草鱼幼鱼的矿物质营养研究
摘要
草鱼是中国主要淡水养殖鱼类，随着草鱼养殖技术的改进以及配合饲料的使用，单位产量不断提高。2009年，草鱼年产量已达到408.15万吨，占淡水鱼产量的20.85%(农业部渔业局，2010)。该论文以具有重要经济价值的草鱼为实验对象，系统研究了饲料中磷﹑钙﹑钾﹑镁﹑锌﹑锰共六种矿物质对草鱼生长、体组成、血液指标和矿物质含量的影响，为确定这几种矿物质在草鱼幼鱼饲料中的最适添加量提供科学依据。该论文包括七个方面的内容：
1.实验一研究了饲料中不同磷水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适有效磷需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制有效磷含量为2.4（对照组）、4.3、6.3、8.4、10.4和14.8g kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为400g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重5.59±0.02克）8周。结果表明，添加磷的组的特定生长率、增重率、蛋白质效率和饲料效率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。在鱼体组成方面，随着饲料中有效磷的增加，鱼体蛋白质含量显著增加，同时脂肪含量显著下降（P<0.05）。添加磷的组全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的矿化情况显著好于对照组，但钙磷比并不受影响。脊椎骨和鳞片的灰分、钙和磷的含量随着饲料中有效磷含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料有效磷含量为8.36g kg~(-1)时达到平台。血液生化分析表明，饲料中有效磷的水平对血浆中磷、钙和镁的含量以及甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量有明显的影响（P<0.05）。折线模型分析表明，饲料中有效磷含量为8.49g kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对磷最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
2.实验二研究了饲料中不同磷（P）水平和淀粉（S）水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以考察饲料中高水平的磷能否促进草鱼对淀粉的利用。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制三个总磷水平（P4、P10和P18g kg~(-1)）以及两个淀粉水平（S200和S350g kg~(-1)）的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为410g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重4.83±0.02克）8周。结果表明，P10/S200和P18/S200组的增重率和特定生长率最高，且显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。除了磷含量为4g kg~(-1)的组外，随着饲料中淀粉含量的增加，增重率和特定生长率显著下降，同时肝脏和全鱼的脂肪含量、肝体比和脂体比显著增加。实验结果表明，饲料中淀粉含量过高（350g kg~(-1)）会抑制草鱼的生长以及引起脂肪沉积。在两个淀粉水平的饲料中，磷含量为4g kg~(-1)都会降低草鱼的增重率和特定生长率，同时增加脂体比（P<0.05）。饲料中磷含量显著影响全鱼的脂肪、灰分、钙、磷以及铁的含量。饲料中添加磷可以促进草鱼生长以及降低鱼体脂肪含量，但饲料中磷含量达到10g kg~(-1)时已满足草鱼的需求，再增加磷的含量对草鱼也没有进一步的影响。
3.实验三研究了饲料中不同钙水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适钙需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制钙含量为2.75、4.51、6.24、7.99、9.66和11.5g kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为395g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重4.52±0.02克）8周。结果表明，增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率随着饲料中钙含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料钙含量为7.99g kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。饲料钙含量高于7.99g kg~(-1)时，全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的灰分含量和血浆碱性磷酸酶的活性显著增加（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的钙含量随着饲料钙含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料钙含量为7.99g kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。相反，饲料钙含量高于9.66g kg~(-1)时，全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的镁含量显著下降（P<0.05）。但是，血浆中钙、磷和镁的含量并不受饲料中钙含量的影响。折线模型分析表明，饲料钙含量为8.57g kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对钙最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
4.实验四研究了饲料中不同钾水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、鳃部Na~+-K~+ATPase活性和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适钾需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制钾含量为0.87（对照组）、2.90、5.37、7.54、9.87和12.4g kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为398g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重3.96±0.02克）8周。结果表明，投喂钾含量9.87g kg~(-1)的组草鱼末均重、增重率、饲料效率和鳃部Na+-K+ATPase活性最高，而对照组最低（P<0.05）。全鱼和肌肉中钾含量随着饲料中钾含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料钾含量为9.87g kg~(-1)时达到平台，而鳞片和脊椎骨中钾含量则在饲料钾含量为7.54g kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。但是，饲料钾含量对全鱼、鳞片、脊椎骨或者肌肉的灰分、钙、磷和镁含量并没有影响。多项式模型分析增重率和鳃部Na~+-K~+ATPase活性，以及折线模型分析全鱼钾含量表明，草鱼幼鱼的最适钾需求量为9.45-9.99g kg~(-1)。
5.实验五研究了饲料中不同镁水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适镁需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制镁含量为187（对照组）、331、473、637、779、937mg kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为396g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重5.56±0.02克）8周。结果表明，增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率随着饲料中镁含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料镁含量为637mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。在体成分方面，当饲料镁含量高于473mg kg~(-1)时，全鱼、肌肉和肝脏的水分显著下降，但脂肪含量显著增加，同时脊椎骨、鳞片和肌肉的灰分含量显著下降（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨、鳞片和血浆的镁含量随着饲料镁含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料镁含量为637mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。但是，鱼体钙和磷的含量似乎与饲料中镁含量相反。饲料镁含量高于473mg kg~(-1)时，全鱼和脊椎骨的锌和铁含量显著下降（P<0.05）。折线模型分析表明，饲料镁含量为687mg kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对镁最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
6.实验六研究了饲料中不同锌水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适锌需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制锌含量为13（对照组）、25、34、53、89和135mg kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为396g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重3.97±0.05克）8周。结果表明，当饲料锌含量高于34mg kg~(-1)时，草鱼末均重、增重率和特定生长率显著增加（P<0.05）。在体成分方面，当饲料锌含量高于53mg kg~(-1)时，全鱼和肝脏的水分显著下降，但脂肪含量显著增加（P<0.05）。饲料锌水平显著影响全鱼、鳞片、脊椎骨和肝脏的矿化情况（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨、鳞片和血浆的锌含量随着饲料锌含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料锌含量为53mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。当饲料锌含量高于53mg kg~(-1)时，血浆中甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶活性显著增加（P<0.05）。折线模型分析表明，饲料锌含量为55.1mg kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对锌最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
7.实验七研究了饲料中不同锰水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适锰需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制锰含量为4.0（对照组）、8.9、13.8、18.7、23.6和33.3mg kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为391g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重3.97±0.05克）8周。结果表明，草鱼增重率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率随着饲料锰含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料锌含量为18.7mg kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。在体成分方面，全鱼、肌肉和肝脏的脂肪含量随着饲料锰含量的增加显著下降（P<0.05）。当饲料锰含量高于18.7mg kg~(-1)时，草鱼肥满度显著下降（P<0.05）。饲料锰水平显著影响全鱼、鳞片和脊椎骨的矿化情况（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的锰含量随着饲料锰含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料锰含量为18.7mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。然而，鱼体钙和磷的含量似乎与饲料中锰含量相反。但是，饲料锰含量对鱼体铁含量没有显著影响。折线模型分析表明，饲料锰含量为20.6mg kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对锰最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
Production of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) constitutes the largestaquaculture industry of finfish in China. In2009, the production of grass carp reached4.08million tons, which was20.85%of freshwater aquaculture production in China(Ministry of Agriculture2010). A series studies were conducted to evaluate the effectof dietary phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc and manganese onjuvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The results obtained can be brieflysummarized as follows:
1. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietaryavailable phosphorus (P) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the effect ofdietary P levels on growth performance and body composition of this fish. Triplicategroups of grass carp (5.59±0.02g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.36,4.27,6.31,8.36,10.4and14.8g kg~(-1)) of available P for8weeks. Grass carp fed with theP-supplemented diets had significantly higher specific growth rate, weight gain,protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency than fish fed with the basal diet. In wholebody composition, protein content increased, while lipid content decreased with theincrease of P level in diet (P <0.05). Fish fed with the P-supplemented diets hadsignificantly higher whole body, vertebrae and scales mineralization (P <0.05), butCa/P ratios were not influenced. Crude ash, Ca and P contents in scales weresignificantly increased with the increase of dietary available P concentration to8.36gkg~(-1)and then remained stable beyond this level (P <0.05). Similar trend was found invertebrae. The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distincteffects on P, Ca and Mg contents, as well as contents of triacyglycerol and total cholesterol. Broken-line analysis indicated that8.49g kg~(-1)dietary available P wasrequired for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.
2. Six isonitrogenous (410g kg~(-1)) diets with three levels of total phosphorus (P4,P10and P18g kg~(-1)) and two levels of starch (S200and S350g kg~(-1)) were fed totriplicate groups of30fish to evaluate whether the high level of dietary phosphoruscould improve the utilization of starch. Over8-week-growth trial, best weight gain(WG) and specific growth rate (SGR)(P <0.05) were observed in fish fed theP10/S200and P18/S200diets. WG and SGR significantly decreased as starch levelsincreased except for P4, while lipid contents of liver and whole body, hepatosomaticindex (HSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) significantly increased. These resultssuggested that high dietary starch will depress the growth performance and cause lipidaccumulation. Within both starch levels, fish fed-diet with P4tended to produce lower(P <0.05) WG and SGR, and had higher (P <0.05) values of IPF. The whole bodylipid, ash, calcium, phosphorus and iron contents were significantly affected bydietary phosphorus levels. Supplied phosphorus could improve the growth anddecrease the whole body lipid, but there is no more effect after the phosphorusrequirement was met at10g kg~(-1).
3. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietarycalcium (Ca) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grasscarp (4.52±0.02g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.75,4.51,6.24,7.99,9.66and11.5g kg~(-1)) of Ca for8weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feedefficiency and protein efficiency ratio were linearly increased up to the7.99g kg~(-1)dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level (P <0.05). Dietary Ca levelshigher than7.99g kg~(-1)significantly increased the ash contents of whole body,vertebrae and scales. Ca contents in whole body, vertebrae and scales were linearlyincreased up to the7.99g kg~(-1)dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level(P <0.05). Contrarily, dietary Ca levels higher than9.66g kg~(-1)significantly decreasedMg contents in whole body, vertebrae, and scales. Dietary Ca levels higher than7.99g kg~(-1)significantly increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. However, plasmaCa, P and Mg contents were not significantly affected by dietary Ca supplements (P>0.05). Broken-line analysis indicated that8.57g kg~(-1)dietary Ca was required formaximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.
4. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietarypotassium (K) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grasscarp (3.96±0.06g) were fed diets containing graded levels (0.87,2.90,5.37,7.54,9.87and12.4g kg~(-1)) of K for8weeks. Final body weight, weight gain and feedefficiency and gill Na+-K+ATPase activity were highest in fish fed with9.87g kg~(-1)dietary K and lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P <0.05). K contents in whole bodyand muscle were linearly increased up to the9.87g kg~(-1)dietary K and then leveled offbeyond this level, while in scales and vertebrae up to the7.54g kg~(-1)dietary K (P <0.05). However, dietary K levels had no significant effect on ash, Ca, P and Mgcontents in whole body, scales, vertebrae or muscle. Analysis by polynomialregression of weight gain and gill Na+-K+ATPase activity and by the broken-lineregression of whole body K concentrations indicated that the adequate dietary Kconcentration for grass carp is about9.45-9.99g kg~(-1)diet.
5. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietaryMagnesium (Mg) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups ofgrass carp (5.56±0.02g) were fed diets containing graded levels (187,331,473,637,779and937mg kg~(-1)) of Mg for8weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate and feedefficiency were linearly increased up to the637mg kg~(-1)dietary Mg and then leveledoff beyond this level. For body composition, dietary Mg levels higher than473mgkg~(-1)significantly decreased the moisture content but increased the lipid content ofwhole body, muscle and liver. Dietary Mg levels higher than473mg kg~(-1)significantlydecreased the ash contents of vertebrae, scales and muscle. Mg contents in wholebody, vertebrae, scales and plasma were increased up to the637mg kg~(-1)dietary Mgand then leveled off beyond this level. However, Ca and P contents seem to beinversely related to dietary Mg. Dietary Mg levels higher than473mg kg~(-1)significantly decreased Zn and Fe contents in whole body and vertebrae. Broken-lineanalysis indicated that687mg kg~(-1)dietary Mg was required for maximal tissue Mgstorage, as well as satisfied for the optimal growth.
6. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietaryzinc (Zn) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grass carp(3.97±0.05g) were fed diets containing graded levels (13,25,34,53,89and135mg kg~(-1)) of Zn for8weeks. Grass carp fed with dietary Zn levels higher than34mg kg~(-1)significantly increased final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate (P <0.05). For body composition, fish fed with dietary Zn levels higher than53mg kg~(-1)significantly decreased the moisture contents but increased the lipid contents of wholebody and liver. Whole body, scales, vertebrae and liver mineralization were allaffected significantly (P <0.05) by dietary Zn levels. Zn contents in whole body,scales, vertebrae and plasma were linearly increased up to the53mg kg~(-1)dietary Znand then remained stable beyond this level. Grass carp fed with dietary Zn levelshigher than53mg kg~(-1)significantly increased TG and T-CHO contents and ALPactivity in plasma (P <0.05). Broken-line analysis indicated that55.1mg kg~(-1)dietaryZn was required for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimalgrowth of grass carp.
7. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietaryManganese (Mn) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grasscarp (3.97±0.05g) were fed diets containing graded levels (4.0,8.9,13.8,18.7,23.6and33.3mg kg~(-1)) of Mn for8weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and proteinefficiency ratio were linearly increased up to the18.7mg kg~(-1)dietary Mn and thenmaintained stable beyond this level (P <0.05). For body composition, lipid contentsin whole body, muscle and liver decreased significantly with increasing dietary Mnlevel. Grass carp fed with dietary Mn levels higher than18.7mg kg~(-1)significantlydecreased condition factor. Whole body, vertebrae and scales mineralization were allaffected significantly by dietary Mn levels. Mn contents in whole body, vertebrae andscales were linearly increased up to the18.7mg kg~(-1)dietary Mn and then maintainedstable beyond this level. Contrarily, Ca and P contents seem to be inversely related todietary Mn. However, dietary Mn levels had no significant effect on body Fe contents.Broken-line analysis indicated that20.6mg kg~(-1)dietary Mn was required for maximaltissue Mn storage as well as optimal growth of juvenile grass carp.
1.实验一研究了饲料中不同磷水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适有效磷需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制有效磷含量为2.4（对照组）、4.3、6.3、8.4、10.4和14.8g kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为400g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重5.59±0.02克）8周。结果表明，添加磷的组的特定生长率、增重率、蛋白质效率和饲料效率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。在鱼体组成方面，随着饲料中有效磷的增加，鱼体蛋白质含量显著增加，同时脂肪含量显著下降（P<0.05）。添加磷的组全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的矿化情况显著好于对照组，但钙磷比并不受影响。脊椎骨和鳞片的灰分、钙和磷的含量随着饲料中有效磷含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料有效磷含量为8.36g kg~(-1)时达到平台。血液生化分析表明，饲料中有效磷的水平对血浆中磷、钙和镁的含量以及甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量有明显的影响（P<0.05）。折线模型分析表明，饲料中有效磷含量为8.49g kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对磷最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
2.实验二研究了饲料中不同磷（P）水平和淀粉（S）水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以考察饲料中高水平的磷能否促进草鱼对淀粉的利用。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制三个总磷水平（P4、P10和P18g kg~(-1)）以及两个淀粉水平（S200和S350g kg~(-1)）的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为410g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重4.83±0.02克）8周。结果表明，P10/S200和P18/S200组的增重率和特定生长率最高，且显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。除了磷含量为4g kg~(-1)的组外，随着饲料中淀粉含量的增加，增重率和特定生长率显著下降，同时肝脏和全鱼的脂肪含量、肝体比和脂体比显著增加。实验结果表明，饲料中淀粉含量过高（350g kg~(-1)）会抑制草鱼的生长以及引起脂肪沉积。在两个淀粉水平的饲料中，磷含量为4g kg~(-1)都会降低草鱼的增重率和特定生长率，同时增加脂体比（P<0.05）。饲料中磷含量显著影响全鱼的脂肪、灰分、钙、磷以及铁的含量。饲料中添加磷可以促进草鱼生长以及降低鱼体脂肪含量，但饲料中磷含量达到10g kg~(-1)时已满足草鱼的需求，再增加磷的含量对草鱼也没有进一步的影响。
3.实验三研究了饲料中不同钙水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适钙需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制钙含量为2.75、4.51、6.24、7.99、9.66和11.5g kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为395g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重4.52±0.02克）8周。结果表明，增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率随着饲料中钙含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料钙含量为7.99g kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。饲料钙含量高于7.99g kg~(-1)时，全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的灰分含量和血浆碱性磷酸酶的活性显著增加（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的钙含量随着饲料钙含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料钙含量为7.99g kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。相反，饲料钙含量高于9.66g kg~(-1)时，全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的镁含量显著下降（P<0.05）。但是，血浆中钙、磷和镁的含量并不受饲料中钙含量的影响。折线模型分析表明，饲料钙含量为8.57g kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对钙最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
4.实验四研究了饲料中不同钾水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、鳃部Na~+-K~+ATPase活性和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适钾需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制钾含量为0.87（对照组）、2.90、5.37、7.54、9.87和12.4g kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为398g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重3.96±0.02克）8周。结果表明，投喂钾含量9.87g kg~(-1)的组草鱼末均重、增重率、饲料效率和鳃部Na+-K+ATPase活性最高，而对照组最低（P<0.05）。全鱼和肌肉中钾含量随着饲料中钾含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料钾含量为9.87g kg~(-1)时达到平台，而鳞片和脊椎骨中钾含量则在饲料钾含量为7.54g kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。但是，饲料钾含量对全鱼、鳞片、脊椎骨或者肌肉的灰分、钙、磷和镁含量并没有影响。多项式模型分析增重率和鳃部Na~+-K~+ATPase活性，以及折线模型分析全鱼钾含量表明，草鱼幼鱼的最适钾需求量为9.45-9.99g kg~(-1)。
5.实验五研究了饲料中不同镁水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适镁需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制镁含量为187（对照组）、331、473、637、779、937mg kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为396g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重5.56±0.02克）8周。结果表明，增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率随着饲料中镁含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料镁含量为637mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。在体成分方面，当饲料镁含量高于473mg kg~(-1)时，全鱼、肌肉和肝脏的水分显著下降，但脂肪含量显著增加，同时脊椎骨、鳞片和肌肉的灰分含量显著下降（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨、鳞片和血浆的镁含量随着饲料镁含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料镁含量为637mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。但是，鱼体钙和磷的含量似乎与饲料中镁含量相反。饲料镁含量高于473mg kg~(-1)时，全鱼和脊椎骨的锌和铁含量显著下降（P<0.05）。折线模型分析表明，饲料镁含量为687mg kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对镁最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
6.实验六研究了饲料中不同锌水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适锌需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制锌含量为13（对照组）、25、34、53、89和135mg kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为396g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重3.97±0.05克）8周。结果表明，当饲料锌含量高于34mg kg~(-1)时，草鱼末均重、增重率和特定生长率显著增加（P<0.05）。在体成分方面，当饲料锌含量高于53mg kg~(-1)时，全鱼和肝脏的水分显著下降，但脂肪含量显著增加（P<0.05）。饲料锌水平显著影响全鱼、鳞片、脊椎骨和肝脏的矿化情况（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨、鳞片和血浆的锌含量随着饲料锌含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料锌含量为53mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。当饲料锌含量高于53mg kg~(-1)时，血浆中甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶活性显著增加（P<0.05）。折线模型分析表明，饲料锌含量为55.1mg kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对锌最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
7.实验七研究了饲料中不同锰水平对草鱼生长、饲料效率、体成分和矿物质含量的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼的最适锰需求量。以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，分别配制锰含量为4.0（对照组）、8.9、13.8、18.7、23.6和33.3mg kg~(-1)的六种等氮（粗蛋白质为391g kg~(-1)）饲料，饲养草鱼幼鱼（初重3.97±0.05克）8周。结果表明，草鱼增重率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率随着饲料锰含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料锌含量为18.7mg kg~(-1)时达到平台（P<0.05）。在体成分方面，全鱼、肌肉和肝脏的脂肪含量随着饲料锰含量的增加显著下降（P<0.05）。当饲料锰含量高于18.7mg kg~(-1)时，草鱼肥满度显著下降（P<0.05）。饲料锰水平显著影响全鱼、鳞片和脊椎骨的矿化情况（P<0.05）。全鱼、脊椎骨和鳞片的锰含量随着饲料锰含量的增加而直线上升，并在饲料锰含量为18.7mg kg~(-1)时达到平台。然而，鱼体钙和磷的含量似乎与饲料中锰含量相反。但是，饲料锰含量对鱼体铁含量没有显著影响。折线模型分析表明，饲料锰含量为20.6mg kg~(-1)时可以满足草鱼对锰最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。
Production of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) constitutes the largestaquaculture industry of finfish in China. In2009, the production of grass carp reached4.08million tons, which was20.85%of freshwater aquaculture production in China(Ministry of Agriculture2010). A series studies were conducted to evaluate the effectof dietary phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc and manganese onjuvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The results obtained can be brieflysummarized as follows:
1. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietaryavailable phosphorus (P) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the effect ofdietary P levels on growth performance and body composition of this fish. Triplicategroups of grass carp (5.59±0.02g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.36,4.27,6.31,8.36,10.4and14.8g kg~(-1)) of available P for8weeks. Grass carp fed with theP-supplemented diets had significantly higher specific growth rate, weight gain,protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency than fish fed with the basal diet. In wholebody composition, protein content increased, while lipid content decreased with theincrease of P level in diet (P <0.05). Fish fed with the P-supplemented diets hadsignificantly higher whole body, vertebrae and scales mineralization (P <0.05), butCa/P ratios were not influenced. Crude ash, Ca and P contents in scales weresignificantly increased with the increase of dietary available P concentration to8.36gkg~(-1)and then remained stable beyond this level (P <0.05). Similar trend was found invertebrae. The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distincteffects on P, Ca and Mg contents, as well as contents of triacyglycerol and total cholesterol. Broken-line analysis indicated that8.49g kg~(-1)dietary available P wasrequired for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.
2. Six isonitrogenous (410g kg~(-1)) diets with three levels of total phosphorus (P4,P10and P18g kg~(-1)) and two levels of starch (S200and S350g kg~(-1)) were fed totriplicate groups of30fish to evaluate whether the high level of dietary phosphoruscould improve the utilization of starch. Over8-week-growth trial, best weight gain(WG) and specific growth rate (SGR)(P <0.05) were observed in fish fed theP10/S200and P18/S200diets. WG and SGR significantly decreased as starch levelsincreased except for P4, while lipid contents of liver and whole body, hepatosomaticindex (HSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) significantly increased. These resultssuggested that high dietary starch will depress the growth performance and cause lipidaccumulation. Within both starch levels, fish fed-diet with P4tended to produce lower(P <0.05) WG and SGR, and had higher (P <0.05) values of IPF. The whole bodylipid, ash, calcium, phosphorus and iron contents were significantly affected bydietary phosphorus levels. Supplied phosphorus could improve the growth anddecrease the whole body lipid, but there is no more effect after the phosphorusrequirement was met at10g kg~(-1).
3. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietarycalcium (Ca) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grasscarp (4.52±0.02g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.75,4.51,6.24,7.99,9.66and11.5g kg~(-1)) of Ca for8weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feedefficiency and protein efficiency ratio were linearly increased up to the7.99g kg~(-1)dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level (P <0.05). Dietary Ca levelshigher than7.99g kg~(-1)significantly increased the ash contents of whole body,vertebrae and scales. Ca contents in whole body, vertebrae and scales were linearlyincreased up to the7.99g kg~(-1)dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level(P <0.05). Contrarily, dietary Ca levels higher than9.66g kg~(-1)significantly decreasedMg contents in whole body, vertebrae, and scales. Dietary Ca levels higher than7.99g kg~(-1)significantly increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. However, plasmaCa, P and Mg contents were not significantly affected by dietary Ca supplements (P>0.05). Broken-line analysis indicated that8.57g kg~(-1)dietary Ca was required formaximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.
4. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietarypotassium (K) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grasscarp (3.96±0.06g) were fed diets containing graded levels (0.87,2.90,5.37,7.54,9.87and12.4g kg~(-1)) of K for8weeks. Final body weight, weight gain and feedefficiency and gill Na+-K+ATPase activity were highest in fish fed with9.87g kg~(-1)dietary K and lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P <0.05). K contents in whole bodyand muscle were linearly increased up to the9.87g kg~(-1)dietary K and then leveled offbeyond this level, while in scales and vertebrae up to the7.54g kg~(-1)dietary K (P <0.05). However, dietary K levels had no significant effect on ash, Ca, P and Mgcontents in whole body, scales, vertebrae or muscle. Analysis by polynomialregression of weight gain and gill Na+-K+ATPase activity and by the broken-lineregression of whole body K concentrations indicated that the adequate dietary Kconcentration for grass carp is about9.45-9.99g kg~(-1)diet.
5. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietaryMagnesium (Mg) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups ofgrass carp (5.56±0.02g) were fed diets containing graded levels (187,331,473,637,779and937mg kg~(-1)) of Mg for8weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate and feedefficiency were linearly increased up to the637mg kg~(-1)dietary Mg and then leveledoff beyond this level. For body composition, dietary Mg levels higher than473mgkg~(-1)significantly decreased the moisture content but increased the lipid content ofwhole body, muscle and liver. Dietary Mg levels higher than473mg kg~(-1)significantlydecreased the ash contents of vertebrae, scales and muscle. Mg contents in wholebody, vertebrae, scales and plasma were increased up to the637mg kg~(-1)dietary Mgand then leveled off beyond this level. However, Ca and P contents seem to beinversely related to dietary Mg. Dietary Mg levels higher than473mg kg~(-1)significantly decreased Zn and Fe contents in whole body and vertebrae. Broken-lineanalysis indicated that687mg kg~(-1)dietary Mg was required for maximal tissue Mgstorage, as well as satisfied for the optimal growth.
6. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietaryzinc (Zn) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grass carp(3.97±0.05g) were fed diets containing graded levels (13,25,34,53,89and135mg kg~(-1)) of Zn for8weeks. Grass carp fed with dietary Zn levels higher than34mg kg~(-1)significantly increased final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate (P <0.05). For body composition, fish fed with dietary Zn levels higher than53mg kg~(-1)significantly decreased the moisture contents but increased the lipid contents of wholebody and liver. Whole body, scales, vertebrae and liver mineralization were allaffected significantly (P <0.05) by dietary Zn levels. Zn contents in whole body,scales, vertebrae and plasma were linearly increased up to the53mg kg~(-1)dietary Znand then remained stable beyond this level. Grass carp fed with dietary Zn levelshigher than53mg kg~(-1)significantly increased TG and T-CHO contents and ALPactivity in plasma (P <0.05). Broken-line analysis indicated that55.1mg kg~(-1)dietaryZn was required for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimalgrowth of grass carp.
7. A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietaryManganese (Mn) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grasscarp (3.97±0.05g) were fed diets containing graded levels (4.0,8.9,13.8,18.7,23.6and33.3mg kg~(-1)) of Mn for8weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and proteinefficiency ratio were linearly increased up to the18.7mg kg~(-1)dietary Mn and thenmaintained stable beyond this level (P <0.05). For body composition, lipid contentsin whole body, muscle and liver decreased significantly with increasing dietary Mnlevel. Grass carp fed with dietary Mn levels higher than18.7mg kg~(-1)significantlydecreased condition factor. Whole body, vertebrae and scales mineralization were allaffected significantly by dietary Mn levels. Mn contents in whole body, vertebrae andscales were linearly increased up to the18.7mg kg~(-1)dietary Mn and then maintainedstable beyond this level. Contrarily, Ca and P contents seem to be inversely related todietary Mn. However, dietary Mn levels had no significant effect on body Fe contents.Broken-line analysis indicated that20.6mg kg~(-1)dietary Mn was required for maximaltissue Mn storage as well as optimal growth of juvenile grass carp.
引文
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