肉用绵羊群体遗传结构和变异的微卫星DNA多态性分析
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摘要
杂交是实践生产中提高绵羊产肉性能的一个主要途径，要开展杂交，就需要对各群体遗传结构和遗传变异进行分析，计算出群体间的遗传距离，进而为杂种优势预测和最优杂交亲本的选择奠定基础。
本研究选用位于不同染色体上、多态性较高的5个微卫星位点，从分子水平上分析了5个绵羊群体的遗传结构和遗传变异，并对5个群体在五个位点基因频率和基因型频率进行了卡方检验，结果表明这5个群体均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。根据等位基因频率方法计算得到的位点的等位基因数、平均多态信息含量、有效等位基因数和杂合度在群体中的表现范围分别为12-14，0.65-0.78，3.59-5.19和0.70-0.80，说明该5个微卫星位点在这5个绵羊群体中表现出较高的多态性，同时也说明绵羊群体内具有较大的选择潜力。
另外，根据奈氏标准遗传距离公式计算得到的品种间的遗传距离中，其中与小尾寒羊之间的遗传距离由大到小的各引进品种顺序为，白头萨福克羊(0.7462)＞黑头萨福克羊(0.7334)＞道赛特羊(0.6983)＞特克塞尔(0.6439)；各引进品种之间的遗传距离大小顺序依次为黑头萨福克羊与特克塞尔羊之间(0.7854)，白头萨福克羊与特克塞尔羊之间(0.6804)，道赛特羊与特克塞尔羊之间(0.5305)，道赛特羊与黑头萨福克羊之间(0.4493)，白头萨福克羊与道赛特羊之间(0.3445)，最小的是黑头萨福克羊与白头萨福克羊之间(0.2994)。
利用UPGMA法分别绘制了由5个群体(黑头萨福克羊和白头萨福克羊分开)和4个群体(黑头萨福克羊和白头萨福克羊合在一起)组成的系统聚类图，并比较了它们的差别，两个结果都能清晰、客观的反映5个群体的地理分布和遗传分化特点，以及它们的亲缘关系，为在开展小尾寒羊杂交改良过程中，选用优秀的杂交父本，预测杂种优势提供了依据。
Hybrid is a main measure to improve the meat production of sheep in practice. The analysis of genetic structure and genetic variation and calculation of genetic distance between populations provide the premise of predicting heterosis and selecting better hybrid parents.
In the study, five microsatellite loci which are located in different chromosome and have high polymorphism were used to analysis the genetic structure and genetic variation of five sheep breeds. The gene frequency and genotype frequency of five populations in the five loci were analysed using Chi-square test. The result showed that these five populations lies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. The number of alleles, range of the mean polymorphism information content,number of effective alleles and the heterozygsity in the population calculated from genie frequency were 12-14,0.64-0.79,3.48-5.41 and 0.69-0.81 respectively in these loci. This showed that five microsatellite loci in five populations had the high polymorphism, and so, there was a large selection potential in sheep parent population.
Moreover, the genetic distance between populations were calculated using method of Nei's standard genetic distance m. Among the distances between the abroad breeds and Xiao Wei Han sheep(Han), the breeds order from the large to small was White-Suffolk(0.7462) > Black-Suffolk(0.7334) > Dorset(0.6983) > Texel(0.6439).The distance torder from large to small between each abroad breeds was between Black-Suffolk and Texel(0.7854), between White-Suffolk and Texel(0.6804), between Dorset and T-exel(0.5305), between Dorset and Black-Suffolk(0.3693) .between Black-Suffolk and White-Suffolk(0.2994) ,and White-Suffolk and Dorset(0.2801).
The clustering dendrograph was drawn by using UPGMA method from genetic distance of five populations and four populations. The two kinds of results all clearly showed the geographical distribution, the feature of genetic differentiation and the relationship between five sheep populations. Also, it provided the basis for selecting better sire breeds used in hybrid and improvement of Small Tail Han sheep and for predicting heterosis and actual crossing effects.
本研究选用位于不同染色体上、多态性较高的5个微卫星位点，从分子水平上分析了5个绵羊群体的遗传结构和遗传变异，并对5个群体在五个位点基因频率和基因型频率进行了卡方检验，结果表明这5个群体均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。根据等位基因频率方法计算得到的位点的等位基因数、平均多态信息含量、有效等位基因数和杂合度在群体中的表现范围分别为12-14，0.65-0.78，3.59-5.19和0.70-0.80，说明该5个微卫星位点在这5个绵羊群体中表现出较高的多态性，同时也说明绵羊群体内具有较大的选择潜力。
另外，根据奈氏标准遗传距离公式计算得到的品种间的遗传距离中，其中与小尾寒羊之间的遗传距离由大到小的各引进品种顺序为，白头萨福克羊(0.7462)＞黑头萨福克羊(0.7334)＞道赛特羊(0.6983)＞特克塞尔(0.6439)；各引进品种之间的遗传距离大小顺序依次为黑头萨福克羊与特克塞尔羊之间(0.7854)，白头萨福克羊与特克塞尔羊之间(0.6804)，道赛特羊与特克塞尔羊之间(0.5305)，道赛特羊与黑头萨福克羊之间(0.4493)，白头萨福克羊与道赛特羊之间(0.3445)，最小的是黑头萨福克羊与白头萨福克羊之间(0.2994)。
利用UPGMA法分别绘制了由5个群体(黑头萨福克羊和白头萨福克羊分开)和4个群体(黑头萨福克羊和白头萨福克羊合在一起)组成的系统聚类图，并比较了它们的差别，两个结果都能清晰、客观的反映5个群体的地理分布和遗传分化特点，以及它们的亲缘关系，为在开展小尾寒羊杂交改良过程中，选用优秀的杂交父本，预测杂种优势提供了依据。
Hybrid is a main measure to improve the meat production of sheep in practice. The analysis of genetic structure and genetic variation and calculation of genetic distance between populations provide the premise of predicting heterosis and selecting better hybrid parents.
In the study, five microsatellite loci which are located in different chromosome and have high polymorphism were used to analysis the genetic structure and genetic variation of five sheep breeds. The gene frequency and genotype frequency of five populations in the five loci were analysed using Chi-square test. The result showed that these five populations lies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. The number of alleles, range of the mean polymorphism information content,number of effective alleles and the heterozygsity in the population calculated from genie frequency were 12-14,0.64-0.79,3.48-5.41 and 0.69-0.81 respectively in these loci. This showed that five microsatellite loci in five populations had the high polymorphism, and so, there was a large selection potential in sheep parent population.
Moreover, the genetic distance between populations were calculated using method of Nei's standard genetic distance m. Among the distances between the abroad breeds and Xiao Wei Han sheep(Han), the breeds order from the large to small was White-Suffolk(0.7462) > Black-Suffolk(0.7334) > Dorset(0.6983) > Texel(0.6439).The distance torder from large to small between each abroad breeds was between Black-Suffolk and Texel(0.7854), between White-Suffolk and Texel(0.6804), between Dorset and T-exel(0.5305), between Dorset and Black-Suffolk(0.3693) .between Black-Suffolk and White-Suffolk(0.2994) ,and White-Suffolk and Dorset(0.2801).
The clustering dendrograph was drawn by using UPGMA method from genetic distance of five populations and four populations. The two kinds of results all clearly showed the geographical distribution, the feature of genetic differentiation and the relationship between five sheep populations. Also, it provided the basis for selecting better sire breeds used in hybrid and improvement of Small Tail Han sheep and for predicting heterosis and actual crossing effects.
引文
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[3]蒋必光．动物的杂种优势利用[M]．遗传学应用，高等教育出版社，1996，123～137．
[4]Barket J S, et al. Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo:microsatellite variation and a comparison with protein-coding loci[J]. Anim.Genet, 1997, 28: 103～115.
[5]柳小春，施启顺，江铁山等．猪血浆蛋白多态性预估杂种优势的探讨[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1998，34(1)：9～11．
[6]成廷水，刘定发．利用遗传标记预估畜禽杂种优势的研究[J]．生物学杂志，1999，16(3)：5～6．
[7]蒋曹德，邓昌彦．DNA标记与动物杂种优势的关系研究进展[J]．黄牛杂志，2001，27(3)：6～9．
[8]吴常信．分子数量遗传学与动物育种[J]．遗传，1997，19(增刊)：P1～3．
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