高低温环境下光纤传感的传感特性及相关技术研究
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摘要
随着光纤的出现以及光纤通信技术的不断进步,光纤传感器技术也日趋成熟并逐渐实现了技术的普及以及产业化的形成。光纤传感器技术是将光纤作为传感介质,光作为载体从而完成对被测量物的力、变形、位移、温度等不同参数的测量传感。作为光学传感器,光纤传感器技术在原理、方法、信号处理等方面不同于传统的电学传感器,其以独特的优势,包括抗电磁干扰、本质安全、体积小、质量轻及易于嵌入材料内部等,在传感领域得到了极大地关注与深入地研究。光纤传感器技术符合现代传感器技术的需求,其在航空发动机、冶金、核聚变反应堆、大型低温超导磁体等领域都具有极大的研究价值与应用前景,因此得到不断地推动并且迅速发展。但是,高温及低温的恶劣环境会对光纤传感器性能带来极大的影响,限制了其进一步的应用与发展。因此,研究高低温环境中应用的光纤传感技术,解决其在高低温恶劣环境应用中存在的相关理论与技术问题具有十分重要的意义。
本文针对光纤光栅在高温环境中的衰退现象,结合光纤光栅的微观机制理论研究分析普通载氢光纤光栅以及金属锡掺杂光纤刻写的光纤光栅的高温衰退特性与规律,同时研究光纤光栅在液氮环境中的啁啾现象并分析其产生的原因。通过研究揭示了光纤光栅的高低温特性,为光纤光栅在高温及低温等恶劣环境中的应用提供理论及实验依据。
为了将光纤光栅温度传感器应用于高温作业的行业领域中,针对光纤光栅在高温环境中产生衰退的特性,研究了耐高温光纤光栅温度传感器制作的技术与工艺并制作了可以在700℃以上高温环境中使用的耐高温光纤光栅温度传感器。针对光纤光栅温度与应变交叉敏感的问题,研究了消除交叉敏感又具有耐高温性能的温度传感器的封装技术与工艺。从低温-196℃到高温700℃的范围内系统全面地研究分析了金属锡掺杂光纤刻写的光纤光栅以及再生光纤光栅的温度传感特性,这对于光纤光栅传感应用具有重要的理论和实际意义。
通过液氮环境中的拉伸实验研究了光纤光栅在低温环境下的应变传感特性,证明了其低温应变测量的可行性。利用光纤光栅体积小、易于嵌入到材料内部等优势将其应用到脉冲强磁场中,测量液氮环境中脉冲强磁体线圈励磁过程中应变的变化,这一测量方法对于脉冲强磁体领域的研究具有重要价值。
为了解决光纤光栅高温条件下机械强度降低无法实现应变测量以及光纤传感器应变与温度交叉敏感等问题,开展了复合非本征型光纤法布里珀罗—光纤光栅温度应变同时测量传感技术的研究。分析了非本征型光纤法布里珀罗—光纤光栅复合传感信号的互扰问题。采用超高真空磁控溅射镀膜及激光焊接等先进技术实现了传感器的无胶化封装,克服了胶粘剂老化等问题对于传感器使用寿命的限制,同时这种封装方式具备耐高温的特性。通过实验证明了全金属化封装的非本征型光纤法布里珀罗—光纤光栅复合传感器可以在高温及低温环境中实现温度与应变的同时测量并且具有较好的传感性能。
With the advent of fiber and the development of fiber optic communication, fiber optic sensor has been becoming mature in recent years. And the technology popularization and formation of industry has also gradually become a reality. Optical fiber and light are used as the sensor medium and carrier to detect the force, deformation, displacement, temperature and different parameters of the object to be tested in the optical fiber sensing technology. As the optical sensor, optical fiber sensor technology possesses the unique advantages which are different from those of traditional sensors, including small size, light weight, good long-term stability, long distance transmission, immunity to electromagnetic interference and so on. According with the demand of modern sensor technology, fiber optic sensors which have the potential to be widely applied in the aircraft engine, metallurgy, fusion reactors and large superconducting magnet get continuous promotion and rapid development. High or low temperature hampers the application and popularization of the fiber optic sensing, therefore the theory and technology research on high and low temperature resistance fiber optic sensing are necessary and important.
The characteristics of fiber Bragg grating in the high temperature and low temperature environment are studied. Experiments are operated to analyze microscopic theory of the fiber Bragg grating decay and to test the high temperature performance as well as temperature stability of the fiber Bragg grating. The chirp phenomenon of fiber Bragg grating in liquid nitrogen is also tested.
High temperature resistance fiber Bragg grating which can be used at the temperature as high as700℃is fabricated to solve the problem of fiber Bragg grating decay at the high temperature. The encapsulation technology of the fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor is proposed and the temperature sensing characteristic of fiber Bragg grating is tested.
Strain sensing technology of fiber Bragg grating at the low temperature is discussed. Fiber Bragg grating is embedded inside the pulsed magnet coil to accomplish strain measurement of the pulsed magnet coil in liquid nitrogen.
Fiber optic sensors are sensitive to both strain and temperature. Fiber Bragg grating is too fragile to be used as the strain sensor at the high temperature. In order to solve these problems, the multiplexed fiber optic technology is studied, including simultaneous strain and temperature measurement, basic theory of multiplexed fiber optic sensor, high temperature resistance encapsulation technology of the multiplexed sensor and the strain characteristic of the sensor at the high and low temperature. Experiments show that the multiplexed fiber optic sensors have favorable sensing property.
本文针对光纤光栅在高温环境中的衰退现象,结合光纤光栅的微观机制理论研究分析普通载氢光纤光栅以及金属锡掺杂光纤刻写的光纤光栅的高温衰退特性与规律,同时研究光纤光栅在液氮环境中的啁啾现象并分析其产生的原因。通过研究揭示了光纤光栅的高低温特性,为光纤光栅在高温及低温等恶劣环境中的应用提供理论及实验依据。
为了将光纤光栅温度传感器应用于高温作业的行业领域中,针对光纤光栅在高温环境中产生衰退的特性,研究了耐高温光纤光栅温度传感器制作的技术与工艺并制作了可以在700℃以上高温环境中使用的耐高温光纤光栅温度传感器。针对光纤光栅温度与应变交叉敏感的问题,研究了消除交叉敏感又具有耐高温性能的温度传感器的封装技术与工艺。从低温-196℃到高温700℃的范围内系统全面地研究分析了金属锡掺杂光纤刻写的光纤光栅以及再生光纤光栅的温度传感特性,这对于光纤光栅传感应用具有重要的理论和实际意义。
通过液氮环境中的拉伸实验研究了光纤光栅在低温环境下的应变传感特性,证明了其低温应变测量的可行性。利用光纤光栅体积小、易于嵌入到材料内部等优势将其应用到脉冲强磁场中,测量液氮环境中脉冲强磁体线圈励磁过程中应变的变化,这一测量方法对于脉冲强磁体领域的研究具有重要价值。
为了解决光纤光栅高温条件下机械强度降低无法实现应变测量以及光纤传感器应变与温度交叉敏感等问题,开展了复合非本征型光纤法布里珀罗—光纤光栅温度应变同时测量传感技术的研究。分析了非本征型光纤法布里珀罗—光纤光栅复合传感信号的互扰问题。采用超高真空磁控溅射镀膜及激光焊接等先进技术实现了传感器的无胶化封装,克服了胶粘剂老化等问题对于传感器使用寿命的限制,同时这种封装方式具备耐高温的特性。通过实验证明了全金属化封装的非本征型光纤法布里珀罗—光纤光栅复合传感器可以在高温及低温环境中实现温度与应变的同时测量并且具有较好的传感性能。
With the advent of fiber and the development of fiber optic communication, fiber optic sensor has been becoming mature in recent years. And the technology popularization and formation of industry has also gradually become a reality. Optical fiber and light are used as the sensor medium and carrier to detect the force, deformation, displacement, temperature and different parameters of the object to be tested in the optical fiber sensing technology. As the optical sensor, optical fiber sensor technology possesses the unique advantages which are different from those of traditional sensors, including small size, light weight, good long-term stability, long distance transmission, immunity to electromagnetic interference and so on. According with the demand of modern sensor technology, fiber optic sensors which have the potential to be widely applied in the aircraft engine, metallurgy, fusion reactors and large superconducting magnet get continuous promotion and rapid development. High or low temperature hampers the application and popularization of the fiber optic sensing, therefore the theory and technology research on high and low temperature resistance fiber optic sensing are necessary and important.
The characteristics of fiber Bragg grating in the high temperature and low temperature environment are studied. Experiments are operated to analyze microscopic theory of the fiber Bragg grating decay and to test the high temperature performance as well as temperature stability of the fiber Bragg grating. The chirp phenomenon of fiber Bragg grating in liquid nitrogen is also tested.
High temperature resistance fiber Bragg grating which can be used at the temperature as high as700℃is fabricated to solve the problem of fiber Bragg grating decay at the high temperature. The encapsulation technology of the fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor is proposed and the temperature sensing characteristic of fiber Bragg grating is tested.
Strain sensing technology of fiber Bragg grating at the low temperature is discussed. Fiber Bragg grating is embedded inside the pulsed magnet coil to accomplish strain measurement of the pulsed magnet coil in liquid nitrogen.
Fiber optic sensors are sensitive to both strain and temperature. Fiber Bragg grating is too fragile to be used as the strain sensor at the high temperature. In order to solve these problems, the multiplexed fiber optic technology is studied, including simultaneous strain and temperature measurement, basic theory of multiplexed fiber optic sensor, high temperature resistance encapsulation technology of the multiplexed sensor and the strain characteristic of the sensor at the high and low temperature. Experiments show that the multiplexed fiber optic sensors have favorable sensing property.
引文
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