华北地区气溶胶理化特性、来源解析及实验室模拟
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摘要
近年来,随着我国经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加快,华北地区大气污染逐渐恶化,尤其是大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染导致灰霾事件频繁发生,严重影响了人们的生活和公共安全。因此对该地区区域性大气气溶胶特征的研究有利于了解高污染地区气溶胶形成机理,也为国家制定区域大气污染的控制策略提供理论依据。
本研究分别在华北平原地区具有代表性的5个地面站点和华北地区最高峰的泰山顶峰(高山站点,1534m a.s.1)开展了长期和强化观测。采用了多种分析技术如离线/在线监测技术对主要的大气污染物种进行了测量,并利用多种统计方法及模型如气流轨迹分析、聚类分析等对实验数据进行处理,研究了我国华北高污染地区气溶胶水溶性离子及酸度的污染状况、时空变化、来源解析及相关的大气化学过程和长距离输送特征。另外为了研究更接近于真实大气环境下二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成机理,本研究针对灰霾发生时高湿度、高背景颗粒物浓度的特点,利用北卡罗莱纳大学的双室室外烟雾箱,设计并开展了不同相对湿度(RH)及背景气溶胶条件下甲苯/二甲苯-NOx-HCmix(11种non-SOA-forming hydrocarbon)体系SOA生成的模拟实验,研究RH和背景气溶胶对SOA生成的影响；并在此基础上建立并验证了新的基于参数“颗粒物水含量”(H20p)的甲苯/二甲苯体系SOA生成的精简机理模型。
在华北平原分别选取了3个具有代表性的内陆城市站点(济南山大、淄博和枣庄)、1个郊区站点(济南苗圃)和1个沿海站点(青岛),进行了为期一年的长期观测(2006年1月-2007年2月)。研究表明华北地区大气PM2.5水溶性离子污染甚高于其它发达国家,也高于中国许多地区：总水溶性离子(TWSI)浓度为60.74+40.12μg/m3,约占PM2.5质量浓度的一半,其中二次离子包括SO42-、N03-和NH4+的浓度总和高达47.50μg/m3,占PM2.5浓度的38.7%；有机酸平均浓度为0.42μg/m3,约占PM2.5质量浓度的0.3%。各站点中枣庄的颗粒物污染最为严重,淄博和济南山大站点污染次之,青岛沿海站点和济南郊区苗圃站点污染相对较轻。通过气溶胶样品水溶液的pH值反推获得了各站点平均PM2.5的酸度为6.40±7.00nmol/m3,其中郊区站点(济南苗圃)气溶胶酸度明显高于其它城市站点,淄博和枣庄的颗粒物酸化程度相对较弱。酸度的季节变化分析发现青岛夏季酸度明显低于其它季节,而其它站点气溶胶酸度春季最低。利用后推气流轨迹对几个站点的气团来源进行解析,发现在源自南部和局地气团的影响下的气溶胶水溶性离子污染较严重,酸度也较强；另外在南部气团的影响下,PM2.5中的草酸盐含量较高。
2007年春、夏两季在泰山高山站点的强化观测中,对PM2.5水溶性离子进行了在线监测,并对其它主要污染物(O3、SO2、NOy等)进行了同步测量。春、夏两季PM2.5总水溶性离子浓度分别为27.52和36.65μg/m3,表明华北地区高空存在严重的大气污染问题。夏季SO2的转化率(SOR)(57±27%)是春季的(24±16%)两倍多,说明夏季二次硫酸盐的大量生成。SO42-、NH4+和NO3-的日变化研究表明春、夏两季均在下午有一个宽峰,这与山谷风和边界层的发展有关。PM2.5的酸度研究表明春、夏两季分别有57.2%和81.3%的颗粒物样品属于酸性颗粒物,春季PM2.5强酸度(H+strong)和自由酸度(H+air)明显低于夏季;H+strong同SO42-、NO3-和NH4+具有相似的日变化趋势,H+air同RH及H2Op含量密切相关,且老化的气溶胶具有较强的气溶胶酸度。主因子分析(PCA)来源解析发现区域传输、云雾过程、沙尘事件及生物质燃烧是影响该地区气溶胶污染的主要因素。并通过后推气流轨迹对该区域气溶胶来源进行解析,发现泰山春季主要受到来自北/西北方向气团传输和西部陕西、河南气团传输的影响,当泰山受到低空区域传输和西北高湿度气团影响时细颗粒物污染较严重。泰山夏季主要受来自东/东北方向经海洋上空传输的气团和来自西南方向的低空短距离传输气团以及西北方向气团的影响,其中受到源自东/东北方向的气团及来自西南方向低空传输气团影响时PM2.5各水溶性离子污染较严重。
根据在线离子浓度及其它污染物的观测数据,对泰山沙尘、生物质燃烧、云雾等各种典型事件的大气过程进行了研究。发现当沙尘与污染气团相混合,尤其在湿度较高的天气条件下,沙尘颗粒能够提供了较大的反应表面积,促进非均相反应的发生从而生成大量的二次离子；泰山6月份明显受到生物质燃烧的影响,期间K+和草酸盐浓度明显升高；云雾对泰山气溶胶的去除作用非常明显,各水溶性离子的去除效率同PM2.5的质量浓度反相关,同云雾水含量正相关；在对泰山夏季白天气溶胶酸度与二次有机碳(SOC)关系的研究中发现半数以上个例SOC的增长伴随着较高的酸度和H20p含量以及较弱的光化学氧化活性,说明高酸度和液相反应对SOC的生成有重要贡献,而对于低酸度SOC增长的个例研究发现气团光化学氧化活性强,对SOC的生成起主导作用。
为了研究RH和背景气溶胶对SOA的生成的影响,本研究对四个体系SOA的生成进行了室外烟雾箱模拟：甲苯/邻/对二甲苯-NOx-HCmix以及甲苯-邻/对二甲苯-NOx-HCmix混合体系。研究发现(NH4)2SO4-甲苯-NOx-HCmix在低RH(6-10%)条件下生成的SOA明显低于潮湿环境(40-90%),表明种子气溶胶与高湿度条件同时存在时会有大量SOA生成,即颗粒物水含量(H2Op)可能是影响SOA生成的关键因素；将背景大气做为种子气溶胶,模拟真实大气环境下SOA的生成时,四个体系均发现了H2Op对SOA生成的促进作用,其中邻二甲苯的Odum产物模型曲线的模拟发现高湿度条件下的SOA产率明显高于中等湿度条件下；研究还发现对二甲苯的SOA产率比邻二甲苯以及甲苯-邻/对二甲苯的混合体系低。基于四个体系烟雾箱模拟的实验数据和以往的甲苯SOA生成机理模型,本研究引入了新的参数H2Op,建立了甲苯/二甲苯体系SOA生成的精简机理模型,并将模拟结果与观测结果相比较验证了该机理模型的可行性,为大尺度气溶胶质量模型的完善提供了宝贵的信息。
During the past several decades, rapid economic development and urbanization process have led to deterioration of air quality in central eastern China. The fine particle (PM2.5) pollution leads to frequent occurrence of regional haze, which has a negative impact on human health and public safety. Thus it is urgent and important to investigate the characteristics and formation mechanism of atmospheric aerosols in this heavily polluted area to supply basis for the air quality control measurements.
In the present study, several intensive or long-term field campaigns were carried out at five representative ground sites and one mountain site (Mt.Tai,1534m a.s.l), which is the highest peak of central eastern China. Multiple pollutants were measured by off-line and online techniques. A large suite of air pollutants data were obtained and analyzed with the aid of many statistical tools and modeling techniques including a backward trajectory model and cluster analysis. Several characteristics of water soluble ions and acidity in PM2.5were investigated, including temporal and spatial variations, source analysis, chemical transformation and transport processes. Another major objective of this study is to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) under near real ambient atmospheric conditions. Simulation experiments were designed and performed in the University of North Carolina (UNC)270m3dual outdoor smog chamber in order to determine the effects of relative humidity (RH) and seed aerosol on the SOA formation from tolunene/xylens in the presence of an eleven component mixture of non-SOA-forming dilute urban hydrocarbon (HCmix). Condensed SOA formation mechanisms was built and evaluated based on these experiments.
The observation of PM2.5was carried out in three continental urban sites (SD, ZB and ZZ, short for Jinan Shanda, Zibo and Zaozhuang), one coastal site (QD, short for Qingdao) and one rural site (MP, short for Jinan Miaopu) during Jan.2006-Feb.2007. More serious aerosol pollution was observed at these sites comparing to other sites over the world. The average concentration of total water soluble ions (TWSI) was 60.74±40.12μg/m3, accounting for about half of the PM2.5mass concentration. SO42-, NO3-and NH4+, as major secondary ions with an average concentration of47.50μg/m3, accounted for38.7%of PM2.5mass concentration. The average concentration of total organic ions was0.42μg/m3, accounting for0.3%of the PM2.5mass concentration. The TWSI concentration at ZZ was the highest among these sites. ZB and SD sites showed lower TWSI concentrations than that at ZZ. The coastal site of QD and the rural site of MP presented a low level of TWSI. The acidity of PM2.5, calculated from the pH of water solution of aerosol samples, showed an average concentration of6.40±7.00nmol/m3, with higher values at the rural site (MP), but relatively lower values at the urban sites, especially in ZB and ZZ. The seasonal variation showed the lowest acidity was in spring at most of the sites except Qingdao, where the acidity was the lowest in summer. Back trajectories analysis demonstrates high level of ions and aerosol acidity was observed when the south or local air masses prevailed and high oxalic acid concentration was obtained in PM2.5when the air masses from south direction dominated.
Near real-time measurements of PM2.5ionic compositions were performed at the summit of the highest mountain in the North China Plain in the spring and summer of2007. Concurrently, gas phase species such as O3, SO2and NOy were also measured. The average concentrations of TWSI were27.52and36.65μg/m3in the spring and summer, respectively, indicating serious aerosol pollution in the high altitude over central eastern China. Diurnal patterns of SO42-, NH4+and NO3-showed a broad peak in the afternoon in both campaigns, which is attributed to the upslope/downslope transport of air masses and the development of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The average SO2oxidation ratio (SOR) in summer was57%, more than twice that in spring (24%). This result indicates strong summertime production of sulfate aerosols. Overall,57.2%and81.3%of the aerosol samples were acidic in spring and summer, respectively. Strong (H+strong) and aerosol acidities (H+air) in summer were higher than those in spring. The diurnal variation of H+strong was coincide with that for SO42-, NO3- and NH4+, while the variation of H+air was consistent with RH and H2Op. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that transport of pollutants, cloud processing, and crustal source were the main factors affecting the variability of the measured ions (and other trace gases and aerosols) at Mt. Tai. Back trajectory analysis indicated the medium/long-range transport of air mass coming from north/northwest direction, regional transport of air masses from Shanxi and Henan Provinces dominated at Mt. Tai in spring. Serious fine particle pollution was observed when the air masses from Henan and Shanxi or from northwest with high humidity. In summer, Mt. Tai was influenced by the air masses from east/northeast direction which passed through the ocean, from west direction with low altitude and from northwest direction. High level of ions concentration was observed when the air masses were primarily from east/northeast or from south direction.
The detailed process of specific events including dust storm, biomass burning and cloud scavenging events were analyzed based on continuous measurements of ions along with other pollutants concentrations. The study on dust event showed a complex mixed pollution of dust and urban air mass with high RH. In this situation, elevated secondary ions concentrations were observed, suggesting the large surface area supplied by dust particles and the particle water (H2OP) enhanced the heterogeneous reactions to produce secondary ions. The ionic composition of aerosol at Mt. Tai was influenced by serious biomass burning in June with high contributions of K+and oxalate. The study of fog and clouds scavenging cases demonstrates the scavenging rate was positively correlated with cloud water content but negatively correlated with PM2.5mass concentrations. The relationship between acidity and secondary organic aerosol formation during daytime in summer was also investigated in this study. Over half of the investigating days, the secondary organic carbon (SOC) increased with high acidity and high H2OP levels, but low photochemical activity, suggesting acidity might enhance the heterogeneous reactions or liquid phase reactions involved in the SOC formation. The cases of rising SOC with low acidity often accompanied with low H2Op but high photochemical activity, suggesting gas phase oxidation dominated the SOC formation.
In order to investigate the effects of RH and seed aerosol on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, four aromatic systems were simulated by using UNC outdoor smog chamber, including toluene/o-xylene/p-xylene-NOx-HCmix and mixture of toluene with o-xylene/p-xylene-NOx-HCmix system. Ammonium sulfate particles in the presence of an atmospheric hydrocarbon mixture and NOX in sunlight under a dry atmosphere (RH range:6to10%) showed reduced SO A formation when compared to similar gas phase conditions with lower ammonium sulfate and higher relative humidities (RH range:40to90%). This suggests high ammonium sulfate together with high RH was responsible for the enhanced SOA formation, indicating H2OP maybe the key factor influencing SOA formation. The experiments for the other systems also demonstrate that a particle water phase was highly related to SOA formation. The yield curves generated from a one-product Odum model suggested high SOA formation under wet condition. P-xylene had a lower SOA yield compared with o-xylene and the mixtures of toluene and xylenes. A new condensed aromatic kinetic chemical mechanism employing uptake of organics in H2OP as a key parameter was developed based on the experimental data. The model showed reasonable fits to the observed data. Such information would provide useful information for developing local and regional air quality model.
本研究分别在华北平原地区具有代表性的5个地面站点和华北地区最高峰的泰山顶峰(高山站点,1534m a.s.1)开展了长期和强化观测。采用了多种分析技术如离线/在线监测技术对主要的大气污染物种进行了测量,并利用多种统计方法及模型如气流轨迹分析、聚类分析等对实验数据进行处理,研究了我国华北高污染地区气溶胶水溶性离子及酸度的污染状况、时空变化、来源解析及相关的大气化学过程和长距离输送特征。另外为了研究更接近于真实大气环境下二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成机理,本研究针对灰霾发生时高湿度、高背景颗粒物浓度的特点,利用北卡罗莱纳大学的双室室外烟雾箱,设计并开展了不同相对湿度(RH)及背景气溶胶条件下甲苯/二甲苯-NOx-HCmix(11种non-SOA-forming hydrocarbon)体系SOA生成的模拟实验,研究RH和背景气溶胶对SOA生成的影响；并在此基础上建立并验证了新的基于参数“颗粒物水含量”(H20p)的甲苯/二甲苯体系SOA生成的精简机理模型。
在华北平原分别选取了3个具有代表性的内陆城市站点(济南山大、淄博和枣庄)、1个郊区站点(济南苗圃)和1个沿海站点(青岛),进行了为期一年的长期观测(2006年1月-2007年2月)。研究表明华北地区大气PM2.5水溶性离子污染甚高于其它发达国家,也高于中国许多地区：总水溶性离子(TWSI)浓度为60.74+40.12μg/m3,约占PM2.5质量浓度的一半,其中二次离子包括SO42-、N03-和NH4+的浓度总和高达47.50μg/m3,占PM2.5浓度的38.7%；有机酸平均浓度为0.42μg/m3,约占PM2.5质量浓度的0.3%。各站点中枣庄的颗粒物污染最为严重,淄博和济南山大站点污染次之,青岛沿海站点和济南郊区苗圃站点污染相对较轻。通过气溶胶样品水溶液的pH值反推获得了各站点平均PM2.5的酸度为6.40±7.00nmol/m3,其中郊区站点(济南苗圃)气溶胶酸度明显高于其它城市站点,淄博和枣庄的颗粒物酸化程度相对较弱。酸度的季节变化分析发现青岛夏季酸度明显低于其它季节,而其它站点气溶胶酸度春季最低。利用后推气流轨迹对几个站点的气团来源进行解析,发现在源自南部和局地气团的影响下的气溶胶水溶性离子污染较严重,酸度也较强；另外在南部气团的影响下,PM2.5中的草酸盐含量较高。
2007年春、夏两季在泰山高山站点的强化观测中,对PM2.5水溶性离子进行了在线监测,并对其它主要污染物(O3、SO2、NOy等)进行了同步测量。春、夏两季PM2.5总水溶性离子浓度分别为27.52和36.65μg/m3,表明华北地区高空存在严重的大气污染问题。夏季SO2的转化率(SOR)(57±27%)是春季的(24±16%)两倍多,说明夏季二次硫酸盐的大量生成。SO42-、NH4+和NO3-的日变化研究表明春、夏两季均在下午有一个宽峰,这与山谷风和边界层的发展有关。PM2.5的酸度研究表明春、夏两季分别有57.2%和81.3%的颗粒物样品属于酸性颗粒物,春季PM2.5强酸度(H+strong)和自由酸度(H+air)明显低于夏季;H+strong同SO42-、NO3-和NH4+具有相似的日变化趋势,H+air同RH及H2Op含量密切相关,且老化的气溶胶具有较强的气溶胶酸度。主因子分析(PCA)来源解析发现区域传输、云雾过程、沙尘事件及生物质燃烧是影响该地区气溶胶污染的主要因素。并通过后推气流轨迹对该区域气溶胶来源进行解析,发现泰山春季主要受到来自北/西北方向气团传输和西部陕西、河南气团传输的影响,当泰山受到低空区域传输和西北高湿度气团影响时细颗粒物污染较严重。泰山夏季主要受来自东/东北方向经海洋上空传输的气团和来自西南方向的低空短距离传输气团以及西北方向气团的影响,其中受到源自东/东北方向的气团及来自西南方向低空传输气团影响时PM2.5各水溶性离子污染较严重。
根据在线离子浓度及其它污染物的观测数据,对泰山沙尘、生物质燃烧、云雾等各种典型事件的大气过程进行了研究。发现当沙尘与污染气团相混合,尤其在湿度较高的天气条件下,沙尘颗粒能够提供了较大的反应表面积,促进非均相反应的发生从而生成大量的二次离子；泰山6月份明显受到生物质燃烧的影响,期间K+和草酸盐浓度明显升高；云雾对泰山气溶胶的去除作用非常明显,各水溶性离子的去除效率同PM2.5的质量浓度反相关,同云雾水含量正相关；在对泰山夏季白天气溶胶酸度与二次有机碳(SOC)关系的研究中发现半数以上个例SOC的增长伴随着较高的酸度和H20p含量以及较弱的光化学氧化活性,说明高酸度和液相反应对SOC的生成有重要贡献,而对于低酸度SOC增长的个例研究发现气团光化学氧化活性强,对SOC的生成起主导作用。
为了研究RH和背景气溶胶对SOA的生成的影响,本研究对四个体系SOA的生成进行了室外烟雾箱模拟：甲苯/邻/对二甲苯-NOx-HCmix以及甲苯-邻/对二甲苯-NOx-HCmix混合体系。研究发现(NH4)2SO4-甲苯-NOx-HCmix在低RH(6-10%)条件下生成的SOA明显低于潮湿环境(40-90%),表明种子气溶胶与高湿度条件同时存在时会有大量SOA生成,即颗粒物水含量(H2Op)可能是影响SOA生成的关键因素；将背景大气做为种子气溶胶,模拟真实大气环境下SOA的生成时,四个体系均发现了H2Op对SOA生成的促进作用,其中邻二甲苯的Odum产物模型曲线的模拟发现高湿度条件下的SOA产率明显高于中等湿度条件下；研究还发现对二甲苯的SOA产率比邻二甲苯以及甲苯-邻/对二甲苯的混合体系低。基于四个体系烟雾箱模拟的实验数据和以往的甲苯SOA生成机理模型,本研究引入了新的参数H2Op,建立了甲苯/二甲苯体系SOA生成的精简机理模型,并将模拟结果与观测结果相比较验证了该机理模型的可行性,为大尺度气溶胶质量模型的完善提供了宝贵的信息。
During the past several decades, rapid economic development and urbanization process have led to deterioration of air quality in central eastern China. The fine particle (PM2.5) pollution leads to frequent occurrence of regional haze, which has a negative impact on human health and public safety. Thus it is urgent and important to investigate the characteristics and formation mechanism of atmospheric aerosols in this heavily polluted area to supply basis for the air quality control measurements.
In the present study, several intensive or long-term field campaigns were carried out at five representative ground sites and one mountain site (Mt.Tai,1534m a.s.l), which is the highest peak of central eastern China. Multiple pollutants were measured by off-line and online techniques. A large suite of air pollutants data were obtained and analyzed with the aid of many statistical tools and modeling techniques including a backward trajectory model and cluster analysis. Several characteristics of water soluble ions and acidity in PM2.5were investigated, including temporal and spatial variations, source analysis, chemical transformation and transport processes. Another major objective of this study is to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) under near real ambient atmospheric conditions. Simulation experiments were designed and performed in the University of North Carolina (UNC)270m3dual outdoor smog chamber in order to determine the effects of relative humidity (RH) and seed aerosol on the SOA formation from tolunene/xylens in the presence of an eleven component mixture of non-SOA-forming dilute urban hydrocarbon (HCmix). Condensed SOA formation mechanisms was built and evaluated based on these experiments.
The observation of PM2.5was carried out in three continental urban sites (SD, ZB and ZZ, short for Jinan Shanda, Zibo and Zaozhuang), one coastal site (QD, short for Qingdao) and one rural site (MP, short for Jinan Miaopu) during Jan.2006-Feb.2007. More serious aerosol pollution was observed at these sites comparing to other sites over the world. The average concentration of total water soluble ions (TWSI) was 60.74±40.12μg/m3, accounting for about half of the PM2.5mass concentration. SO42-, NO3-and NH4+, as major secondary ions with an average concentration of47.50μg/m3, accounted for38.7%of PM2.5mass concentration. The average concentration of total organic ions was0.42μg/m3, accounting for0.3%of the PM2.5mass concentration. The TWSI concentration at ZZ was the highest among these sites. ZB and SD sites showed lower TWSI concentrations than that at ZZ. The coastal site of QD and the rural site of MP presented a low level of TWSI. The acidity of PM2.5, calculated from the pH of water solution of aerosol samples, showed an average concentration of6.40±7.00nmol/m3, with higher values at the rural site (MP), but relatively lower values at the urban sites, especially in ZB and ZZ. The seasonal variation showed the lowest acidity was in spring at most of the sites except Qingdao, where the acidity was the lowest in summer. Back trajectories analysis demonstrates high level of ions and aerosol acidity was observed when the south or local air masses prevailed and high oxalic acid concentration was obtained in PM2.5when the air masses from south direction dominated.
Near real-time measurements of PM2.5ionic compositions were performed at the summit of the highest mountain in the North China Plain in the spring and summer of2007. Concurrently, gas phase species such as O3, SO2and NOy were also measured. The average concentrations of TWSI were27.52and36.65μg/m3in the spring and summer, respectively, indicating serious aerosol pollution in the high altitude over central eastern China. Diurnal patterns of SO42-, NH4+and NO3-showed a broad peak in the afternoon in both campaigns, which is attributed to the upslope/downslope transport of air masses and the development of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The average SO2oxidation ratio (SOR) in summer was57%, more than twice that in spring (24%). This result indicates strong summertime production of sulfate aerosols. Overall,57.2%and81.3%of the aerosol samples were acidic in spring and summer, respectively. Strong (H+strong) and aerosol acidities (H+air) in summer were higher than those in spring. The diurnal variation of H+strong was coincide with that for SO42-, NO3- and NH4+, while the variation of H+air was consistent with RH and H2Op. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that transport of pollutants, cloud processing, and crustal source were the main factors affecting the variability of the measured ions (and other trace gases and aerosols) at Mt. Tai. Back trajectory analysis indicated the medium/long-range transport of air mass coming from north/northwest direction, regional transport of air masses from Shanxi and Henan Provinces dominated at Mt. Tai in spring. Serious fine particle pollution was observed when the air masses from Henan and Shanxi or from northwest with high humidity. In summer, Mt. Tai was influenced by the air masses from east/northeast direction which passed through the ocean, from west direction with low altitude and from northwest direction. High level of ions concentration was observed when the air masses were primarily from east/northeast or from south direction.
The detailed process of specific events including dust storm, biomass burning and cloud scavenging events were analyzed based on continuous measurements of ions along with other pollutants concentrations. The study on dust event showed a complex mixed pollution of dust and urban air mass with high RH. In this situation, elevated secondary ions concentrations were observed, suggesting the large surface area supplied by dust particles and the particle water (H2OP) enhanced the heterogeneous reactions to produce secondary ions. The ionic composition of aerosol at Mt. Tai was influenced by serious biomass burning in June with high contributions of K+and oxalate. The study of fog and clouds scavenging cases demonstrates the scavenging rate was positively correlated with cloud water content but negatively correlated with PM2.5mass concentrations. The relationship between acidity and secondary organic aerosol formation during daytime in summer was also investigated in this study. Over half of the investigating days, the secondary organic carbon (SOC) increased with high acidity and high H2OP levels, but low photochemical activity, suggesting acidity might enhance the heterogeneous reactions or liquid phase reactions involved in the SOC formation. The cases of rising SOC with low acidity often accompanied with low H2Op but high photochemical activity, suggesting gas phase oxidation dominated the SOC formation.
In order to investigate the effects of RH and seed aerosol on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, four aromatic systems were simulated by using UNC outdoor smog chamber, including toluene/o-xylene/p-xylene-NOx-HCmix and mixture of toluene with o-xylene/p-xylene-NOx-HCmix system. Ammonium sulfate particles in the presence of an atmospheric hydrocarbon mixture and NOX in sunlight under a dry atmosphere (RH range:6to10%) showed reduced SO A formation when compared to similar gas phase conditions with lower ammonium sulfate and higher relative humidities (RH range:40to90%). This suggests high ammonium sulfate together with high RH was responsible for the enhanced SOA formation, indicating H2OP maybe the key factor influencing SOA formation. The experiments for the other systems also demonstrate that a particle water phase was highly related to SOA formation. The yield curves generated from a one-product Odum model suggested high SOA formation under wet condition. P-xylene had a lower SOA yield compared with o-xylene and the mixtures of toluene and xylenes. A new condensed aromatic kinetic chemical mechanism employing uptake of organics in H2OP as a key parameter was developed based on the experimental data. The model showed reasonable fits to the observed data. Such information would provide useful information for developing local and regional air quality model.
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