生物电化学系统处理藻渣及其产电效能研究
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摘要
目前，我国水污染物排放总量明显超过水环境承载力，水体污染严重。其中表现最突出的一个问题就是水体富营养化日趋严重。而富营养化最直接的后果就是引起藻类和其他水生植物的大量繁殖，形成水华。在给水厂中，对于含藻水的处理一直围绕着如何经济有效的除藻及减少处理过程中产生的藻类副产物展开。而很少从藻类资源回收利用的角度上来考虑如何更好地利用这部分处理过程中产生的废弃藻渣。我们可以借鉴海洋藻类资源利用和对富营养化水体藻类资源开发利用的经验，对给水厂中处理工艺产生的藻渣给予合理的利用，转化为能量，而回收这部分能量又可以为水厂带来收益，最终达到“变废为宝”的目的。生物电化学系统（BES）是近几年发展起来的新型的生物处理方法，可以在降解有机物的同时回收电能。本文围绕着藻渣在生物电化学系统中的降解效能、产电性能和能量回收、降解前后组分和结构的变化、及藻渣中有机物与副产物的生成关系等方面展开研究。
首先研究了藻渣的主要成分藻及其代谢产物，包括藻胞内有机物和胞外有机物的性质及藻类副产物，包括消毒副产物、嗅味物质和藻毒素的生成规律。结果表明，藻分泌的胞外有机物较少，大部分有机物都存在藻细胞内部。在组成上，蛋白、碳水化合物是藻胞外有机物（EOM）的主要成分；蛋白是藻胞内有机物的主要成分（IOM）。在结构上，EOM比IOM中含有更多小分子量物质；IOM比EOM含有更多的芳香环化合物、以及蛋白、氨基酸类物质。不同时期藻胞内外有机物中蛋白、碳水化合物和脂类的比例分配决定三卤甲烷（THMs）的生成。当水中有溴离子存在时，恒定初始Br-/Cl2，藻胞内外有机物THMs生成及分配主要受Br-/TOC摩尔比值影响。藻毒素MC-LR和嗅味物质2-MIB的生成主要受藻密度影响，稳定期和衰亡期生成量最多。
研究了生物电化学系统对藻渣的降解效能。比较了超声预处理、热碱预处理、碱预处理对藻渣中有机物的水解及释放可溶性有机物的效果，热碱处理优于碱处理、更优于超声处理。对比生物电化学系统对原藻渣和碱处理后藻渣中有机物的降解效能。碱处理后，SCOD、可溶性的蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物浓度均增加了三倍多。生物电化学系统对藻渣中可溶性有机物中各参数都有很好地去除效果，各参数去除率为碳水化合物>COD>UV254>蛋白>TOC。微生物在高负荷条件下对底物降解的更彻底，去除率更高。当高负荷低负荷藻类有机物交替运行时，从低浓度转化到高浓度运行时，微生物需要适应，对底物降解有所影响。利用DOC、SUVA、分子量、紫外可见光谱、三维荧光光谱、测定蛋白和碳水化合物含量等方法考察了生物电化学系统（闭路、开路）、厌氧控制三种不同操作条件下的进水和出水藻渣中有机物的组分及结构变化。结果表明，三种不同操作条件下藻渣有机物降解前后都是亲水性、含较少芳香环和双键结构的化合物，且不同条件下的出水中有机物分子量都呈现减少的趋势。蛋白、碳水化合物和THMs前体物的去除均为生物电化学系统闭路状态最好，其次是厌氧控制试验，生物电化学系统开路状态效果最差。利用牛血清蛋白、葡萄糖和鱼油三种纯物质计算蛋白、碳水化合物和脂类三种组分各自对藻类有机物中三卤甲烷生成势（THMFP）的贡献。结合三维荧光光谱技术、对不同生长时期的藻类有机物生物电化学降解前后的荧光数据进行解析，三种荧光解析方法（荧光强度、荧光区域面积、平行因子）获得的荧光参数与THMFP均有很强的线性相关性。
在产电性能和电能回收方面，碱处理后的藻渣的峰值电压比原藻渣更大，且达到峰值电压更快。碱预处理藻渣比原藻渣获得更多的能量收益，这部分收益能抵消使用碱处理药剂产生的费用支出。功率密度随着藻渣中可溶性有机物浓度的增加而增加，最大的功率密度可达到7.86W/m3。由于生物电化学系统对不同组分物质降解能力的差异，不同生长时期的藻类和不同的藻种对产电性能都有影响。操作条件也会影响产电性能。研究表明，温度会影响阳极室微生物的生长活性和代谢速率，从而影响阳极电位和整个系统的产电性能。搅拌能提高传质效率，使微生物利用底物的速率加快，缩短三分之二的运行时间。加入电子中介体后微生物活性增强，输出电压和功率密度都得到提高。基于16S rRNA基因克隆文库系统发育分析可知在阳极生物膜上有大量的产电菌和发酵菌。生物电化学系统降解藻类有机物主要依靠发酵菌和产电菌之间的互养关系。大多数的产电菌优先利用发酵菌的发酵产物来产电。另外，根据循环伏安曲线得到的氧化还原峰的位置可以判断产电菌的类型主要为通过中介体传递电子的产电菌，且其主要的电子中介体成分与AQDS所含有的醌类物质相似。
At present, the total emissions of water pollutants has exceeded the waterenvironment load-bearing capacity, which cause serious water pollutions. The mostprominent problem is eutrophication. It directly lead to a bloom of algae and waterplants. How to treat algae-laden water effectively is always a focus in drinking watertreatment plant (DWTP). However, the waste algal sludges produced from the treatmentare rarely paid attention based on waste resource utilization. We can learn from theresources exploitation and utilization experiences of sea algae and the algae ineutrophication water bodies. Algae sludge produced from DWTP should be reasonableuse, and be transformed to energy. The energy can be recovered, thus it brings the profitto DWTP. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) is a new biological technology, whichcan oxidize organic matter and simultanous recovery of electricity. This research focuson the degradation and electricity production performance of the algal sludge in BES,changes in components and constructures during the degradation process, and therelationships between organic matters in algal sludge and algal byproducts.
Characteristics of algae and their metabolites, including intracellular organic matter(IOM) and extracellular organic matter (EOM) were studied. We also investigated theformation of the algal byproducts, such as disinfection byproducts, microcystin-LR,taste and odor substances. The results demonstrated that concentrations of the organicmatter in EOM were less than that in IOM. Protein and carbohydrate were the majorcomponents for EOM, while only protein was the predominant components for IOM.EOM contained more small molecular weight fractions compared to IOM. There weremore aromatic compounds, protein and amino acid in IOM. The proportion of protein,carbohydrate and lipid in different algal growth phase determined THMs yields. Whenthe initial ratio of Br-/Cl2was constant, the formation and distribution of THMs wasdetermined by the mole ratio of Br-/TOC in the present of bromide. The formation ofMC-LR and2-MIB depended on algae density. The yields were the most at stationaryand dead phases.
Degradation of algal sludge using BESs was investigated. Three pretreatments foralgal sludge were compared. Heat-alkali pretreatment was the best, alkali pretreatmentwas better than ultrasonic pretreatment. After alkali pretreatment, concentrations ofSCOD, soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates were all increased three times. Solubleorganic matter could be effectively removed using BESs, and the removals had an orderas follows: carbohydrate> COD> UV254> protein> TOC. The removals were morecompletely in high load. The concentration from low to high influenced the removal ofalgal sludge. The changes in components and structures of organic matter from influent and effluent algal sludge samples among BESs reactor under open-circuit condition,BESs reactor under closed-circuit condition, and anaerobic reactor were investigatedusing methods, including DOC, SUVA, MW fraction, UV-VIS, EEM, anddetermination of protein and carbohydrate. There are hydrophilic componentscontaining few aromatic rings and double bond both in influent and effluent samplesamong three types of reactors. Organic matter in effluent contained larger proportions oflow MW fractions. The removal rates of protein, carbohydrate and lipid was higest inBESs reactor under closed-circuit condition, and then anaerobic reactor, and the lowestin BESs reactor under open-circuit condition. The contribution of the protein,carbohydrate and lipid, respectively to THMFP were calculated based on purechemicals of bovine serum albumin, glucose and fish oil. Fluorescence parametersthrough three analytic methods (fluorescence intensity, FRI and PARAFAC) wereestablished good relationships with THMFP.
On the aspect of electricity generation and recovery, the peak of voltage fromalkali-pretreated algal sludge (A-AS) was better than that in raw algal sludge (R-AS). Itcan bring more profit in A-AS compared to R-AS. The extra profit can offset the costproduced from alkali chemical in DWTP. Power density increased with the increase ofsoluble organic matters, and the highest could reach7.86W/m3. The major componentsvaried with algae in different growth phase and different algae species. Changes of thecomponents during the degradation process could influence the electricity productionperformance. The operating conditions could also influence the electricity productionperformance. Temperature could influence the active growth and metabolism speed ofmicroorganisms, and futher affect the anodic potential and the reactor performance. Thestirring could enhance the mass transfer efficiency, which make a more rapiddegradation speed and reduce about two-thirds of running time. Adding AQDS couldincrease the microbial activity, and thus it can enhance the voltage output and powderdensity. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the16S rRNA gene clone library,degradation of algal sludge mainly depended on syntrophic interaction betweenfermentation bacteria and electrochemically active bacteria. Most of electrochemicallyactive bacteria first oxidized fermentation products to generate electricity. Moreover,the type of electrochemically active bacteria might use endogenous mediators based onpositions of the oxidation-reduction peak. The major component of the mediators wassimilar to the anthraquinones from AQDS.
首先研究了藻渣的主要成分藻及其代谢产物，包括藻胞内有机物和胞外有机物的性质及藻类副产物，包括消毒副产物、嗅味物质和藻毒素的生成规律。结果表明，藻分泌的胞外有机物较少，大部分有机物都存在藻细胞内部。在组成上，蛋白、碳水化合物是藻胞外有机物（EOM）的主要成分；蛋白是藻胞内有机物的主要成分（IOM）。在结构上，EOM比IOM中含有更多小分子量物质；IOM比EOM含有更多的芳香环化合物、以及蛋白、氨基酸类物质。不同时期藻胞内外有机物中蛋白、碳水化合物和脂类的比例分配决定三卤甲烷（THMs）的生成。当水中有溴离子存在时，恒定初始Br-/Cl2，藻胞内外有机物THMs生成及分配主要受Br-/TOC摩尔比值影响。藻毒素MC-LR和嗅味物质2-MIB的生成主要受藻密度影响，稳定期和衰亡期生成量最多。
研究了生物电化学系统对藻渣的降解效能。比较了超声预处理、热碱预处理、碱预处理对藻渣中有机物的水解及释放可溶性有机物的效果，热碱处理优于碱处理、更优于超声处理。对比生物电化学系统对原藻渣和碱处理后藻渣中有机物的降解效能。碱处理后，SCOD、可溶性的蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物浓度均增加了三倍多。生物电化学系统对藻渣中可溶性有机物中各参数都有很好地去除效果，各参数去除率为碳水化合物>COD>UV254>蛋白>TOC。微生物在高负荷条件下对底物降解的更彻底，去除率更高。当高负荷低负荷藻类有机物交替运行时，从低浓度转化到高浓度运行时，微生物需要适应，对底物降解有所影响。利用DOC、SUVA、分子量、紫外可见光谱、三维荧光光谱、测定蛋白和碳水化合物含量等方法考察了生物电化学系统（闭路、开路）、厌氧控制三种不同操作条件下的进水和出水藻渣中有机物的组分及结构变化。结果表明，三种不同操作条件下藻渣有机物降解前后都是亲水性、含较少芳香环和双键结构的化合物，且不同条件下的出水中有机物分子量都呈现减少的趋势。蛋白、碳水化合物和THMs前体物的去除均为生物电化学系统闭路状态最好，其次是厌氧控制试验，生物电化学系统开路状态效果最差。利用牛血清蛋白、葡萄糖和鱼油三种纯物质计算蛋白、碳水化合物和脂类三种组分各自对藻类有机物中三卤甲烷生成势（THMFP）的贡献。结合三维荧光光谱技术、对不同生长时期的藻类有机物生物电化学降解前后的荧光数据进行解析，三种荧光解析方法（荧光强度、荧光区域面积、平行因子）获得的荧光参数与THMFP均有很强的线性相关性。
在产电性能和电能回收方面，碱处理后的藻渣的峰值电压比原藻渣更大，且达到峰值电压更快。碱预处理藻渣比原藻渣获得更多的能量收益，这部分收益能抵消使用碱处理药剂产生的费用支出。功率密度随着藻渣中可溶性有机物浓度的增加而增加，最大的功率密度可达到7.86W/m3。由于生物电化学系统对不同组分物质降解能力的差异，不同生长时期的藻类和不同的藻种对产电性能都有影响。操作条件也会影响产电性能。研究表明，温度会影响阳极室微生物的生长活性和代谢速率，从而影响阳极电位和整个系统的产电性能。搅拌能提高传质效率，使微生物利用底物的速率加快，缩短三分之二的运行时间。加入电子中介体后微生物活性增强，输出电压和功率密度都得到提高。基于16S rRNA基因克隆文库系统发育分析可知在阳极生物膜上有大量的产电菌和发酵菌。生物电化学系统降解藻类有机物主要依靠发酵菌和产电菌之间的互养关系。大多数的产电菌优先利用发酵菌的发酵产物来产电。另外，根据循环伏安曲线得到的氧化还原峰的位置可以判断产电菌的类型主要为通过中介体传递电子的产电菌，且其主要的电子中介体成分与AQDS所含有的醌类物质相似。
At present, the total emissions of water pollutants has exceeded the waterenvironment load-bearing capacity, which cause serious water pollutions. The mostprominent problem is eutrophication. It directly lead to a bloom of algae and waterplants. How to treat algae-laden water effectively is always a focus in drinking watertreatment plant (DWTP). However, the waste algal sludges produced from the treatmentare rarely paid attention based on waste resource utilization. We can learn from theresources exploitation and utilization experiences of sea algae and the algae ineutrophication water bodies. Algae sludge produced from DWTP should be reasonableuse, and be transformed to energy. The energy can be recovered, thus it brings the profitto DWTP. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) is a new biological technology, whichcan oxidize organic matter and simultanous recovery of electricity. This research focuson the degradation and electricity production performance of the algal sludge in BES,changes in components and constructures during the degradation process, and therelationships between organic matters in algal sludge and algal byproducts.
Characteristics of algae and their metabolites, including intracellular organic matter(IOM) and extracellular organic matter (EOM) were studied. We also investigated theformation of the algal byproducts, such as disinfection byproducts, microcystin-LR,taste and odor substances. The results demonstrated that concentrations of the organicmatter in EOM were less than that in IOM. Protein and carbohydrate were the majorcomponents for EOM, while only protein was the predominant components for IOM.EOM contained more small molecular weight fractions compared to IOM. There weremore aromatic compounds, protein and amino acid in IOM. The proportion of protein,carbohydrate and lipid in different algal growth phase determined THMs yields. Whenthe initial ratio of Br-/Cl2was constant, the formation and distribution of THMs wasdetermined by the mole ratio of Br-/TOC in the present of bromide. The formation ofMC-LR and2-MIB depended on algae density. The yields were the most at stationaryand dead phases.
Degradation of algal sludge using BESs was investigated. Three pretreatments foralgal sludge were compared. Heat-alkali pretreatment was the best, alkali pretreatmentwas better than ultrasonic pretreatment. After alkali pretreatment, concentrations ofSCOD, soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates were all increased three times. Solubleorganic matter could be effectively removed using BESs, and the removals had an orderas follows: carbohydrate> COD> UV254> protein> TOC. The removals were morecompletely in high load. The concentration from low to high influenced the removal ofalgal sludge. The changes in components and structures of organic matter from influent and effluent algal sludge samples among BESs reactor under open-circuit condition,BESs reactor under closed-circuit condition, and anaerobic reactor were investigatedusing methods, including DOC, SUVA, MW fraction, UV-VIS, EEM, anddetermination of protein and carbohydrate. There are hydrophilic componentscontaining few aromatic rings and double bond both in influent and effluent samplesamong three types of reactors. Organic matter in effluent contained larger proportions oflow MW fractions. The removal rates of protein, carbohydrate and lipid was higest inBESs reactor under closed-circuit condition, and then anaerobic reactor, and the lowestin BESs reactor under open-circuit condition. The contribution of the protein,carbohydrate and lipid, respectively to THMFP were calculated based on purechemicals of bovine serum albumin, glucose and fish oil. Fluorescence parametersthrough three analytic methods (fluorescence intensity, FRI and PARAFAC) wereestablished good relationships with THMFP.
On the aspect of electricity generation and recovery, the peak of voltage fromalkali-pretreated algal sludge (A-AS) was better than that in raw algal sludge (R-AS). Itcan bring more profit in A-AS compared to R-AS. The extra profit can offset the costproduced from alkali chemical in DWTP. Power density increased with the increase ofsoluble organic matters, and the highest could reach7.86W/m3. The major componentsvaried with algae in different growth phase and different algae species. Changes of thecomponents during the degradation process could influence the electricity productionperformance. The operating conditions could also influence the electricity productionperformance. Temperature could influence the active growth and metabolism speed ofmicroorganisms, and futher affect the anodic potential and the reactor performance. Thestirring could enhance the mass transfer efficiency, which make a more rapiddegradation speed and reduce about two-thirds of running time. Adding AQDS couldincrease the microbial activity, and thus it can enhance the voltage output and powderdensity. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the16S rRNA gene clone library,degradation of algal sludge mainly depended on syntrophic interaction betweenfermentation bacteria and electrochemically active bacteria. Most of electrochemicallyactive bacteria first oxidized fermentation products to generate electricity. Moreover,the type of electrochemically active bacteria might use endogenous mediators based onpositions of the oxidation-reduction peak. The major component of the mediators wassimilar to the anthraquinones from AQDS.
引文
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