祁连山自然保护区生态承载力评价研究
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摘要
祁连山自然保护区地处黑河、石羊河、疏勒河三大内陆河流域的上游，对维持河西地区生态环境系统的稳定具有决定性意义，也是全球变化研究的关键性地点。自然保护区独特的生态功能定位和地广人稀的自然及社会经济特征决定了传统的土地承载力和资源承载力评价不可能全面反映本地区的主要生态问题。
本项研究的主要目的是通过生态承载力评价对祁连山自然保护区的生态系统特征、人类活动对生态系统的干扰以及生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应进行分析，揭示祁连山自然保护区存在的主要生态问题，为祁连山自然保护区的保护和可持续利用提供决策建议。
本文在对承载力相关领域的研究成果进行分析和总结的基础上，对生态承载力的基本概念和评价方法进行了探讨，指出生态承载力是生态系统对干扰(尤其是人类活动干扰)的承受能力，生态承载力评价应当包括生态承载力估算和生态荷载评价两方面的内容。以层次分析法和模糊模式识别为基本数学工具，建立了生态荷载综合评价模型，重点分析了森林、草地和农田三种受人类活动干扰最强烈的生态系统的生态承载力和生态荷载状况，在此基础上进一步对整个保护区的总体生态承载力和生态荷载状况进行了分析。
研究结果显示，祁连山区域生态系统已经受到人类活动的强烈干扰，生态荷载总体处于严重超载状态。但区域生态系统内部各子系统之间以及生态荷载的空间分布存在差异。其中森林子系统和草地子系统属于严重超载，农田子系统属于中度超载；在总体生态荷载的空间分布上，西北部地区比东南部地区超载更为严重；就各子系统的生态荷载状况而言，森林子系统和草地子系统的超载程度均表现为东南部地区略低于西北部地区，但农田子系统东南部地区超载程度高于西北部地区。
研究结果表明：①祁连山自然保护区的主要生态问题并不是简单地由于人口过多超过土地资源承载能力而造成的，也不是通常意义上的水资源短缺，而是由于森林严重破坏和超载放牧造成的流域水源涵养能力和水土保持能力下降；②祁连山区域生态系统对人类活动的响应具有滞后性，尽管20世纪80年代初期自然保护区成立以后对祁连山地区的森林生态系统实行了严格的保护，但历史时期对森林生态系统破坏造成的严重后果至今仍未得到根本改观。如何让保护区的生态系统恢复到原有的正常状态，充分发挥其应有的生态功能将是一项漫长而艰巨的任务；③祁连山生态系统受到破坏以后，受影响最大的地区并不是自然保护区本身，而是中下游的河西走廊和内蒙古额济纳旗等地区。
Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve, situated in the upper reaches of three big inland rivers: Heihe River, Shiyang River and Shule River, not only plays a decisive role in the stabilization of the ecosystem of Hexi Region, but is the pivotal site for the study of global changes. This eco-region's unique ecologically functional positioning and its natural, social and economical natures as a sparsely populated region render the traditional land carrying capacity and resources carrying capacity evaluation inadequate to reflect the main ecological problems of the region.
The current project aims, by means of ecological resilience evaluation, to analyze the features of the ecosystem, the interference of the ecosystem by human activities and the system's interference of human activities, and reveal the main ecological problems of Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve, so as to formulate proposals for decision-makers with respect to the conservation and sustainable development of the Nature Reserve.
This paper, on the basis of the analysis and summarization of the previous research results in this field, first discusses the basic concept and evaluation method of ecological resilience, and then points out that ecological resilience is an ecosystem's resilience from interferences, especially human interferences, and thus, the evaluation of ecological resilience should involve both the estimation of ecological resilience and evaluation of ecological load. With the aid of such basic mathematical tools as analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy pattern recognition, a comprehensive evaluation model is thus established, focusing on the analyses of the ecological resilience and ecological load of forest, grassland and farmland, the three elements subject to the strongest human interferences within the ecosystem, on the basis of which the overall ecological resilience and ecological load of the whole Nature Reserve are then analyzed.
Our research shows that the ecosystem of Qilian Mountain ecoregion has been subject to strong human interferences and is ecologically overloaded. But within the ecosystem, discrepancies do exist among subsystems and in the spatial distribution of ecological load". The subsystem Of forest and that of grassland are severely overloaded while that of farmland is medium overloaded; in the spatial distribution of ecological load, the northwest region is more severely overloaded than the southeast; as for the overloading of subsystems, the subsystem of forest and that of grassland are less severely overloaded in the southeast than in the northwest, but as for the overloading of the farmland subsystem, it is more severe in the southeast than in the northwest.
Our research indicates, 1st, the main ecological problems of Qilian Mountain
Nature Reserve can not simply be attributed to overpopulation that surpasses the land resources bearer capacity, nor to the water shortage in the normal sense; instead, it is due to the diminishing of the region's water holding and anti-erosion capability resulted from deforestation and over-grazing; 2nd, there is a time lag of the ecosystem's response to human activities - strict protection of forests in the Qilian Mountain Range has been implemented since 1980s when the Nature Reserve was established, but so far we have witnessed no dramatic improvement of the forest ecosystem severely damaged in the past, so it is a long and hard task to bring the ecosystem of the Nature Reserve back to normal state and allow it to function duly; 3rd, the most severely affected regions of the damage done to Qilian Mountain ecosystem are not the Nature Reserve itself, but such regions as Hexi Corridor and Ejina Qi in the lower reaches of Heihe River.
本项研究的主要目的是通过生态承载力评价对祁连山自然保护区的生态系统特征、人类活动对生态系统的干扰以及生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应进行分析，揭示祁连山自然保护区存在的主要生态问题，为祁连山自然保护区的保护和可持续利用提供决策建议。
本文在对承载力相关领域的研究成果进行分析和总结的基础上，对生态承载力的基本概念和评价方法进行了探讨，指出生态承载力是生态系统对干扰(尤其是人类活动干扰)的承受能力，生态承载力评价应当包括生态承载力估算和生态荷载评价两方面的内容。以层次分析法和模糊模式识别为基本数学工具，建立了生态荷载综合评价模型，重点分析了森林、草地和农田三种受人类活动干扰最强烈的生态系统的生态承载力和生态荷载状况，在此基础上进一步对整个保护区的总体生态承载力和生态荷载状况进行了分析。
研究结果显示，祁连山区域生态系统已经受到人类活动的强烈干扰，生态荷载总体处于严重超载状态。但区域生态系统内部各子系统之间以及生态荷载的空间分布存在差异。其中森林子系统和草地子系统属于严重超载，农田子系统属于中度超载；在总体生态荷载的空间分布上，西北部地区比东南部地区超载更为严重；就各子系统的生态荷载状况而言，森林子系统和草地子系统的超载程度均表现为东南部地区略低于西北部地区，但农田子系统东南部地区超载程度高于西北部地区。
研究结果表明：①祁连山自然保护区的主要生态问题并不是简单地由于人口过多超过土地资源承载能力而造成的，也不是通常意义上的水资源短缺，而是由于森林严重破坏和超载放牧造成的流域水源涵养能力和水土保持能力下降；②祁连山区域生态系统对人类活动的响应具有滞后性，尽管20世纪80年代初期自然保护区成立以后对祁连山地区的森林生态系统实行了严格的保护，但历史时期对森林生态系统破坏造成的严重后果至今仍未得到根本改观。如何让保护区的生态系统恢复到原有的正常状态，充分发挥其应有的生态功能将是一项漫长而艰巨的任务；③祁连山生态系统受到破坏以后，受影响最大的地区并不是自然保护区本身，而是中下游的河西走廊和内蒙古额济纳旗等地区。
Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve, situated in the upper reaches of three big inland rivers: Heihe River, Shiyang River and Shule River, not only plays a decisive role in the stabilization of the ecosystem of Hexi Region, but is the pivotal site for the study of global changes. This eco-region's unique ecologically functional positioning and its natural, social and economical natures as a sparsely populated region render the traditional land carrying capacity and resources carrying capacity evaluation inadequate to reflect the main ecological problems of the region.
The current project aims, by means of ecological resilience evaluation, to analyze the features of the ecosystem, the interference of the ecosystem by human activities and the system's interference of human activities, and reveal the main ecological problems of Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve, so as to formulate proposals for decision-makers with respect to the conservation and sustainable development of the Nature Reserve.
This paper, on the basis of the analysis and summarization of the previous research results in this field, first discusses the basic concept and evaluation method of ecological resilience, and then points out that ecological resilience is an ecosystem's resilience from interferences, especially human interferences, and thus, the evaluation of ecological resilience should involve both the estimation of ecological resilience and evaluation of ecological load. With the aid of such basic mathematical tools as analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy pattern recognition, a comprehensive evaluation model is thus established, focusing on the analyses of the ecological resilience and ecological load of forest, grassland and farmland, the three elements subject to the strongest human interferences within the ecosystem, on the basis of which the overall ecological resilience and ecological load of the whole Nature Reserve are then analyzed.
Our research shows that the ecosystem of Qilian Mountain ecoregion has been subject to strong human interferences and is ecologically overloaded. But within the ecosystem, discrepancies do exist among subsystems and in the spatial distribution of ecological load". The subsystem Of forest and that of grassland are severely overloaded while that of farmland is medium overloaded; in the spatial distribution of ecological load, the northwest region is more severely overloaded than the southeast; as for the overloading of subsystems, the subsystem of forest and that of grassland are less severely overloaded in the southeast than in the northwest, but as for the overloading of the farmland subsystem, it is more severe in the southeast than in the northwest.
Our research indicates, 1st, the main ecological problems of Qilian Mountain
Nature Reserve can not simply be attributed to overpopulation that surpasses the land resources bearer capacity, nor to the water shortage in the normal sense; instead, it is due to the diminishing of the region's water holding and anti-erosion capability resulted from deforestation and over-grazing; 2nd, there is a time lag of the ecosystem's response to human activities - strict protection of forests in the Qilian Mountain Range has been implemented since 1980s when the Nature Reserve was established, but so far we have witnessed no dramatic improvement of the forest ecosystem severely damaged in the past, so it is a long and hard task to bring the ecosystem of the Nature Reserve back to normal state and allow it to function duly; 3rd, the most severely affected regions of the damage done to Qilian Mountain ecosystem are not the Nature Reserve itself, but such regions as Hexi Corridor and Ejina Qi in the lower reaches of Heihe River.
引文
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