企业家能力与企业绩效关系研究
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摘要
当今社会经济环境瞬息万变，社会环境复杂多变，企业在这复杂的环境中保持良好的企业竞争力靠的就是企业根据其内外部环境制定出适当的经营决策并通过有效的管理过程确定企业在竞争环境中的发展方向并对过程加以控制来实现企业的绩效。根据资源基础理论，企业之间的差异和企业绩效的来源不仅存在于企业的外部，还应源自企业的内部。而企业家在企业中处于核心地位，对于各项资源的运用与整合扮演关键的角色，并有学者指出在不确定与复杂环境里，凭借企业家敏锐洞察力能赚取超额利润，也就是指高质量企业家是企业竞争优势的主要来源，企业家在企业竞争优势和企业绩效的提升上具有举足轻重的战略地位。
本文根据资源基础理论建立企业家能力-企业竞争优势-企业绩效的理论模型。同时企业家的活动与企业所处的行业环境息息相关，因此加入行业环境作为企业家能力与企业绩效的调节变量。其中行业环境的测量采用管理学中流行的将客观与主观感受结合测量环境的方法。通过理论与实证的研究来探讨企业家能力是通过何种途径和作用机理对企业绩效进行影响的？企业家能力与企业竞争优势有何关系？企业家能力、企业竞争优势对企业绩效的贡献有何差异性？企业家的个体特征、企业背景特征对企业家能力、企业竞争优势和企业绩效的作用？行业环境对企业家能力、企业的绩效的关系有无调节作用？
基于这些问题，本文通过对以前文献的仔细梳理确定了本文的研究框架。其中七种企业家能力被确定出来，包括企业家的机会能力、关系能力、组织能力、战略能力、奉献能力、学习能力和创新能力。企业竞争优势包括创新、质量、成本和客户响应。为了证实本文的研究框架和验证本文的逻辑关系是否合理，本文不但采用了定性的研究方法还采用了定量的研究方法对其进行实证研究，首先通过以69位企业家为研究对象的问卷进行了初试测试，通过删减、调整一些测项，最终形成了正式调查问卷。最后正式调查问卷回收了203份有效问卷，并采用多种分析方法对问卷进行统计，实证结果显示如下：
（1）企业家能力是通过两种途径对企业绩效进行影响的。一种是企业家能力直接影响绩效，另一种是企业家能力通过影响企业竞争优势从而影响了企业绩效。在两种影响方式中，企业竞争优势对企业绩效的解释力更强。但是企业竞争优势的主要来源是企业家能力，企业家能力对企业竞争优势的累积起到了非常重要的作用。
（2）企业家能力对企业绩效的作用受到企业所处行业环境的调节作用。其中行业环境对企业家的机会能力、关系能力、战略能力均具有正向的调节作用。
（3）在企业家能力对企业绩效的解释中，企业家的战略能力、学习能力、创新能力、机会能力具有较强的解释作用。企业竞争优势中主要是创新和客户响应在起作用。
（4）其他的一些控制变量，如企业家的个体特征、企业特征等也对企业家能力和企业绩效的作用起到了影响。
Today's rapidly changing socio-economic environment, social environment,complicated, complex business environment in which good businesses rely on thecompetitiveness of enterprises according to their internal and external environment todevelop an appropriate management decision-making process through effectivemanagement of enterprises in the competition to determine the environment anddevelopment control process to achieve business performance. According toresource-based theory, the difference between business and the source of businessperformance not only exist in the external business, but also in the enterprise. Theentrepreneurs at the core of the enterprise, they play a key role for the use of resources andintegrating resources.Some scholars have pointed out that in an uncertain and complexenvironment, the entrepreneur with a keen insight can earn excess profits, that ishigh-quality entrepreneurs are the major source of competitive advantage.Entrepreneurshave a pivotal position in the SME’s competitiveness and improving the performance.
Based on the resource-based theory, the theoretical models of entrepreneurship-competitive advantage-corporate performance were built up, since the activities ofentrepreneurs and their industry environment are closely related, so adding the industryenvironment as the entrepreneurship and business performance’s manipulated variable,which is measured by the popular combination of objective measurement and subjectivefeelings of the environment.
Through theoretical and empirical research to explore which entrepreneurialcompetencies affect business performance? What relationship between the entrepreneurialcompetencies and competitive advantage? What are the differences betweenentrepreneurial competencies and SME’s competitive advantage impact on theperformance? What are the impacts between the individual characteristics of entrepreneurs and business background characteristics impact on competitive advantage and businessperformance? Whether the industry environment of SME can regulate the entrepreneurialcompetencies or SME’s performance?
Based on these questions, a theoretical model has been developed through combingthe literature. Seven competencies have been identified, including opportunitycompetencies, relationship competencies, organizing competencies, strategic competencies,commitment competencies, learning competencies and innovation competencies.Competitive advantages include innovation, quality, cost and customer response. In orderto confirm whether the framework of this study and verify whether the logic is reasonable,this paper used not only a qualitative research method but also a quantitative researchmethods to their empirical studies.In this paper, a sample of69entrepreneurs’squestionnaires were tested firstly, and then cut some test items, adjust the number of testitems, ultimately forming a formal questionnaire. The formal questionnaire collected203valid questionnaires, using a variety of statistical analysis methods, empirical results showin the following:
(1)Entrepreneurial competencies impact the SME’s performance through two ways.One is the entrepreneurial competencies directly affect the performance; the other way isentrepreneurial competencies affect competitive advantages through which affect businessperformance. In both ways, competitive advantages have a stronger power to SME’sperformance than entrepreneurial competencies. However, the source of competitiveadvantages is entrepreneurial competencies, entrepreneurial competencies have played avery important role in accumulating competitive advantage.
(2)Entrepreneurial competencies directly affect the firm performance by regulatingthe industrial environment. Industry environment has a positive role in regulatingentrepreneurs’s opportunity competencies, relationship competencies and strategiccompetencies.
(3)Entrepreneur’s opportunity competencies, strategic competencies, learningcompetencies and innovation competencies have a strong affect to business performance.Innovation advantage and customer response advantage play the main role in explainingthe business performance.
(4)Some control variables, such as the entrepreneur's individual characteristics, firmcharacteristics also play an impact on business performance.
本文根据资源基础理论建立企业家能力-企业竞争优势-企业绩效的理论模型。同时企业家的活动与企业所处的行业环境息息相关，因此加入行业环境作为企业家能力与企业绩效的调节变量。其中行业环境的测量采用管理学中流行的将客观与主观感受结合测量环境的方法。通过理论与实证的研究来探讨企业家能力是通过何种途径和作用机理对企业绩效进行影响的？企业家能力与企业竞争优势有何关系？企业家能力、企业竞争优势对企业绩效的贡献有何差异性？企业家的个体特征、企业背景特征对企业家能力、企业竞争优势和企业绩效的作用？行业环境对企业家能力、企业的绩效的关系有无调节作用？
基于这些问题，本文通过对以前文献的仔细梳理确定了本文的研究框架。其中七种企业家能力被确定出来，包括企业家的机会能力、关系能力、组织能力、战略能力、奉献能力、学习能力和创新能力。企业竞争优势包括创新、质量、成本和客户响应。为了证实本文的研究框架和验证本文的逻辑关系是否合理，本文不但采用了定性的研究方法还采用了定量的研究方法对其进行实证研究，首先通过以69位企业家为研究对象的问卷进行了初试测试，通过删减、调整一些测项，最终形成了正式调查问卷。最后正式调查问卷回收了203份有效问卷，并采用多种分析方法对问卷进行统计，实证结果显示如下：
（1）企业家能力是通过两种途径对企业绩效进行影响的。一种是企业家能力直接影响绩效，另一种是企业家能力通过影响企业竞争优势从而影响了企业绩效。在两种影响方式中，企业竞争优势对企业绩效的解释力更强。但是企业竞争优势的主要来源是企业家能力，企业家能力对企业竞争优势的累积起到了非常重要的作用。
（2）企业家能力对企业绩效的作用受到企业所处行业环境的调节作用。其中行业环境对企业家的机会能力、关系能力、战略能力均具有正向的调节作用。
（3）在企业家能力对企业绩效的解释中，企业家的战略能力、学习能力、创新能力、机会能力具有较强的解释作用。企业竞争优势中主要是创新和客户响应在起作用。
（4）其他的一些控制变量，如企业家的个体特征、企业特征等也对企业家能力和企业绩效的作用起到了影响。
Today's rapidly changing socio-economic environment, social environment,complicated, complex business environment in which good businesses rely on thecompetitiveness of enterprises according to their internal and external environment todevelop an appropriate management decision-making process through effectivemanagement of enterprises in the competition to determine the environment anddevelopment control process to achieve business performance. According toresource-based theory, the difference between business and the source of businessperformance not only exist in the external business, but also in the enterprise. Theentrepreneurs at the core of the enterprise, they play a key role for the use of resources andintegrating resources.Some scholars have pointed out that in an uncertain and complexenvironment, the entrepreneur with a keen insight can earn excess profits, that ishigh-quality entrepreneurs are the major source of competitive advantage.Entrepreneurshave a pivotal position in the SME’s competitiveness and improving the performance.
Based on the resource-based theory, the theoretical models of entrepreneurship-competitive advantage-corporate performance were built up, since the activities ofentrepreneurs and their industry environment are closely related, so adding the industryenvironment as the entrepreneurship and business performance’s manipulated variable,which is measured by the popular combination of objective measurement and subjectivefeelings of the environment.
Through theoretical and empirical research to explore which entrepreneurialcompetencies affect business performance? What relationship between the entrepreneurialcompetencies and competitive advantage? What are the differences betweenentrepreneurial competencies and SME’s competitive advantage impact on theperformance? What are the impacts between the individual characteristics of entrepreneurs and business background characteristics impact on competitive advantage and businessperformance? Whether the industry environment of SME can regulate the entrepreneurialcompetencies or SME’s performance?
Based on these questions, a theoretical model has been developed through combingthe literature. Seven competencies have been identified, including opportunitycompetencies, relationship competencies, organizing competencies, strategic competencies,commitment competencies, learning competencies and innovation competencies.Competitive advantages include innovation, quality, cost and customer response. In orderto confirm whether the framework of this study and verify whether the logic is reasonable,this paper used not only a qualitative research method but also a quantitative researchmethods to their empirical studies.In this paper, a sample of69entrepreneurs’squestionnaires were tested firstly, and then cut some test items, adjust the number of testitems, ultimately forming a formal questionnaire. The formal questionnaire collected203valid questionnaires, using a variety of statistical analysis methods, empirical results showin the following:
(1)Entrepreneurial competencies impact the SME’s performance through two ways.One is the entrepreneurial competencies directly affect the performance; the other way isentrepreneurial competencies affect competitive advantages through which affect businessperformance. In both ways, competitive advantages have a stronger power to SME’sperformance than entrepreneurial competencies. However, the source of competitiveadvantages is entrepreneurial competencies, entrepreneurial competencies have played avery important role in accumulating competitive advantage.
(2)Entrepreneurial competencies directly affect the firm performance by regulatingthe industrial environment. Industry environment has a positive role in regulatingentrepreneurs’s opportunity competencies, relationship competencies and strategiccompetencies.
(3)Entrepreneur’s opportunity competencies, strategic competencies, learningcompetencies and innovation competencies have a strong affect to business performance.Innovation advantage and customer response advantage play the main role in explainingthe business performance.
(4)Some control variables, such as the entrepreneur's individual characteristics, firmcharacteristics also play an impact on business performance.
引文
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