用户名: 密码: 验证码:
利用组织培养诱导枣和酸枣多倍体研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本试验以二倍体冬枣(Z.jujuba cv.Dongzao)和酸枣(Ziziphus acidojujuba C.Y.Cheng et M.J.Liu)的二倍体组培苗为试材,以秋水仙碱为诱变剂,在组织培养条件下首次获得了酸枣和冬枣的纯合四倍体植株。并建立了适于枣组培苗组织培养诱变、纯化、鉴定技术体系,同时以二倍体为对照,研究了变异株在形态学、细胞学等方面的变化。此外,还建立了枣和酸枣四倍体组培苗的快繁体系并对聚乙烯醇对组培苗抗玻璃化的作用进行了较为系统的研究。主要研究结果如下:
     1 不同诱变材料、不同处理方法对组培苗的诱变效果不同,以丛芽混培最高,依次为茎段浸泡、丛芽浸泡、茎段混培。酸枣和冬枣丛芽的最佳处理时间和浓度的组合均为含50mg/L秋水仙素的MS培养基混培处理40d,诱变频率分别为36.67%和26.67%;酸枣茎段的最佳处理时间和浓度组合为0.4%的秋水仙素溶液处理4d,诱变频率为23.33%;冬枣茎段最佳处理时间和浓度的组合为0.4%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡处理2d,诱变频率为16.67%。相比之下,混培法更适合于丛芽诱变,浸泡法更适于茎段诱变。酸枣的诱变频率明显高于冬枣。
     2 不同诱变材料、不同处理方法对组培苗的致死率不同。以茎段浸泡最高,依次为茎段混培、丛芽浸泡、丛芽混培。酸枣茎段在0.6%的秋水仙素溶液中浸泡处理6d,死亡率为66.70%;冬枣茎段为86.70%。酸枣茎段在100mg/L的秋水仙素培养基处理40d,死亡率为为30.00%;冬枣茎段在100mg/L的秋水仙素培养基处理40d,死亡率为为70.00%。相比之下,浸泡法对处理材料的伤害比混培法大,茎段较丛芽更易受到伤害。冬枣对秋水仙素的忍耐力明显低于酸枣。
     3 将诱变处理的组培苗的茎段、丛芽进行4d的预培养、15d的暗培养以及在培养基中添加1.0%的二甲基亚砜均可有效提高诱变频率;1.5g/L的活性炭可有效降低处理材料的褐化率。
     4 在组织培养条件下,利用切割分离的方法对嵌合体进行纯化。如此进行3-4次分离,对得到的四倍体诱导生根,检测顶芽、侧芽、根尖的染色体倍性,染色体数目均为48条,获得了酸枣和冬枣的纯合四倍体植株。将获得的纯合四倍体在组织培养条件下继代8次后,再次进行顶芽、侧芽、根尖的染色体倍性检测,染色体数目仍均为48条,即纯合四倍体在组织培养条件下得到了稳定。
     5 四倍体组培苗与二倍体组培苗相比显著变化为:叶片变大变厚、叶色变深、叶缘锯齿增大、锯齿数目减少,茎粗加粗、叶片气孔密度减小、保卫细胞增大、保卫细胞内叶绿体数目增多等多倍体的一般特征。但叶片呈现出先变圆而后恢复的现象,节间长度也呈现出先变短而后恢复的现象。二、四倍体茎尖和叶片石蜡切片显微结构表
    
    明,四倍体茎尖组织发生层细胞增大;四倍体叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织增厚,疏导组
    织发达。
     6酸枣四倍体最佳增值培养基和生根培养基激素种类与浓度配比分别为:MS+
    BA2.smg/L十IBAO.2一0.6mg/L,增殖系数为3.6;1/2 MS+IBAI.omg/L,生根率为
    100%。冬枣四倍体最佳增值培养基和生根培养基分别为:MS+BA3.sm岁L+
    IBAo.2一o一6mg几,增殖系数为3.2;l/2 MS+IBA2.omg/L,生根率为100%。
     7四倍体组培苗对玻璃化的抗性明显高于二倍体,酸枣对玻璃化的抗性明显高于
    冬枣。在培养基中添加2留L的聚乙烯醇,可显著提高正常苗率,酸枣二倍体正常苗
    率由57.5%上升到95.0%;酸枣四倍体由80.0%上升到100%。冬枣二倍体和四倍体
    正常苗率分别由47.5%和70.0%上升到97.5%和100%。
By treating shoot segments and cluster buds with colchicines, two tetraploid plants of Acid jujube and one tetraploid plant of 'Dongzao' were first obtained by tissue culture . The induction system in vitro was set up. At the same time, with the diploid plants as comparison, the cytological and morphological characters of tetraploid were studied systematically. The simplified course of ploidy identify was selected out. The tetraploid plants propagation and shooting system were studied. The main results are as following:
    1 Different materials and methods make the double effect different . The order of doubling effect is mix-culture for cluster buds, soaking for shoot segments, soaking for cluster buds, mix-culture for shoot segments. The optimum compages of concentration and time of colchicines for Acid jujube and 'Dongzao' is MS medium added by 50mg/L colchicines for 40d. The doubling effect is 36.67% and 26.27% separately; The shoot segments of Acid jujube treated by 0.4% colchicines for 4d leaded the highest doubling effect: 23.33%; The shoot segments of 'Dongzao' treated by 0.4% colchicines for 2d leaded the highest doubling effect: 16.67%. Mix-culture is the optimum method for cluster buds induction, soaking is the optimum method for shoot segments induction. In contrast, the doubling ability of Acid jujube is superior to 'Dongzao' .
    2 Different materials and methods make the death rate different. The order of death rate is soaking for shoot segments, mix-culture for shoot segments, soaking for cluster buds, mix-culture for cluster buds. The maximum death rate of shoot segments of Acid jujube in soaking by 0.6% colchicines for 6d is 66.70%; The maximum death rate of shoot segments of 'Dongzao' in soaking by 0.6% colchicines for 6d is 86.70%. The maximum death rate of shoot segments of Acid jujube in mix-culture by 100mg/L colchicines in medium for 40d is 30.00%; The maximum death rate of shoot segments of
    'Dongzao' in mix-culture by 100mg/L colchicines in medium for 40d is 70.00%; In contrast ,the soaking method does more harm to materials, shoot segments are more harmed than cluster buds, the endureness to colchicines of Acid jujube is superior to
    'Dongzao' .
    3 Some means can improve the doubling effect of treated materials distinctly. Such as pre- culture for 4d, darkness treatment for 15d ,adding 0.5% DMSO and so on. Adding 1.5mg/L active carbon can decrease the materials browning.
    
    
    
    4 By tissue culture, chimeras were purified by incision. The tetraploid partments of chimeras were separated after incision 3~4 times. When propagated and rooted, the ploidy of different apparatus was inspected. The number of chromosome is 48, which indicated the chimera was purified successfully. After propagated 8 times, the ploidy of different apparatus was inspected once again, The number of chromosome is also 48, which indicated the tetraploid was stabled successfully by tissue culture.
    5 Comparing with their original diploid plants, the induced tetraploid plants showed that the leaves become longer, wider and thicker. And the serration of the leave become larger than CK, but the serration number per centimeter is less than normal leaves. The leave index and internode length show smaller than CK at the beginning of inducing and recover at the stability. Basing on the stomata density obviously decreased, the guard cells are larger and the chloroplasts in the guard cells are more than the average ones. The microstructure olefin slice of shoot tip and leaves show that the size of cells of diffirent layers of shoot apexy of tetraploid is larger than diploid; The thickness of tetraploid leaves is thicker than diploid; the leading tissue is upgrowther.
    6 The optimum multiplication and shooting medium of Acid jujube tetraploid plants are MS with BA2.5mg/L and IBA0.2~0.6mg/L, the propagation is 3.6; 1/2MS with IBA1.0mg/L, the rooting rate is 100%. The optimum multiplication and shooting medium of 'Dongzao' tetraploid plants are MS with BA3.5mg/L and IBA0.2~0.6mg/L, the propagation is 3.2; 1/2MS
引文
[1] 曲泽洲,王永蕙主编.中国果树志·枣卷[M].1993,北京:中国林业出版社.
    [2] 刘孟军.枣、酸枣cAMP研究[D].保定:河北农大硕士学位论文.1987.
    [3] 曲泽州.酸枣.河北农业大学枣课题组,枣科研论文选编.[M].1981,243.
    [4] 曲泽洲,王永蕙,刘孟军.酸枣的化学成分及其药理研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1987,10(2):60~66.
    [5] 中国科学院北京植物研究所,南京地质古生物研究所,中国新生代植物编写组.中国植物化石[M].科学出版社 1978,144.
    [6] 裴新澍编著.多倍体诱导与育种[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1964.
    [7] 巴拉诺夫等著,鲍文奎等译.植物多倍体[M].北京:科学出版社,1959.
    [8] W.H.路易斯主编,严育瑞等译.多倍体在植物和动物中的地位[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1984,291~370.
    [9] 沈显生.浅析植物多倍体现象[J].生物学杂志,1995(5):8~11.
    [10] (美) Stebbins G.L.著,复旦大学遗传研究所译.植物的变异和进化[M].科学出版社,1963.
    [11] 邢少辰,蔡玉红,周开达.植物多倍体研究的新进展[J].吉林农业科学,2001,26(3):12~15.
    [12] 郭启高,宋明,梁国鲁.植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展[J].生物学通报,2000,35(2):8~10.
    [13] 石荫坪,王强生.果树的多倍体[J].园艺学报,1983(2):6~12.
    [14] 沈德绪.果树育种学(第二版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998,107~117.
    [15] H·M 梁德诺夫等.果树育种中的多倍体[J].园艺,贵州,1979(1),22~27.
    [16] 石荫坪.果树突变育种[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1971.
    [17] 周广芳,王成强.果树多倍体育种途径与成就[J].落叶果树,1997(增刊):50~52
    [18] 刘凤君,张凯斌,张志宏.梨新品种‘花盖王’[J].园艺学报,2003,30(3):370.
    [19] 赵淑兰,王军,葛玉香,等.完全花山葡萄四倍体种质的发现及鉴定[J].园艺学报,2003,30(4):436~438
    [20] 刘文革,王鸣,阎志红.蔬菜作物多倍体育种研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,2003(1):19~33.
    [21] 蒋洪恩.枣诱导多倍体的研究[D].河北农业大学硕士论文,2003.
    [22] 石晓云.利用组织培养诱导西瓜四倍体的研究[D].河北农业大学硕士论文,2003.
    [23] 郑秀芳.离体诱变技术在花卉育种中的应用[J].西南园艺,2000,28(2):37~38.
    [24] 王长泉,张文胜,李雅志,等.苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素的加倍效应的研究[J].果树科学,1999,16(2):104~109.
    [25] 林芬,邓国础.春兰人工诱变的研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,1997,23(4):336-340
    [26] 杜先明,郑素秋.小白菜多倍体诱变试验[J].湖南农业大学学报,1995,(21)25~29.
    [27] 朱产涛,李殿容,胡新强.甘蓝型油菜小孢子植株加倍方法及对植株农艺性状的影响研究[J].陕
    
    西农业科学,1998,(2)1~3.
    [28] 马国斌,王鸣,郑学勤.甜瓜组织培养再生植株中的四倍体变异[J].园艺学报,1999,26(2)128~130.
    [29] 卢炳芝,李佩芬,于向荣,等.诱变葡萄体细胞胚获得同质四倍体植株的研究[J].果树科学,1997,14(3):145~148.
    [30] 张淑爱,齐与淑,魏宝发,等.用秋水仙素诱导葡萄试管苗获得多倍体[J].中国果树,1989(3):28~30.
    [31] 郑思乡.芦笋多倍体及离体培养的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1996(1):22-23.
    [32] 郭启高,宋明,杨天秀,等.西瓜子叶组织培养中四倍体的产生及鉴定[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(4):298~300.
    [33] 张建军,殷丽青,范昆华,等.应用组织培养诱导白菜和莴苣四倍体[J].上海农业学报,1997,13(4):21~27.
    [34] 周朴华,何立珍,刘选明.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究[J].中国农业科学,1995,28(1):49~55.
    [35] 黄济明.百合的组织培养和试管内诱发多倍体试验[J].园艺学报,1983,10(4):273~276.
    [36] 刘庆忠,赵红军,刘鹏.抗菌肽MB_(39)基因导入‘皇家嘎啦’苹果及其四倍体植株的培育[J].园艺学报,2001,28(5):392~398.
    [37] 刘庆忠,赵红军,刘鹏,等.秋水仙素处理离体叶片获得‘皇家嘎啦’苹果四倍体植株[J].果树学报,2001,18(1):7~10
    [38] 张承妹,陆家安.黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)组织培养与诱导四倍体再生植株[J].上海农业学报,1995,11(3):31~36.黄济明.百合的组织培养和试管内诱发多倍体试验[J].园艺学报,1983,10(4):273~276.
    [39] 王敏琴,鲍雪珍,王晓红,等.葡萄多倍体诱导的初步研究[J].山东农业科学,2000,(1):19~20.
    [40] 韩礼星,赵改荣,李玉红,等.猕猴桃多倍体诱导研究[J].树科学,1998,15(3):273~276.
    [41] 严仁玲,刘贵仁,张磊,等.离体诱导同源四倍体金丝小枣的研究[J].天津农学院学报,1996,3(1):1~4.
    [42] 王俐,郑思乡,李枝林,等.库拉索芦荟的多倍体诱导及其变异初报[J].云南植物研究,2001,23(4):493~496.
    [43] 马国斌,王鸣.西瓜和甜瓜茎尖离体诱导四倍体[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,2002(1):4~5.
    [44] 雷家军,吴禄平,代汉平,等.草莓茎尖染色体加倍研究[J].园艺学报,1999,26(1):13~18.
    [45] 罗耀武,乔子靖,朱子英,等.人工诱变获得四倍体玫瑰香葡萄的研究[J].园艺学报,1997,24(2):125~128.
    [46] 郭清泉,郑思乡,杨瑞芸.莲N.ymphaea L.多倍体研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,1997,23(1):26-29.
    [47] 马新才,戴建民,李培林.虞美人多倍体化学诱变研究初报[J].莱阳农学院学
    
    报,2003,20(3)172~174.
    [48] 刘惠吉,王华,华明义,等 四倍体耐寒黑菜的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1994,17(2):118~120.
    [49] 张学方,岳桦.诱导金鱼草多倍体的初步研究[J].园艺学报,1990,17(1):76~80
    [50] 陈绍潘.秋水仙碱诱变甜菊多倍体的研究[J].武汉植物学研究,1995,13(1):1~7.
    [51] 黄国振,徐立铭.荷花人工诱导多倍体的研究[J].园艺学报,1983(2):143~144.
    [52] 江舰,姚自明,吕凯,等.甜瓜倍性育种研究[J].安徽农业科学,1999,(2)164~165.
    [53] 熊大胜,雷红梅,朱金桃,等.三叶木通体细胞秋水仙素诱变苗期表型变异研究[J].经济林研究,1994,12(1):58~61.
    [54] 陈发棣,蒋甲福,房伟民.秋水仙素诱导菊花脑多倍体的研究[J].上海农业学报,2002,18(1):46~50.
    [55] Ronald G. Goldy and Pal M. Lyrene. In vitro colchicine treatment of 4x blueberries, Vaccinium SP. [J]. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1984,109(3):336~338.
    [56] Gimitter F.G., Ling X.B., Cai C.Y. Colichicine-induced in citrus embryogenic culture,somatic Embryos,and regenerated plantlets[J]. Plant Science, 1991,74(1): 135~141.
    [57] Yajima M.,Nakamura H. et Takahashi K. al. Somatic chromosome numbers of colchicines-treated Shinano walnut and its F1 seedings[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1997,65(4): 677~683.
    [58] Chalak L. and Legave J. M. Oryzalin combined with adventitious regeneration form efficient chromosome doubling of trihaploid Kiwi fruit[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1996,16(1~2): 97~100.
    [59] Nagatomi, S., Degi K., et Ikemiyu al. Development of polyploid induction and discrimination methods in banana[J]. Technical New-institute of Radition Breeding,1998,No.62,2pp.
    [60] Dorsey E. Polyploidy in wheat and rye. Chromosome doubling in Triticum.Secale and Triticumsecale hybrids produced by temperature changes. [J]. Hered, 1936,27:155~160.
    [61] Randolph L F. Some effects of high temperature on polyploidy and other variations in maize. [J]. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA, 1932,18:222~229.
    [62] 乔永刚,宋云.我国园艺植物多倍体育种研究进展[J].北方园艺,2002,(6):7~8.
    [63] 陈瑞阳.植物染色体标本制备的去壁低渗法及其在细胞遗传学中的意义[J].遗传学报,1982,9(2):151~159.
    [64] 李树玲,魏锋玉,杨有龙.大鸭梨与大南国梨F_1代染色体数目鉴定[J].天津农学院学报,2001,8(3):10~13.
    [65] 周俊辉,周家容,曾浩森,等.园艺植物组织培养中的褐化现象及抗褐化的研究进展[J].园艺学报,2000,(27)481~486.
    [66] Maneesh Misshra, R.ESaxena,R.K.Pathak. Effect of antioxidants, phenol binding agents and explant waxing on in vitro browning of aonla (Emblica officials Gaertn)[J].Progressive
    
    Horticulture, 1998,30(3~4): 128~134.
    [67] 晏本菊,李焕秀.梨外殖体褐变与多酚氧化酶及酚类物质的关系[J].四川农业大学学报,1998,16(3):310~313.
    [68] 谷晓峰,唐仙英,罗正容.罗田甜柿幼胚培养研究[J].果树学报,2001,18(2):80~83.
    [69] 孙清荣,孙洪雁,郑红军,等.酸枣叶片不定植株的诱导[J].果树科学,2000,17(1):48~51.
    [70] 孙清荣,刘庆忠,孙洪雁.培养条件对酸枣叶片不定梢再生率的影响[J].果树学报,2002,19(1)24~26.
    [71] 纪凤高,邓景扬.秋水仙素与二甲基亚砜混合水溶液处理小麦×黑麦杂交一代苗进行染色体加倍的试验[J].遗传,1987,9(3):1~3.
    [72] 王强生,石荫坪,贾元淑.大鸭梨的组织学和细胞学研究[J].中国农业科学,1984,4,33~37.
    [73] Derman, H. Nature of sports[J]. J.Amer. Hort. Magz., 1960,39:123~173
    [74] 赵剑,杨文杰.苹果梨离体快繁过程中产生玻璃化苗时的某些生理生化变化[J].植物生理学通讯,1998,34(3):200~201.
    [75] 程家胜,史永忠,张志云,等.苹果组织培养中的玻璃苗的问题[J].植物生理学通讯,1990,(1):33~35.
    [76] 张宏志,唐前瑞,周朴华.观赏植物试管苗玻璃化现象及防治进展[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(4):318~322.
    [77] 任东植,李峰,曲运琴,等.影响枣组培苗玻璃化的几个因素及其防治[J].植物生理学通讯,2000,(1):36(1):21~23.
    [78] 郭达初.培养基对香石竹玻璃苗生长及其玻璃化的影响[J].浙江农业学报,1990,(2):174~180.
    [79] 师校欣,陈四维,马宝琨,等.苹果砧木离体培养中玻璃化问题的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1990,13(3):12~16.
    [80] 于乔春.植物生长调节剂对梨试管苗培育及移栽的影响[J].果树科学,1995,12(1):15~20.
    [81] 郑思乡,胡秀,雷小云,等.离体培养条件下三色堇多倍体诱导研究[J].云南农业大学学报,2003,18(4):397~400.
    [82] 任清,罗耀武,柳术杰,等.人工诱变四倍体玫瑰香葡萄的遗传稳定性研究[J].2000,27(4):285~286.
    [83] N. K. Dwivedi, A. K. Sikdar et M.S. Jolly al. Colichieine-induced monoecious mutant in mulberry [J]. Current Science, 1998,57(4):208~210.
    [84] Notsuka, K., Tsuru, Tshiraishi, M. Induced polyploid grapes Via in vito chromosome Doubling [J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 2000,69(5): 543~551.
    [85] 常月梅.果树多倍体鉴定进展[J].山西林业科技,2000,1(1):1~4.
    [86] 李赞,石荫坪,束怀瑞.应用气孔性状对苹果与梨的倍性差别分析[J].果树科学,1999,16(1):9~13
    [87] 戴洪义.葡萄的染色体倍性与气孔性状的关系及其差别分析[J].葡萄栽培与酿酒,1990(2),5~9
    
    
    [88] 陈俊,李登科,李太宝,等.诱导葡萄多倍体研究[J].果树科学,1995,12(3):151~155.
    [89] Chandker C.K. and P.M. Lyrene. Relationship Between Guard cell length and ploidy in Vacinium[J]. Hort Sci.,1982, 17(1): 53~54.
    [90] Derman H. Polyploid Pears Jour. [J]. Hered.1947,38(6): 189~192.
    [91] Sapra. V. T. Hughes, J. L. and Sharma, G. G. Frequency, Size and Distribution of Stomata in Triticale Leaves [J].Corp Sci. Vol. 1975,105:356~358.
    [92] Tan. G. and Dunn. G. M. Relationship of Stomatal Length and Pollen-Grain Diameter to Ploid Level in Bromus Inerm is Leyss[J].Crop Sci. Vol. 1973,13:332~334.
    [93] 杨艳琼,何丽萍,和凤美,等 用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法鉴定烟草染色体倍性方法初探[J].种子,2002,3:24~25.
    [94] Jianzhu Shao,Chunli Chen and Xiuxin Geng. In vitro induction of tetroploid in pomegranae (Punica granatum) [J].Plant Cell, Tissue and Culture 75:241~246,2003

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700