大功率全光纤激光器及其关键器件技术研究
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摘要
大功率全光纤激光器由光纤、泵浦耦合器和光纤光栅等元件组成，具有结构紧凑、性能稳定、转化效率高和光束质量好等优点，在材料加工、激光打标、生物医学、自由空间通信和国防安全等领域有广泛应用。近几年的研究工作主要集中在提高泵浦耦合功率、减小增益光纤的光热损伤和非线性效应，和使用光束合成技术获得较高功率的激光输出方面。本论文主要从大功率全光纤激光器关键器件、大功率全光纤激光器和光纤激光阵列的光束合成三个方面进行了理论和实验方面的研究。
首先，在国内首次实验MOPA结构全光纤激光器实现了1000W连续功率输出。实验解决了全光纤元件的熔接、高阶模抑制和热管理方面的难题。激光器的光－光效率为62%，中心波长为1081nm，波谱宽度为2nm。
其次，提出腔模互注入相位锁定技术，并使用该技术成功实验两大功率全光纤激光器的相位锁定。激光器阵列获得稳定的干涉条纹，干涉条纹可见度达46%，相干合成功率407W，合成效率高达98%。
对2×2全光纤激光器阵列的部分相干合束进行了实验研究，获得925W高功率部分相干合成输出。实验将全光纤激光器阵列分为两组,两组阵列元之间非相干,而组内两光纤激光器使用腔模互注入技术实现相位锁定。激光器阵列由全光纤元件组成，结构紧凑，性能稳定，在输出光束占空比为0.54时，获得BQ值约为1.95的高质量合成光束，实现泵浦光到激光部分相干输出57%的转换效率。
此外，还对大功率全光纤激光器的关键器件，包括大模场光纤、大模光纤光栅和大功率泵浦耦合器进行了理论和实验研究。其中，增益引导－折射率反引导光纤是一种新型的大模场光纤。本文基于广义光纤模式耦合理论，对该光纤的耦合特性以及基于这种光纤的激光器增益特性进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明，改变芯径-包层复折射率差实部的值，可改变光在增益引导－折射率反引导光纤和普通折射率引导光纤间的耦合方向。增益引导－折射率反引导光纤激光器在单模运行条件下，光纤长度和输出端腔镜反射率都应有对应的取值范围，一般取较大的光纤长度和较小的输出端腔镜反射率可使激光器获得较大的单模激光输出功率。
将一种矩阵算法拓展并应用于数值求解多模耦合模微分方程，并使用该矩阵算法对大模场光纤光栅的光谱特性进行了理论研究。大模场多模光纤光栅因存在模式的自耦合和互耦合而使反射谱存在多个反射峰。当光栅周期存在啁啾时，反射峰会分裂，峰值反射率也会减小。使用高斯切趾函数可使啁啾光栅反射峰的分裂在一定程度上得到改善。
在新的泵浦耦合技术方面，对一种同时包含传输芯和增益芯的复合结构光纤的泵浦耦合特性进行了理论分析，并对基于这种复合结构光纤的激光放大器的增益特性和温度分布进行了数值计算和分析。结果表明，复合结构光纤中泵浦光的耦合特性与泵浦光的模式、纤芯半径和纤芯距离等因素有关。与使用端面泵浦技术的光纤激光放大器相比，这种复合结构光纤放大器对泵浦光的吸收和激光转换相对平缓，光纤具有相对低的温度分布。基于这种复合结构光纤的新型泵浦技术为研制超大功率光纤激光（放大）器提供了一种新的途径。
Constructed with components such as fiber, pump combiners and fiber Bragggratings, high-power all-fiber lasers are of many unique advantages, such as small size,easy cooling, high efficiency, and outstanding beam quality, etc. These superioradvantages have made fiber lasers become very competitive in many applications inmaterial processing, marking, medicine, range finding, free space communication, andsecurity, etc. Recent years, research works on high-power all-fiber lasers are mainlyfocused on increasing pump power, suppressing the optical and thermal damage andnonlinear effects, and also, upgrading output power by use of combining technology. Inan attempt to construct a stable high-power all-fiber laser system with high outputpower and high beam quality, this dissertation present theoretical and experimentalstudy on high-power all-fiber lasers and their key components. The beam combining ofall-fiber laser array is also the main concerned work in this dissertation.
Firstly, a MOPA all-fiber laser is experimentally studied and1000W output poweris obtained. In the experiment, tough tasks of splicing all-fiber components, suppressinghigh-order modes and thermal managing of laser system are tackled. The monolithicfiber laser has an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of up to64%, and the centralwavelength is at1081nm with the spectral FWHM being2nm.
Secondly, a novel mutual injection technique is proposed. By using the proposedtechnique, phase-locking and coherent combining of two high power all-fiber lasers arerealized and experimentally demonstrated. Steady interference strips with high visibilityof46%are observed. The coherent combined407W CW output power with apower-combining efficiency of up to98%is obtained.
Moreover, partially coherent combining of a2×2all-fiber laser array isexperimentally studied, and up to925W high output power is obtained. The laser arrayconsists of two incoherent laser groups. Each group contains two all-fiber lasers which are phase-locked by using direct mode mutual injection method. The fiber laser array isconstructed by all-fiber components, thereby is monolithic and has stable performance.The efficiency of pump optical power converting to combined output power is up to57%. The beam-quality value BQ of the combined beam is1.95when the fill factor ofthe laser array is0.54.
Finally, the key components of high-power all-fiber lasers, including LMA fibers,LMA fiber Bragg gratings, and high-power pump combiners, are studied experimentallyand theoretically. Based on general coupled-mode theory, numerical simulations areperformed to analyze the coupling characteristics of a new LMA gain-guided and indexanti-guided fiber (GG-IAG fiber) and the gain characteristics of the GG-IAG fiber laser.The results show that the coupling direction between the GG-IAG fiber and the generalindex guided fiber (IG fiber) can be changed by changing the real-valuedrefractive-index difference (real part of refractive-index difference between core andcladding, RVRID). To ensure the GG-IAG fiber laser in single-mode operation, the fiberlength and the reflectivity of the output mirror should be valued in their ranges. Thus,with a longer fiber and a smaller reflectivity of the output mirror, the laser obtains moresingle-mode output power.
A matrix method is extended to solve the multimode coupling differentialequations, and thereby the spectral characteristics of the chirped Bragg gratings inlarge-mode-area fibers (LMA FBGs) are studied theoretically. Unlike those of Bragggratings in single mode optical fibers (SM FBGs), the reflection spectra of chirpedLMA FBGs contain self-coupling and co-coupling peaks of the existing modes. For thechirped LMA FBGs, the reflectivity decreases and the reflection peaks split. These splitscan be improved on some degree by Gaussian apodization function.
By constructing the coupled mode equations, the mode-coupling characteristicsbetween the passive and active cores within a kind of composite structural fiber (CSF)are studied theoretically. And by use of steady-state rate equations and heat conductive equations, the gain characteristics and the temperature distribution of all-fiber laseramplifiers based on CSF are calculated and analyzed numerically. The results show thatthe mode-coupling characteristics depend on the coupled modes and the radius and theseparation of the two cores of the CSF. Compared with the end-pumped fiber laseramplifiers, the amplifiers based on CSF have a slow pump light absorption andconversion, and thus, have low temperature distribution. This kind of newcoupling-pump technology provides a new approach to design higher power fiber lasersand fiber amplifiers.
首先，在国内首次实验MOPA结构全光纤激光器实现了1000W连续功率输出。实验解决了全光纤元件的熔接、高阶模抑制和热管理方面的难题。激光器的光－光效率为62%，中心波长为1081nm，波谱宽度为2nm。
其次，提出腔模互注入相位锁定技术，并使用该技术成功实验两大功率全光纤激光器的相位锁定。激光器阵列获得稳定的干涉条纹，干涉条纹可见度达46%，相干合成功率407W，合成效率高达98%。
对2×2全光纤激光器阵列的部分相干合束进行了实验研究，获得925W高功率部分相干合成输出。实验将全光纤激光器阵列分为两组,两组阵列元之间非相干,而组内两光纤激光器使用腔模互注入技术实现相位锁定。激光器阵列由全光纤元件组成，结构紧凑，性能稳定，在输出光束占空比为0.54时，获得BQ值约为1.95的高质量合成光束，实现泵浦光到激光部分相干输出57%的转换效率。
此外，还对大功率全光纤激光器的关键器件，包括大模场光纤、大模光纤光栅和大功率泵浦耦合器进行了理论和实验研究。其中，增益引导－折射率反引导光纤是一种新型的大模场光纤。本文基于广义光纤模式耦合理论，对该光纤的耦合特性以及基于这种光纤的激光器增益特性进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明，改变芯径-包层复折射率差实部的值，可改变光在增益引导－折射率反引导光纤和普通折射率引导光纤间的耦合方向。增益引导－折射率反引导光纤激光器在单模运行条件下，光纤长度和输出端腔镜反射率都应有对应的取值范围，一般取较大的光纤长度和较小的输出端腔镜反射率可使激光器获得较大的单模激光输出功率。
将一种矩阵算法拓展并应用于数值求解多模耦合模微分方程，并使用该矩阵算法对大模场光纤光栅的光谱特性进行了理论研究。大模场多模光纤光栅因存在模式的自耦合和互耦合而使反射谱存在多个反射峰。当光栅周期存在啁啾时，反射峰会分裂，峰值反射率也会减小。使用高斯切趾函数可使啁啾光栅反射峰的分裂在一定程度上得到改善。
在新的泵浦耦合技术方面，对一种同时包含传输芯和增益芯的复合结构光纤的泵浦耦合特性进行了理论分析，并对基于这种复合结构光纤的激光放大器的增益特性和温度分布进行了数值计算和分析。结果表明，复合结构光纤中泵浦光的耦合特性与泵浦光的模式、纤芯半径和纤芯距离等因素有关。与使用端面泵浦技术的光纤激光放大器相比，这种复合结构光纤放大器对泵浦光的吸收和激光转换相对平缓，光纤具有相对低的温度分布。基于这种复合结构光纤的新型泵浦技术为研制超大功率光纤激光（放大）器提供了一种新的途径。
Constructed with components such as fiber, pump combiners and fiber Bragggratings, high-power all-fiber lasers are of many unique advantages, such as small size,easy cooling, high efficiency, and outstanding beam quality, etc. These superioradvantages have made fiber lasers become very competitive in many applications inmaterial processing, marking, medicine, range finding, free space communication, andsecurity, etc. Recent years, research works on high-power all-fiber lasers are mainlyfocused on increasing pump power, suppressing the optical and thermal damage andnonlinear effects, and also, upgrading output power by use of combining technology. Inan attempt to construct a stable high-power all-fiber laser system with high outputpower and high beam quality, this dissertation present theoretical and experimentalstudy on high-power all-fiber lasers and their key components. The beam combining ofall-fiber laser array is also the main concerned work in this dissertation.
Firstly, a MOPA all-fiber laser is experimentally studied and1000W output poweris obtained. In the experiment, tough tasks of splicing all-fiber components, suppressinghigh-order modes and thermal managing of laser system are tackled. The monolithicfiber laser has an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of up to64%, and the centralwavelength is at1081nm with the spectral FWHM being2nm.
Secondly, a novel mutual injection technique is proposed. By using the proposedtechnique, phase-locking and coherent combining of two high power all-fiber lasers arerealized and experimentally demonstrated. Steady interference strips with high visibilityof46%are observed. The coherent combined407W CW output power with apower-combining efficiency of up to98%is obtained.
Moreover, partially coherent combining of a2×2all-fiber laser array isexperimentally studied, and up to925W high output power is obtained. The laser arrayconsists of two incoherent laser groups. Each group contains two all-fiber lasers which are phase-locked by using direct mode mutual injection method. The fiber laser array isconstructed by all-fiber components, thereby is monolithic and has stable performance.The efficiency of pump optical power converting to combined output power is up to57%. The beam-quality value BQ of the combined beam is1.95when the fill factor ofthe laser array is0.54.
Finally, the key components of high-power all-fiber lasers, including LMA fibers,LMA fiber Bragg gratings, and high-power pump combiners, are studied experimentallyand theoretically. Based on general coupled-mode theory, numerical simulations areperformed to analyze the coupling characteristics of a new LMA gain-guided and indexanti-guided fiber (GG-IAG fiber) and the gain characteristics of the GG-IAG fiber laser.The results show that the coupling direction between the GG-IAG fiber and the generalindex guided fiber (IG fiber) can be changed by changing the real-valuedrefractive-index difference (real part of refractive-index difference between core andcladding, RVRID). To ensure the GG-IAG fiber laser in single-mode operation, the fiberlength and the reflectivity of the output mirror should be valued in their ranges. Thus,with a longer fiber and a smaller reflectivity of the output mirror, the laser obtains moresingle-mode output power.
A matrix method is extended to solve the multimode coupling differentialequations, and thereby the spectral characteristics of the chirped Bragg gratings inlarge-mode-area fibers (LMA FBGs) are studied theoretically. Unlike those of Bragggratings in single mode optical fibers (SM FBGs), the reflection spectra of chirpedLMA FBGs contain self-coupling and co-coupling peaks of the existing modes. For thechirped LMA FBGs, the reflectivity decreases and the reflection peaks split. These splitscan be improved on some degree by Gaussian apodization function.
By constructing the coupled mode equations, the mode-coupling characteristicsbetween the passive and active cores within a kind of composite structural fiber (CSF)are studied theoretically. And by use of steady-state rate equations and heat conductive equations, the gain characteristics and the temperature distribution of all-fiber laseramplifiers based on CSF are calculated and analyzed numerically. The results show thatthe mode-coupling characteristics depend on the coupled modes and the radius and theseparation of the two cores of the CSF. Compared with the end-pumped fiber laseramplifiers, the amplifiers based on CSF have a slow pump light absorption andconversion, and thus, have low temperature distribution. This kind of newcoupling-pump technology provides a new approach to design higher power fiber lasersand fiber amplifiers.
引文
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