金华猪和长白猪肌纤维组成差异及ERK基因对肌纤维转化的影响研究
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摘要
肌纤维类型的多样性及其复杂的时空分布模式是影响肌肉生长发育和肉品品质的物质基础,猪的肌肉中主要含有四种肌纤维I、II A、IIX、ⅡB,肌纤维类型并不是固定不变的,四种肌纤维类型间可相互转化。本试验以肉质优良的地方品种金华猪和肉质欠佳的外来良种长白猪为研究对象,在比较了两猪种胴体性能及肉质差异的基础上,利用荧光定量PCR、基因芯片等技术,探讨了两猪种背最长肌中4种肌球蛋白重链亚型基因(Myosin heavy chain I、II A、ⅡX、ⅡB) mRNA表达量在30、90、150和180 d间的差异,并筛选得到调控不同品种肉质差异关键功能基因细胞外信号转导激酶。通过建立大鼠活体基因超表达模型,利用基因超表达、荧光定量PCR、Western blotting等技术,探讨ERK对肌纤维类型及能量代谢相关功能基因表达的影响,并初步揭示ERK调控不同品种间肉质差异的可能机制。主要结果如下：
1.金华猪和长白猪胴体性状及肉质差异比较
比较研究了同日龄(180日龄,金华猪上市日龄)、同体重(64kg,金华猪上市体重)金华猪和长白猪胴体性状和肉质间差异。结果表明,在胴体性状方面,同体重和同日龄两品种比较具有相同趋势,与长白猪相比,金华猪眼肌面积极显著低于长白猪(p<0.01)；背膘厚极显著高于长白猪(p<0.01)。在肉质方面,与长白猪相比,同日龄(180 d)金华猪滴水损失极显著低于长白猪(p<0.01),肌内脂肪含量极显著高于长白猪(p<0.01),屠宰45 min后pH值差异不显著；同体重金华猪和长白猪相比,滴水损失极显著低于长白猪(p<0.01),肌内脂肪含量极显著高于长白猪(p<0.01),肉色L*、a*、b*值及屠宰45 main后pH值两猪种差异不显著。结果表明,金华猪和长白猪遗传基础差异较大,与长白猪相比,金华猪体型小、生长慢、胴体脂肪含量高,但其肉质明显优于长白猪。
2.金华猪和长白猪背最长肌纤维组成及酶活差异比较
采用荧光定量PCR方法研究了同日龄(30、90、150和180日龄)、同体重(64 kg)金华猪和长白猪背最长肌纤维组成及能量代谢相关酶活(苹果酸脱氢酶MDH、乳酸脱氢酶LDH和琥珀酸脱氢酶SDH)差异。结果表明,无论是同日龄还是同体重趋势基本一致。在肌纤维组成方面,与长白猪相比,金华猪背最长肌中含有更多的氧化型肌纤维特别是Ⅰ型肌纤维(p<0.01),酵解型肌纤维特别是ⅡB型肌纤维含量极显著的低于长白猪。在能量代谢关键酶活方面,金华猪背最长肌MDH和SDH活性极显著高于长白猪(p<0.05),LDH活性极显著低于长白猪(p<0.05)。在此基础上,Pearson相关性分析发现,MyHC I、ⅡA基因表达与肌内脂肪含量显著正相关,与活体重、眼肌面积、滴水损失显著负相关；而MyHCⅡB基因表达与肌内脂肪含量显著负相关,与活体重、眼肌面积、滴水损失呈显著正相关。结果提示,金华猪优良的肉质特别是肌内脂肪含量高、滴水损失小可能与其背最长肌中丰富氧化型肌纤维含量及较高的氧化酶活性有关；而长白猪背最长肌中更多的ⅡB型肌纤维含量可能是其生长快而肉质欠佳的主要原因。初步揭示肌纤维类型的多样性是影响金华猪和长白猪肌肉生长发育和肉品品质的物质基础。
3.ERK基因对肌纤维转化.的影响
本课题组前期采用基因芯片杂交、荧光定量PCR等技术获得金华猪与长白猪背最长肌基因差异表达谱系,通过生物信息学分析,找出一批在金华猪背最长肌高表达或过低表达的基因,初步筛选得到细胞外信号转导激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)可能是调控不同品种间肉质差异的关键基因。ERK基因在长白猪背最长肌表达量显著高于金华猪,约是金华猪的2.4倍。为了研究ERK的功能,建立了活体大鼠基因超表达模型,通过优化电击转化条件,将ERK及其抑制蛋白MAPK磷酸酶3(MKP3)的超表达质粒成功转染到大鼠后肢肌肉中(慢肌比目鱼肌肉和快肌腓肠肌),利用荧光定量PCR、实体荧光显微镜、western blotting等技术研究ERK基因的功能。结果显示,在大鼠后肢肌肉中超表达ERK后,氧化型Ⅰ型肌纤维含量降低,有氧代谢关键功能基因MDH及PGC-1α基因表达降低,酵解型Ⅱ型肌纤维含量升高,糖酵解关键功能基因LDH基因表达升高。初步揭示ERK具有调控肌纤维转化及能量代谢的功能。
One of the main factors determining pig growth rate and meat quality is the composition of skeletal muscle fibers. In postnatal growing pigs, skeletal muscles consist of four fiber types (type I, II a, II x and II b) which are characterized by the expression of myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) gene isoforms. The specific purpose was to investigate the variations in meat quality, muscle fiber type and enzyme activity between local Jinhua and exotic Landrace pigs at the different age point (30,90,150 and 180 days of age), as well as the same BW of 64 kg, respectively. We compared differentialy expressed muscle fiber types such as types I andⅡA (oxidative), typeⅡB (glycolytic), as well as typeⅡX (intermediate) fibers in longissimus dorsi (LD) using real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the metabolic enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were used as markers of glycolytic and oxidative capacities, respectively. Takeing advantage of the global microarray technology. ERK gene were identified as differently expression between Jinhua and Landrace pigs. The effect of ERK on muscle fiber transition and muscle fiber metabolism were studied by using real-time PCR, gene overexpression and western blotting techniques. Results are as follwiong:
1. Comparison of carcass quality and meat quality between Jinhua pigs and Landrace pigs
Meat quality and carcass traits were compared between Jinhua and Landrace pigs at the same age (180 days of age), as well as the same BW of 64 kg, respectively. At the same age, Jinhua pigs exhibited significantly higher intramuscular fat content and back fat thickness than those in Landrace pigs (P< 0.01). but body weight as well as the LD muscle area were significantly lower than those of Landrace. Water holding capacity, measured as the drip loss, and color parameters were significantly different between breeds (P< 0.01), Jinhua pigs showed lower drip loss and redness. Other meat qualities such as pH 45min did not differ significantly between the breeds.At the same BW of 64 kg, our results also suggest that Jinhua pigs exhibited a higher intramuscular fat content and back fat thickness, but lower LD muscle area and drip loss than those in Landrace (P< 0.01). Other meat qualities such as pH 45min, color parameters did not differ significantly between the two breeds. These results showed that Jinhua pigs and Landrace had great differences in meat quality, Jinhua pigs had better meat quality than Landraces.
2. Comparisons of different muscles metabolic enzymes and muscle fiber types in Jinhua and Landrace Pigs
We analyzed the expression levels of MyHC isform types I,ⅡA,ⅡX andⅡB and the activites of LDH, SDH and MDH in pig LD muscle by real-time RT-PCR using specific primers. As expected, strong differences were observed for all f(?) MyHC fiber types between breeds in LD. Interestinglly, the two breeds either at the same age or the same BW had the same trend. In LD muscle, the mRNA level of oxidative fiber type (types I) were higher in Jinhua pigs compared to that of Landrace (P< 0.01). However, glycolytic fiber type (typeⅡB) was highly expressed in the LD muscle of Landrace compared to that of Jinhua (P< 0.01). We also analyzed the activites of LDH, SDH and MDH which used as markers of glycolytic and oxidative capacities in LD and soleus muscles. The results showed that the two breeds either at the same age or the same BW had the same trend (P< 0.05). Further more, we studied the relationships between muscle fiber type and pork quality using Pearson's bivariate correlation analysis. The MyHC I、ⅡA gene expression had significant positive relation to backfat thichness and intramuscular fat content significant negative relation to body weight, LD muscle area and drip loss. Contrastly, MyHC II B gene expression had significant negative relation to backfat thichness and intramuscular fat content,significant positive relation to body weight, LD muscle area and drip loss. These results suggested that the elevated expression of the oxidative fibers and higher activities of oxidative enzymes in Jinhua pigs were related to meat quality as indicated by a higher intramuscular fat and lower drip loss. Based on these results, we concluded that muscle fiber composition and postmortem muscle metabolism can explain in parts the variation of meat quality in Jinhua and Landrace pigs.
3. Study on the effect and the regulation mechanism of ERK on the muscle fiber transition and energy metabolism.
In former study, transcriptional analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle between Jinhua and Landrac pigs was performed by microarray and quantitative real-time PCR techniques. ERK was identified and described as an inportan factor in muscle fiber transition and energy metabolism. In vivo gene overexpression system of rat muscle electroporation was successfully established. Using the ERK gene force expression technique to explore the effect and the molecular mechanism of ERK on the muscle fiber transition and energy metabolism. The results show that increased the gene expression of ERK by gene force expression system enhanced the MyHC II A、ⅡX、ⅡB and LDH genes expression, meanwhile, decreased MyHC I, SDH, MDH and PGC-1 a genes expression. These results revealed that ERK could play an important role in muscle fiber transition.
1.金华猪和长白猪胴体性状及肉质差异比较
比较研究了同日龄(180日龄,金华猪上市日龄)、同体重(64kg,金华猪上市体重)金华猪和长白猪胴体性状和肉质间差异。结果表明,在胴体性状方面,同体重和同日龄两品种比较具有相同趋势,与长白猪相比,金华猪眼肌面积极显著低于长白猪(p<0.01)；背膘厚极显著高于长白猪(p<0.01)。在肉质方面,与长白猪相比,同日龄(180 d)金华猪滴水损失极显著低于长白猪(p<0.01),肌内脂肪含量极显著高于长白猪(p<0.01),屠宰45 min后pH值差异不显著；同体重金华猪和长白猪相比,滴水损失极显著低于长白猪(p<0.01),肌内脂肪含量极显著高于长白猪(p<0.01),肉色L*、a*、b*值及屠宰45 main后pH值两猪种差异不显著。结果表明,金华猪和长白猪遗传基础差异较大,与长白猪相比,金华猪体型小、生长慢、胴体脂肪含量高,但其肉质明显优于长白猪。
2.金华猪和长白猪背最长肌纤维组成及酶活差异比较
采用荧光定量PCR方法研究了同日龄(30、90、150和180日龄)、同体重(64 kg)金华猪和长白猪背最长肌纤维组成及能量代谢相关酶活(苹果酸脱氢酶MDH、乳酸脱氢酶LDH和琥珀酸脱氢酶SDH)差异。结果表明,无论是同日龄还是同体重趋势基本一致。在肌纤维组成方面,与长白猪相比,金华猪背最长肌中含有更多的氧化型肌纤维特别是Ⅰ型肌纤维(p<0.01),酵解型肌纤维特别是ⅡB型肌纤维含量极显著的低于长白猪。在能量代谢关键酶活方面,金华猪背最长肌MDH和SDH活性极显著高于长白猪(p<0.05),LDH活性极显著低于长白猪(p<0.05)。在此基础上,Pearson相关性分析发现,MyHC I、ⅡA基因表达与肌内脂肪含量显著正相关,与活体重、眼肌面积、滴水损失显著负相关；而MyHCⅡB基因表达与肌内脂肪含量显著负相关,与活体重、眼肌面积、滴水损失呈显著正相关。结果提示,金华猪优良的肉质特别是肌内脂肪含量高、滴水损失小可能与其背最长肌中丰富氧化型肌纤维含量及较高的氧化酶活性有关；而长白猪背最长肌中更多的ⅡB型肌纤维含量可能是其生长快而肉质欠佳的主要原因。初步揭示肌纤维类型的多样性是影响金华猪和长白猪肌肉生长发育和肉品品质的物质基础。
3.ERK基因对肌纤维转化.的影响
本课题组前期采用基因芯片杂交、荧光定量PCR等技术获得金华猪与长白猪背最长肌基因差异表达谱系,通过生物信息学分析,找出一批在金华猪背最长肌高表达或过低表达的基因,初步筛选得到细胞外信号转导激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)可能是调控不同品种间肉质差异的关键基因。ERK基因在长白猪背最长肌表达量显著高于金华猪,约是金华猪的2.4倍。为了研究ERK的功能,建立了活体大鼠基因超表达模型,通过优化电击转化条件,将ERK及其抑制蛋白MAPK磷酸酶3(MKP3)的超表达质粒成功转染到大鼠后肢肌肉中(慢肌比目鱼肌肉和快肌腓肠肌),利用荧光定量PCR、实体荧光显微镜、western blotting等技术研究ERK基因的功能。结果显示,在大鼠后肢肌肉中超表达ERK后,氧化型Ⅰ型肌纤维含量降低,有氧代谢关键功能基因MDH及PGC-1α基因表达降低,酵解型Ⅱ型肌纤维含量升高,糖酵解关键功能基因LDH基因表达升高。初步揭示ERK具有调控肌纤维转化及能量代谢的功能。
One of the main factors determining pig growth rate and meat quality is the composition of skeletal muscle fibers. In postnatal growing pigs, skeletal muscles consist of four fiber types (type I, II a, II x and II b) which are characterized by the expression of myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) gene isoforms. The specific purpose was to investigate the variations in meat quality, muscle fiber type and enzyme activity between local Jinhua and exotic Landrace pigs at the different age point (30,90,150 and 180 days of age), as well as the same BW of 64 kg, respectively. We compared differentialy expressed muscle fiber types such as types I andⅡA (oxidative), typeⅡB (glycolytic), as well as typeⅡX (intermediate) fibers in longissimus dorsi (LD) using real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the metabolic enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were used as markers of glycolytic and oxidative capacities, respectively. Takeing advantage of the global microarray technology. ERK gene were identified as differently expression between Jinhua and Landrace pigs. The effect of ERK on muscle fiber transition and muscle fiber metabolism were studied by using real-time PCR, gene overexpression and western blotting techniques. Results are as follwiong:
1. Comparison of carcass quality and meat quality between Jinhua pigs and Landrace pigs
Meat quality and carcass traits were compared between Jinhua and Landrace pigs at the same age (180 days of age), as well as the same BW of 64 kg, respectively. At the same age, Jinhua pigs exhibited significantly higher intramuscular fat content and back fat thickness than those in Landrace pigs (P< 0.01). but body weight as well as the LD muscle area were significantly lower than those of Landrace. Water holding capacity, measured as the drip loss, and color parameters were significantly different between breeds (P< 0.01), Jinhua pigs showed lower drip loss and redness. Other meat qualities such as pH 45min did not differ significantly between the breeds.At the same BW of 64 kg, our results also suggest that Jinhua pigs exhibited a higher intramuscular fat content and back fat thickness, but lower LD muscle area and drip loss than those in Landrace (P< 0.01). Other meat qualities such as pH 45min, color parameters did not differ significantly between the two breeds. These results showed that Jinhua pigs and Landrace had great differences in meat quality, Jinhua pigs had better meat quality than Landraces.
2. Comparisons of different muscles metabolic enzymes and muscle fiber types in Jinhua and Landrace Pigs
We analyzed the expression levels of MyHC isform types I,ⅡA,ⅡX andⅡB and the activites of LDH, SDH and MDH in pig LD muscle by real-time RT-PCR using specific primers. As expected, strong differences were observed for all f(?) MyHC fiber types between breeds in LD. Interestinglly, the two breeds either at the same age or the same BW had the same trend. In LD muscle, the mRNA level of oxidative fiber type (types I) were higher in Jinhua pigs compared to that of Landrace (P< 0.01). However, glycolytic fiber type (typeⅡB) was highly expressed in the LD muscle of Landrace compared to that of Jinhua (P< 0.01). We also analyzed the activites of LDH, SDH and MDH which used as markers of glycolytic and oxidative capacities in LD and soleus muscles. The results showed that the two breeds either at the same age or the same BW had the same trend (P< 0.05). Further more, we studied the relationships between muscle fiber type and pork quality using Pearson's bivariate correlation analysis. The MyHC I、ⅡA gene expression had significant positive relation to backfat thichness and intramuscular fat content significant negative relation to body weight, LD muscle area and drip loss. Contrastly, MyHC II B gene expression had significant negative relation to backfat thichness and intramuscular fat content,significant positive relation to body weight, LD muscle area and drip loss. These results suggested that the elevated expression of the oxidative fibers and higher activities of oxidative enzymes in Jinhua pigs were related to meat quality as indicated by a higher intramuscular fat and lower drip loss. Based on these results, we concluded that muscle fiber composition and postmortem muscle metabolism can explain in parts the variation of meat quality in Jinhua and Landrace pigs.
3. Study on the effect and the regulation mechanism of ERK on the muscle fiber transition and energy metabolism.
In former study, transcriptional analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle between Jinhua and Landrac pigs was performed by microarray and quantitative real-time PCR techniques. ERK was identified and described as an inportan factor in muscle fiber transition and energy metabolism. In vivo gene overexpression system of rat muscle electroporation was successfully established. Using the ERK gene force expression technique to explore the effect and the molecular mechanism of ERK on the muscle fiber transition and energy metabolism. The results show that increased the gene expression of ERK by gene force expression system enhanced the MyHC II A、ⅡX、ⅡB and LDH genes expression, meanwhile, decreased MyHC I, SDH, MDH and PGC-1 a genes expression. These results revealed that ERK could play an important role in muscle fiber transition.
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