学校心理咨询师胜任特征的探究
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摘要
心理咨询是20世纪初在美国兴起的一门科学,我国在30年代就有人进行过心理咨询的尝试,特别是80年代初以来,学校心理咨询工作发展非常显著。然而,从许多专家对学生心理健康状况的普查结果以及全社会对学生心理健康状况的忧虑来看,学校心理咨询收效并不大,学校心理咨询师没有在影响人、启迪人和协助人成长中发挥应有的作用。
随着学校心理咨询工作的深入开展,如何建设一支训练有素的能够胜任的咨询队伍,成为学术界关注的热点。对于学校心理咨询师的内在素质,包括知识、技能、行为、个性特征等的研究也日益深入。因此,有必要对学校心理咨询师的胜任特征进行探讨,以促进学校心理咨询事业的健康发展。
本研究以国内学校心理咨询师为被试,采用访谈法和问卷法探讨了学校心理咨询师的核心胜任特征。运用了标准化心理测评问卷编制方法自编了《学校心理咨询师胜任特征问卷》对82名咨询师进行了调查。研究成果为:(1)初步分析出了学校心理咨询师的核心胜任特征,它们由六个因素组成:职业性格特质,自我成长的特质,扎实的专业知识基础和影响力,自我完善的特质,良好的专业修养和职业道德,社会型人格特质。(2)对于具有较大胜任特征潜力的后备人才,学校和社会必须尽早做出计划来进行开发和培训,以为我国新时代的学校心理咨询事业做出贡献。
Psychological counseling became an academic subject in early 20th century; there was some practice in psychological counseling in the 1930s in China. School counseling is very popular after 1980s. However, school counseling didn't develop that well according to some surveys about student's mental health conducted by some experts. School counseling did not play a positive role in influencing; instructing and helping students grow healthy.
As school counseling has been launched deeper, how to build a contingent of high-caliber counselor has become a popular issue. The research on school counselor's competency including knowledge, skills, behavior and personal trait has also become increasingly deeper. Therefore, it is necessary for us to carry out a research about school counselor's competency in order to help to enhance the development of school counseling.
This research has selected 82 school counselors as subjects, adopted interviewing method and questionnaire method to explore school counselor's core competency. The School Psychological Counselor's Competency Questionnaire is based on standard psychological assessment method. The research findings are as follows: (1) It preliminary analyzed school psychological counselor's core competency including vocational personality trait, self- development trait, solid professional knowledge and influence, self-improvement trait, professional refinement and moral integrity and sociable personality trait. (2) We strongly suggest that school and society make an early plan to train those who are equipped with great competency potential in order to make contribution to the development of school counseling in China.
随着学校心理咨询工作的深入开展,如何建设一支训练有素的能够胜任的咨询队伍,成为学术界关注的热点。对于学校心理咨询师的内在素质,包括知识、技能、行为、个性特征等的研究也日益深入。因此,有必要对学校心理咨询师的胜任特征进行探讨,以促进学校心理咨询事业的健康发展。
本研究以国内学校心理咨询师为被试,采用访谈法和问卷法探讨了学校心理咨询师的核心胜任特征。运用了标准化心理测评问卷编制方法自编了《学校心理咨询师胜任特征问卷》对82名咨询师进行了调查。研究成果为:(1)初步分析出了学校心理咨询师的核心胜任特征,它们由六个因素组成:职业性格特质,自我成长的特质,扎实的专业知识基础和影响力,自我完善的特质,良好的专业修养和职业道德,社会型人格特质。(2)对于具有较大胜任特征潜力的后备人才,学校和社会必须尽早做出计划来进行开发和培训,以为我国新时代的学校心理咨询事业做出贡献。
Psychological counseling became an academic subject in early 20th century; there was some practice in psychological counseling in the 1930s in China. School counseling is very popular after 1980s. However, school counseling didn't develop that well according to some surveys about student's mental health conducted by some experts. School counseling did not play a positive role in influencing; instructing and helping students grow healthy.
As school counseling has been launched deeper, how to build a contingent of high-caliber counselor has become a popular issue. The research on school counselor's competency including knowledge, skills, behavior and personal trait has also become increasingly deeper. Therefore, it is necessary for us to carry out a research about school counselor's competency in order to help to enhance the development of school counseling.
This research has selected 82 school counselors as subjects, adopted interviewing method and questionnaire method to explore school counselor's core competency. The School Psychological Counselor's Competency Questionnaire is based on standard psychological assessment method. The research findings are as follows: (1) It preliminary analyzed school psychological counselor's core competency including vocational personality trait, self- development trait, solid professional knowledge and influence, self-improvement trait, professional refinement and moral integrity and sociable personality trait. (2) We strongly suggest that school and society make an early plan to train those who are equipped with great competency potential in order to make contribution to the development of school counseling in China.
引文
1马建青,《辅导人生》,山东教育出版社,1992:1
1郝宁,吴庆麟,创造力与能力、专长及胜任特征关系评述,心理科学,2005,28(2):501
1 王鹰,李鹰,曹丞,史龙身,班主任工作技能训练,人民教育出版社,2001:21-23
2 许庆瑞,王勇,知识员工的能力及其测度,赵曙明,人力资源管理研究新进展,南京大学出版社,2002:137
3 Anntoinette D.Lucia and Richard Lepsinger.The Art and Science of Competency Models.San Francisco:Jossey- Bassy/Pfeiffer,1999:5
1卢盛忠,《管理心理学》,浙江教育出版社,2004:3
2McClelland,D.C.,(1973),Testing for competence rather than "intelligence ",American Psychologist,vol.28:14
1 McClland D.C,Boyatzis R.E.Opportunities for counselors from the competency assessment movement.The Personnel and Guidance Journal,1980:368-372
1 Jeffery S.Shippmann.The Practice of competency modeling.Personal Psychology,2000,53:707,706
2 Spencer,L.M.& Spencer,S.M.Competence at work.John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1993:5,9-11
3 陶祁、冯明,基于胜任力的培训设计研究,外国经济与管理,2002,24:18-21
1 郑雪,人格心理学,暨南大学出版社,2001,3:21-23
1仲理峰,时勘,胜任特征研究的新进展,南开管理评论,2003:4-8
2 Schippmann JS,Hughes GL,Prien EP.Theuse of structured multidomain job analysis for the construction of assessment center methods and procedures.Journal of Business arid Psychology,1987(1):353-366
3 McClelland,D.C.Identifying competencies with Behavioral Event Interviews.Psychological Science.1998,9(5):331-339
1 Richard S Williams.Performance Management,London:International Thomson Business Press,1998:19,100,104,105.
1 国家职业资格培训教程《心理咨询师》(基础知识),民族出版社:395
2 杨坤丽,学校心理咨询员应具备的能力和品质,心理导航:31
1陈向明,《质的研究方法与社会科学研究》,教育科学出版社,2000:12
1 庄丽,如何促进咨询员的专业化发展--咨询员专业化发展刍议,山东青年管理干部学院学报,2000(4):51
1 梁宝勇,心理卫生与心理咨询百科全书,南开大学出版社:33-36
2 丁正员,谌海燕,心理咨询员的素质要求及其修养途径,九江职业技术学院学报,2004(1):36
3 申继亮,彭华茂,当前学校心理健康教育的困境与出路,北京师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002,169(1):14-20
4 心理咨询的理论与实践,中国人民大学出版社,1998:46-51
1 沈之菲,生涯心理辅导,上海教育出版社,2000:56
2 曾令辉,影响我国高校心理咨询活动开展的主要因素及对策,广西师范学院(哲学社会科学版),2000,21(2):95-98
[1]郑小蓓、张秋媚、陈岳标、詹海都,大学生对同性恋态度问卷的初步编制,中国心理健康杂志,2007(7):456-458
[2]陈虹、叶一舵,学校心理健康教育教师的胜任力探析,教育评论,2006(1):78-81
[3]王昱、戴良铁、熊科,高校教师胜任特征的结构维度,高教探索,2006(4):84-86
[4]朱国锋,船长胜任力职务分析问卷的编制,中国航海,2005(2):22-27
[5]康丽、沈进,胜任特征模型-人力资源管理的新模式,经济与管理,2004(6):43-
[6]顾倩,大学辅导员胜任力问卷的编制及初步应用,中国硕博士论文,2004年6月
[7]吴文峰,长沙地区企业人力资源管理人员胜任特征初探,中国硕博士论文,2004年5月
[8]劳动和社会保障部,心理咨询师国家职业标准,2001年8月
[9]王宏方、张秀琴,学校心理健康教育教师现状的调查与分析,上海教育科研,2003(5):28-30
[10]张法军,以行为关键成功因素开发胜任特征模型的案例探讨,中国人力资源开发,2003(5)
[11]仲理峰,胜任特征研究的新进展,浙江工贸职业技术学院学报,2003(3)
[12]项成芳,胜任力的理论与实证研究-南京市国有企业高层管理者的胜任力模型,2003(5)
[13]樊富珉,督导在心理咨询员培训及成长中的作用,中国心理卫生,2002(9)
[14]杨东淘、朱武生,基于胜任力的人力资源管理研究,中国人力资源开发,2002(9):8-10
[15]时堪、侯彤妹,关键事件访谈的方法,中外管理导报,2002(3):52-55
[16]王重鸣、陈民科,管理胜任力特征分析:结构方程模型检验,心理科学,2002(5)
[17]时堪、王继承、李超平,企业高层管理者胜任特征模型评价的研究,心理学报,2002(2):306-311
[18]秦志华,增强选人用人的科学性和规范性,特区理论与实践,2000(5):27-31
[19]武振业,人力资源管理发展新趋势及其启示,经济体制改革,2000(4):24-28
[20]庄丽,如何促进咨询员的专业化发展-咨询员专业化发展刍议,山东青年管理干部学院学报,2000(4)
[21]刘长占、肖鸣政编著,人才素质测评方法,高等教育出版社,2000
[22]俞文钊主编,管理心理学,东北财经大学,2000
[23]吴明隆,SPSS统计应用实务,中国铁道出版社,2000
[24]王垒、姚宏、廖芳怡、肖敏,实用人事测量,经济科学出版社,1999
[25]张小乔,心理咨询的理论与实践,北京:中国人民出版社,1998:46-51
[26]张春兴,现代心理学,上海人民出版社,1996:687-690
[27]董奇,心理与教育研究方法,广东教育出版社,1992
[1]J.Scott Young,Marsha Wiggins-Frame,Craig S.Cashwell,Spirituality and Counselor Competency:A National Survey of American Counseling Association Members,Journal of Counseling and Development,Vol.85,2007
[2]Tania Israel,Mary M.D.Selvidge,Contributions of Multicultural Counseling to Counselor Competence with Lesbian,Gay and Bisexual Clients,Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development,Vol.31,Apr 2003
[3]Karen Eriksen,Garrett McAuliffe,A measure of Counselor Competency,Counselor Education and Supervision,Vol.43.Dec 2003
[4] Jairo N. Fuertes, Karen Brobst, Clients' Ratings of counselor Multinational Competency, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, Vol.8. 2002: 214-223
[5]Robert J. Zaugg. Excellence through implicit competencies, Human resource management-organizational development- knowledge creation , Forum papers, Oct 2002
[6] Strategies and Techniques for Counselor Training Based on the Multicultural Counseling Competencies, Patricai Arredondo and G Miguel Arciniega, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, Vol.29. Oct 2001
[7] McConnel, Edwina A. competence vs. Competency. Nursing Management, 2001,32(5): 14
[8] An Occupational in Transition- A Comprehensive Study of theFederal Human Resources Community, United States Office of personnel Management, Jan 2000
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[12] Annie Hondeghem. Competency management in the Flemish and Dutch civil service. The International Journal of public Sector Management, Vol.13. No.4,2000: 342-353
[13] Donald D Trunkey, Richard Botney, Assessing Competency : A Tale of Two Professions, Nursing Economics, 2000(18): 294-297
[14] Alpha Assoc, Wateloo, A hierarchy of management training requirements: The competency domain model, Journal of Public Personnel Management, 1998,22(1): 43-62
[15] Andrew L. Kein. "Validity and reliability for Competency-based Systems: Reducing Litigation Risks". Compensation and Benefits Review, 1996, 28(4):31-33
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[17] Comment (including comment of Barrett, McClelland, Boyatzis, Depinet etc), American Psychologist, 1994(2):64-74
[18] Ed Lawler "From job-based to competency-based Organizations", Journal of Organizational Behanior, 1994,15(1):305
[19] Boyatzis, Richard E, Kolb, David A. Assessing individuality in learning: The learning skills profile. Educational Psychology, 1991, Vol.11 Issue 3:279-296
[20]Jan La Forge , Phyllis Henderson, Counselor Competency in the Courtroom, Journal of counseling and Development, Vol.68, Mar 1990
[21] Barbara Lerner, The minimum competence testing movement-social, scientific, and legal implications, American Psychologists, 1981,36(10): 1057-1066
[22] Butler, F.C. The concept of competence: an operational definition. Educational Technology, 1978(7): 7-18
[23] McClelland, D.C.Testing for competence rather than for "Intelligence", Journal of American Psychologist, 1973:1-14
1郝宁,吴庆麟,创造力与能力、专长及胜任特征关系评述,心理科学,2005,28(2):501
1 王鹰,李鹰,曹丞,史龙身,班主任工作技能训练,人民教育出版社,2001:21-23
2 许庆瑞,王勇,知识员工的能力及其测度,赵曙明,人力资源管理研究新进展,南京大学出版社,2002:137
3 Anntoinette D.Lucia and Richard Lepsinger.The Art and Science of Competency Models.San Francisco:Jossey- Bassy/Pfeiffer,1999:5
1卢盛忠,《管理心理学》,浙江教育出版社,2004:3
2McClelland,D.C.,(1973),Testing for competence rather than "intelligence ",American Psychologist,vol.28:14
1 McClland D.C,Boyatzis R.E.Opportunities for counselors from the competency assessment movement.The Personnel and Guidance Journal,1980:368-372
1 Jeffery S.Shippmann.The Practice of competency modeling.Personal Psychology,2000,53:707,706
2 Spencer,L.M.& Spencer,S.M.Competence at work.John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1993:5,9-11
3 陶祁、冯明,基于胜任力的培训设计研究,外国经济与管理,2002,24:18-21
1 郑雪,人格心理学,暨南大学出版社,2001,3:21-23
1仲理峰,时勘,胜任特征研究的新进展,南开管理评论,2003:4-8
2 Schippmann JS,Hughes GL,Prien EP.Theuse of structured multidomain job analysis for the construction of assessment center methods and procedures.Journal of Business arid Psychology,1987(1):353-366
3 McClelland,D.C.Identifying competencies with Behavioral Event Interviews.Psychological Science.1998,9(5):331-339
1 Richard S Williams.Performance Management,London:International Thomson Business Press,1998:19,100,104,105.
1 国家职业资格培训教程《心理咨询师》(基础知识),民族出版社:395
2 杨坤丽,学校心理咨询员应具备的能力和品质,心理导航:31
1陈向明,《质的研究方法与社会科学研究》,教育科学出版社,2000:12
1 庄丽,如何促进咨询员的专业化发展--咨询员专业化发展刍议,山东青年管理干部学院学报,2000(4):51
1 梁宝勇,心理卫生与心理咨询百科全书,南开大学出版社:33-36
2 丁正员,谌海燕,心理咨询员的素质要求及其修养途径,九江职业技术学院学报,2004(1):36
3 申继亮,彭华茂,当前学校心理健康教育的困境与出路,北京师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002,169(1):14-20
4 心理咨询的理论与实践,中国人民大学出版社,1998:46-51
1 沈之菲,生涯心理辅导,上海教育出版社,2000:56
2 曾令辉,影响我国高校心理咨询活动开展的主要因素及对策,广西师范学院(哲学社会科学版),2000,21(2):95-98
[1]郑小蓓、张秋媚、陈岳标、詹海都,大学生对同性恋态度问卷的初步编制,中国心理健康杂志,2007(7):456-458
[2]陈虹、叶一舵,学校心理健康教育教师的胜任力探析,教育评论,2006(1):78-81
[3]王昱、戴良铁、熊科,高校教师胜任特征的结构维度,高教探索,2006(4):84-86
[4]朱国锋,船长胜任力职务分析问卷的编制,中国航海,2005(2):22-27
[5]康丽、沈进,胜任特征模型-人力资源管理的新模式,经济与管理,2004(6):43-
[6]顾倩,大学辅导员胜任力问卷的编制及初步应用,中国硕博士论文,2004年6月
[7]吴文峰,长沙地区企业人力资源管理人员胜任特征初探,中国硕博士论文,2004年5月
[8]劳动和社会保障部,心理咨询师国家职业标准,2001年8月
[9]王宏方、张秀琴,学校心理健康教育教师现状的调查与分析,上海教育科研,2003(5):28-30
[10]张法军,以行为关键成功因素开发胜任特征模型的案例探讨,中国人力资源开发,2003(5)
[11]仲理峰,胜任特征研究的新进展,浙江工贸职业技术学院学报,2003(3)
[12]项成芳,胜任力的理论与实证研究-南京市国有企业高层管理者的胜任力模型,2003(5)
[13]樊富珉,督导在心理咨询员培训及成长中的作用,中国心理卫生,2002(9)
[14]杨东淘、朱武生,基于胜任力的人力资源管理研究,中国人力资源开发,2002(9):8-10
[15]时堪、侯彤妹,关键事件访谈的方法,中外管理导报,2002(3):52-55
[16]王重鸣、陈民科,管理胜任力特征分析:结构方程模型检验,心理科学,2002(5)
[17]时堪、王继承、李超平,企业高层管理者胜任特征模型评价的研究,心理学报,2002(2):306-311
[18]秦志华,增强选人用人的科学性和规范性,特区理论与实践,2000(5):27-31
[19]武振业,人力资源管理发展新趋势及其启示,经济体制改革,2000(4):24-28
[20]庄丽,如何促进咨询员的专业化发展-咨询员专业化发展刍议,山东青年管理干部学院学报,2000(4)
[21]刘长占、肖鸣政编著,人才素质测评方法,高等教育出版社,2000
[22]俞文钊主编,管理心理学,东北财经大学,2000
[23]吴明隆,SPSS统计应用实务,中国铁道出版社,2000
[24]王垒、姚宏、廖芳怡、肖敏,实用人事测量,经济科学出版社,1999
[25]张小乔,心理咨询的理论与实践,北京:中国人民出版社,1998:46-51
[26]张春兴,现代心理学,上海人民出版社,1996:687-690
[27]董奇,心理与教育研究方法,广东教育出版社,1992
[1]J.Scott Young,Marsha Wiggins-Frame,Craig S.Cashwell,Spirituality and Counselor Competency:A National Survey of American Counseling Association Members,Journal of Counseling and Development,Vol.85,2007
[2]Tania Israel,Mary M.D.Selvidge,Contributions of Multicultural Counseling to Counselor Competence with Lesbian,Gay and Bisexual Clients,Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development,Vol.31,Apr 2003
[3]Karen Eriksen,Garrett McAuliffe,A measure of Counselor Competency,Counselor Education and Supervision,Vol.43.Dec 2003
[4] Jairo N. Fuertes, Karen Brobst, Clients' Ratings of counselor Multinational Competency, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, Vol.8. 2002: 214-223
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