北方滨海盐土高效改良技术研究
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摘要
滨海盐土一直被世界公认为“绿化禁区”,然而随着滨海地区经济和城市化的发展,滨海盐土改良绿化迫在眉睫。为了寻求低投入、可持续性强和生态环境效益强的滨海盐土改良方法,本研究以“节水型盐碱滩地物理-化学-生态综合改良及植被构建技术”为依托,在天津大港东河筒村开展了技术理论构建与优化田间试验、大土柱模拟试验和苗木耐盐性田间试验,利用Lysimeter蒸渗仪土柱开展了不同壤质滨海盐土淋洗脱盐动态试验,并分别在河北曹妃甸、天津临港和天津南港开展了不同壤质滨海盐土技术工程改良试验等。
技术理论构建与优化田间试验、大土柱模拟试验结果表明砂柱间距以0.67m为最佳,其淋洗脱盐率是对照的1.81倍；砂柱填充物以秸秆最佳,其淋洗脱盐率较对照提高13.49%；淋层厚度以10cm为最佳,其淋洗脱盐率较对照提高26.72%；秸秆添加量以20%为最佳,其水分下渗速率是对照的3.50倍,淋洗脱盐效率较对照提高12.82%,有机质和全氮含量分别提高为1.87%和1.34g/kg；脱硫石膏添加量以1%为最佳,能够使pH值由8.77降低为7.85；设置浸泡时间能够提高8.82%的淋洗脱盐率和脱盐均匀度。因此,PCET核心技术最佳组合为：设置间距0.67m的砂柱+以秸秆填充砂柱+10cm厚度淋层+添加20%秸秆+添加1%脱硫石膏+一定时间的浸泡。
利用优化后PCET改良滨海盐土结果表明：水分下渗速率、淋洗脱盐率、单位水量淋盐率、淋盐均匀度、养分含量等显著提高,脱盐碱化现象、表层强碱化现象和盐分累积现象得到有效缓解。
不同壤质滨海盐土淋洗脱盐动态试验结果表明：砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土淋洗脱盐过程中电导率变化具有4个显著的阶段,技术改良改变了其淋洗脱盐过程,改良后砂质和壤质滨海盐土电导率变化具有2个显著的阶段,粘质滨海盐士电导率变化仍具有4个显著的阶段,但其每个阶段较未改良粘质滨海盐土有显著差异。底部有滤液持续析出所需时间粘质滨海盐土分别是壤质和砂质的3倍和6倍,利用技术改良可使砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土滤液析出时间分别缩短80%、80%和86%。将各层电导率淋洗至6mS/cm以下,砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土分别需要淋水396mm、1358mmm和2829mm,利用技术改良分别能够节水21.46%、35.42%和48%。同时,技术改良可以显著提高等量淋水条件下不同壤质滨海盐土总体脱盐率和表层脱盐率,能够缓解盐分逐层累积现象,显著提高有机质和全氮含量。
苗木耐盐性田间试验结果表明植被的分布和土壤盐碱含量显著相关,盐地碱蓬、狗尾草、碱蓬和柽柳可直接应用于高盐度的滨海盐土原土改良和绿化,碱地肤、碱蓬、碱菀和芦苇可直接应用于碱性较高的盐碱土原土改良和绿化,红叶杨不适宜在滨海盐土地区进行原土栽植,可利用技术对滨海盐土进行改良后结合截干处理进行栽植。
不同壤质滨海盐土技术工程改良试验结果表明“滨海盐土高效改良及植被构建”系列技术能够应用于砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土原土改良,能够使不同壤质滨海盐土快速脱盐,缓解脱盐碱化现象,养分含量显著提高,苗术成活率高达95%以上
Coastal saline soil area has long been recognized as the forbidden land for planting. However, it is urgent to improve those saline areas with rapid economic development and urbanization in coastal regions. To seek a soil improving method featured in low input, sustainability and desired environment benefits, several experiments were carried out, guided by water-saving technology to improve saline alkali marshes and build vegetation by integrating physical-chemical-ecological method. Field experiment for the technology theory construction and optimization, big soil column simulation experiment and the salt tolerance of seedlings experiment were carried out in Donghetong village, Tianjin; leaching desalinize tests in different texture coastal saline soil were carried out by using Lysimeter column; different texture coastal saline soil project testes were carried out in Caofeidian, Hebei province, Lingang and Nangang, Tianjin respectively.
The results of field experiment for the technology theory construction and optimization and big soil column simulation experiment showed that the ideal sand column interval was0.67m, as leaching desalting rate is1.81times that of the CK; the best sand column filling was straw, as leaching desalting rate increased13.49%;10cm depth leached layer was optimum, since leaching desalting rate improved26.72%compared with the CK; the best straw addition was20%, after which water infiltration rate was3.50times that of the CK, leaching desalting rate went up12.82%, organic matter and total nitrogen content increased to1.87%and1.34g/kg respectively; the ideal FGD gypsum addition was1%. as the pH was reduced from8.77to7.85; set immersion could improve desalting uniformity and increased8.82%leaching desalting rate. The PCET best combination of core technology is sand columns with0.67m interval+sand columns filled with straw+10cm thickness leached layer+20%straw adding+1%FGD gypsum adding+immersion.
With the optimized PCET to improve coastal saline soil, the results showed that water infiltration rate, leaching desalting rate, salt washing amount per unit water, desalting uniformity and nutrient content could significantly increase. Desalting alkalization, strong alkalization and salt accumulation in surface soil layer could be effectively alleviated.
The results of leachins desalinization tests in different coastal saline soil texture showed that before the improvement the elution conductivity changes for sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline soil had4significant stages during the desalination, while after the improvement sandy and loamy coastal saline soil had2significant stages and clayey coastal saline soil still had4significant stages, which, however, were quite different from those before the experiment. The time needed in continuous filtrate precipitation from the bottom for clayey coastal saline soil is3times for loamy soil and6times for sandy soil. With technical improvements, precipitation time for sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline soil was reduced by80percent,80percent and86percent respectively. The leaching water needed to reduce elution conductivity to6mS/cm and below for sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline soil was396mm,1358mm and2829mm. With technical improvements, water could be saved as high as21.46percent,35.42percent and48percent respectively. Meanwhile, after the technical improvements, we significantly raised the overall desalination rate and the desalination rate in the surface layer for different soils with the same amount of leaching water, alleviated the salt accumulation layer by layer, and significantly increased organic matter and total nitrogen content.
The field experiment results of seedlings salt tolerance showed that there was a significant correlation between the vegetation distribution and soil salinity. Suaeda salsa and Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv and Suaeda glauca and Tamarix chinensis can be directly applied to the high salinity of coastal saline soil, Kochia scoparia var.sieversiana and Suaeda glauca and Tripolium vulgare and Phragmites communis can be directly applied to alkali soil, Popidus deltoids are unsuitable to directly plant in coastal saline soil.
The experiment results of improvement projects in different coastal saline soil texture showed that a series of technologies to quickly and efficiently improve vegetation arrangement in coastal saline soil can be applied to sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline original soil, where saline soil could be quickly desalted, the soil alkalization could effectively be relieved, and the nutrient content could be significantly improved and the seedlings survival rate reached over95%.
技术理论构建与优化田间试验、大土柱模拟试验结果表明砂柱间距以0.67m为最佳,其淋洗脱盐率是对照的1.81倍；砂柱填充物以秸秆最佳,其淋洗脱盐率较对照提高13.49%；淋层厚度以10cm为最佳,其淋洗脱盐率较对照提高26.72%；秸秆添加量以20%为最佳,其水分下渗速率是对照的3.50倍,淋洗脱盐效率较对照提高12.82%,有机质和全氮含量分别提高为1.87%和1.34g/kg；脱硫石膏添加量以1%为最佳,能够使pH值由8.77降低为7.85；设置浸泡时间能够提高8.82%的淋洗脱盐率和脱盐均匀度。因此,PCET核心技术最佳组合为：设置间距0.67m的砂柱+以秸秆填充砂柱+10cm厚度淋层+添加20%秸秆+添加1%脱硫石膏+一定时间的浸泡。
利用优化后PCET改良滨海盐土结果表明：水分下渗速率、淋洗脱盐率、单位水量淋盐率、淋盐均匀度、养分含量等显著提高,脱盐碱化现象、表层强碱化现象和盐分累积现象得到有效缓解。
不同壤质滨海盐土淋洗脱盐动态试验结果表明：砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土淋洗脱盐过程中电导率变化具有4个显著的阶段,技术改良改变了其淋洗脱盐过程,改良后砂质和壤质滨海盐土电导率变化具有2个显著的阶段,粘质滨海盐士电导率变化仍具有4个显著的阶段,但其每个阶段较未改良粘质滨海盐土有显著差异。底部有滤液持续析出所需时间粘质滨海盐土分别是壤质和砂质的3倍和6倍,利用技术改良可使砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土滤液析出时间分别缩短80%、80%和86%。将各层电导率淋洗至6mS/cm以下,砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土分别需要淋水396mm、1358mmm和2829mm,利用技术改良分别能够节水21.46%、35.42%和48%。同时,技术改良可以显著提高等量淋水条件下不同壤质滨海盐土总体脱盐率和表层脱盐率,能够缓解盐分逐层累积现象,显著提高有机质和全氮含量。
苗木耐盐性田间试验结果表明植被的分布和土壤盐碱含量显著相关,盐地碱蓬、狗尾草、碱蓬和柽柳可直接应用于高盐度的滨海盐土原土改良和绿化,碱地肤、碱蓬、碱菀和芦苇可直接应用于碱性较高的盐碱土原土改良和绿化,红叶杨不适宜在滨海盐土地区进行原土栽植,可利用技术对滨海盐土进行改良后结合截干处理进行栽植。
不同壤质滨海盐土技术工程改良试验结果表明“滨海盐土高效改良及植被构建”系列技术能够应用于砂质、壤质和粘质滨海盐土原土改良,能够使不同壤质滨海盐土快速脱盐,缓解脱盐碱化现象,养分含量显著提高,苗术成活率高达95%以上
Coastal saline soil area has long been recognized as the forbidden land for planting. However, it is urgent to improve those saline areas with rapid economic development and urbanization in coastal regions. To seek a soil improving method featured in low input, sustainability and desired environment benefits, several experiments were carried out, guided by water-saving technology to improve saline alkali marshes and build vegetation by integrating physical-chemical-ecological method. Field experiment for the technology theory construction and optimization, big soil column simulation experiment and the salt tolerance of seedlings experiment were carried out in Donghetong village, Tianjin; leaching desalinize tests in different texture coastal saline soil were carried out by using Lysimeter column; different texture coastal saline soil project testes were carried out in Caofeidian, Hebei province, Lingang and Nangang, Tianjin respectively.
The results of field experiment for the technology theory construction and optimization and big soil column simulation experiment showed that the ideal sand column interval was0.67m, as leaching desalting rate is1.81times that of the CK; the best sand column filling was straw, as leaching desalting rate increased13.49%;10cm depth leached layer was optimum, since leaching desalting rate improved26.72%compared with the CK; the best straw addition was20%, after which water infiltration rate was3.50times that of the CK, leaching desalting rate went up12.82%, organic matter and total nitrogen content increased to1.87%and1.34g/kg respectively; the ideal FGD gypsum addition was1%. as the pH was reduced from8.77to7.85; set immersion could improve desalting uniformity and increased8.82%leaching desalting rate. The PCET best combination of core technology is sand columns with0.67m interval+sand columns filled with straw+10cm thickness leached layer+20%straw adding+1%FGD gypsum adding+immersion.
With the optimized PCET to improve coastal saline soil, the results showed that water infiltration rate, leaching desalting rate, salt washing amount per unit water, desalting uniformity and nutrient content could significantly increase. Desalting alkalization, strong alkalization and salt accumulation in surface soil layer could be effectively alleviated.
The results of leachins desalinization tests in different coastal saline soil texture showed that before the improvement the elution conductivity changes for sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline soil had4significant stages during the desalination, while after the improvement sandy and loamy coastal saline soil had2significant stages and clayey coastal saline soil still had4significant stages, which, however, were quite different from those before the experiment. The time needed in continuous filtrate precipitation from the bottom for clayey coastal saline soil is3times for loamy soil and6times for sandy soil. With technical improvements, precipitation time for sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline soil was reduced by80percent,80percent and86percent respectively. The leaching water needed to reduce elution conductivity to6mS/cm and below for sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline soil was396mm,1358mm and2829mm. With technical improvements, water could be saved as high as21.46percent,35.42percent and48percent respectively. Meanwhile, after the technical improvements, we significantly raised the overall desalination rate and the desalination rate in the surface layer for different soils with the same amount of leaching water, alleviated the salt accumulation layer by layer, and significantly increased organic matter and total nitrogen content.
The field experiment results of seedlings salt tolerance showed that there was a significant correlation between the vegetation distribution and soil salinity. Suaeda salsa and Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv and Suaeda glauca and Tamarix chinensis can be directly applied to the high salinity of coastal saline soil, Kochia scoparia var.sieversiana and Suaeda glauca and Tripolium vulgare and Phragmites communis can be directly applied to alkali soil, Popidus deltoids are unsuitable to directly plant in coastal saline soil.
The experiment results of improvement projects in different coastal saline soil texture showed that a series of technologies to quickly and efficiently improve vegetation arrangement in coastal saline soil can be applied to sandy, loamy and clayey coastal saline original soil, where saline soil could be quickly desalted, the soil alkalization could effectively be relieved, and the nutrient content could be significantly improved and the seedlings survival rate reached over95%.
引文
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