plywood in the low-carbon packaging concept design guidance, and the corrugated cardboard is determined to be the best solution because of its comprehensive performance indicators:161.17. The result consistent with packaging trend of mechanical and electrical product which uses high-strength corrugated cardboard instead of wood. The uncertainty analysis of carbon footprint of corrugated board which is selected form three scenarios are analyzed. And the sectors of filling, packing and handing are the key nodes of the entire life-cycle of gasoline which could be improved.
7The conclusion is drawn and the future research direction is pointed out.
1通过对国内外碳问题、包装行业的现状及存在问题的调研确定了低碳包装的内涵以及实施的必要性,从包装需建立在“被包装物”的基础上这一区别于一般产品的主要特征入手,分析了概念设计在产品功能性低碳包装中的重要地位和可行性以及包装、低碳和概念设计三者的结合思路。
2分析了一般产品与产品包装之间存在的差异性,在此基础上给出了低碳包装概念设计的一般流程、步骤以及在低碳包装概念设计中需要注意的关键技术,如边界确定、碳足迹计算模型和评价机制等,并将模块化和QFD技术加以变换形成的性能模块化和FsD模型用于低碳包装的概念设计之中。
3建立了包装概念设计的主成分分析模型,用集成和继承原有信息变量的方法得出少量主成分,并以主成分为设计原则实现概念设计对包装物性需求和客户需求的映射、设计元素的筛选以及设计维度的降低,从一定程度上降低了概念设计的难度。
4给出了包装碳足迹计算的边界和准则,详细讨论了功能性包装低碳边界内的参数和相关注意事项,在此基础上给出了概念设计阶段考虑包装全生命周期范围的碳足迹计算模型。并对碳足迹计算的不确定性进行了详细的讨论,建立了节点的低碳敏感性分析方法。
5在统一的边界和准则范围内,同样讨论了该范围内的成本计算问题,并将碳足迹和成本的综合指标-碳效益作为产品功能性低碳包装概念设计方案的评价标准,同时还给出了节点碳流、成本流以及碳效益流模式以此方便查证包装各生命周期节点产生的碳或成本的高低问题,快速查找高碳效益节点以改变方案映射得出最优结果。并通过节点优化的正负关系以及优化分类分级来实现低碳和成本的冲突消解。
6以机电类产品一小型汽油机为实例,通过对汽油机包装的需求分析和基于主成分方法的概念设计方案映射,对产生的木材、瓦楞纸板和胶合板三种不同方案进行了碳足迹、成本和碳效益的计算,最终双层UV型瓦楞纸板包装以167.17的综合分值成为最优方案,符合目前高强度瓦楞纸板代木包装在机电产品包装中的应用趋势。同时对遴选出的瓦楞纸板方案的碳足迹数据进行了不确定性分析,确定了充填、装箱和装卸搬运环节作为整个汽油机包装生命周期的数据改进关键节点。
7总结全文并提出论文未来的研究方向。
Gross domestic packaging industry has reached almost one trillion and jumped to the14th among the42major national industries. China is making efforts to achieve transition from a major packaging country into a power packaging country. At the same time, carbon emission of packaging industry has accounted for2.74%of the total emission and exceeded the proportion of output value in GDP (2.43%) over the same period. Excessive and unreasonable packaging has generated serious environmental and economic problems, which has hindered sustainable development of packaging industry. In order to consider low-carbon and cost issues of packaging in the initial part of the product life cycle of packaging functionality, and obtain a variety of choices in implementing specific packaging program, this paper deals with the following issues by focusing on packaging, low-carbon, cost and conceptual design:
1Through investigating domestic and international carbon issues and analyzing the present status and problems of packaging industry, the paper points out the necessity of implementing a low-carbon packaging. Due to the fact that packaging is based on the product, which distinguishes packing from general products, the study analyses the importance and feasibility of conceptual design in the product packaging functionality and aims at combining packaging, low-carbon and conceptual design.
2By analyzing the differences between general product and product packaging, the paper suggests the conceptual design processes, procedures and key technologies in low-carbon packaging, such as boundary determination, calculation model of carbon footprint and evaluation mechanisms. The performance modular and FSD model which are respectively transformed from the modular and QFD are applied to the conceptual design of low-carbon packaging.
3The principal component analysis (PCA) model of packaging conceptual design is established. Through integrating and inheriting original information, a small number of principal components are obtained, which are used as design principles to meet the basic needs packaging and of the customers by filtering and reducing the dimension of the design, and to some extent reduces the difficulty of conceptual design.
4The carbon footprint calculation boundary and guideline of packaging are provided, the parameters of low-carbon boundary in functional packaging and related considerations are discussed in details. By considering packaging life cycle in the conceptual design stage, the carbon footprint calculation model is given. The uncertainties of carbon footprint calculation are discussed in details and the sensitivity analysis method of node carbon footprint is established.
5The cost issue of packaging is also discussed within the unified boundary and guideline. Carbon benefit integrating carbon footprint and cost is treated as the comprehensive indicator and used to evaluate the criteria of low-carbon conceptual design of functional packaging. The nodes flow of carbon footprint, cost and carbon benefit are also given in order to verify carbon and cost issue of packaging life cycle conveniently. Finding the high carbon benefit nodes quickly could contribute to obtaining optimal results. By optimizing positive and negative relationship between the nodes and by classifying and grading them, the conflicts between low-carbon and cost are resolved.
6The case study results of machinery and electronic product-gasoline packaging show the method is effective through three scenarios including wood, corrugated cardboard and plywood in the low-carbon packaging concept design guidance, and the corrugated cardboard is determined to be the best solution because of its comprehensive performance indicators:161.17. The result consistent with packaging trend of mechanical and electrical product which uses high-strength corrugated cardboard instead of wood. The uncertainty analysis of carbon footprint of corrugated board which is selected form three scenarios are analyzed. And the sectors of filling, packing and handing are the key nodes of the entire life-cycle of gasoline which could be improved.
7The conclusion is drawn and the future research direction is pointed out.
引文
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