生态调控对甘蓝田节肢动物群落结构与动态的影响
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摘要
本文研究内容包括:1)两年覆盖作物对甘蓝田上主要害虫和天敌数量变化的影响。2)两年覆盖作物对甘蓝田节肢动物群落结构及动态的影响。3)甘蓝上主要害虫斜纹夜蛾的诱捕和田间防治。本研究为开展甘蓝田害虫的生态治理提供依据,其结果如下:
(1)覆盖作物地甘蓝上主要害虫和天敌种群数量分析
两年的数据显示,甘蓝上主要害虫是害虫分属豆象科Bruchidae、叶蝉科Ciccadellidae、蚜科Aphidian、蝽科Eysacoris、粉蝶科Pieridae、叶甲科Chrysomeloidae等,其中菜蚜、叶甲、菜青虫和小菜蛾是甘蓝主要害虫。统计分析表明,小菜蛾幼虫,菜青虫幼虫和蚜虫数量在覆盖地甘蓝上都显著低于CK对照组。甘蓝上主要捕食类天敌分属于花蝽科Anthocoridae、瓢甲科Coccinellidae、食蚜蝇科Syrphidae和蜘蛛类。瓢甲科Coccinellidae包括龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis。覆盖作物田甘蓝上的天敌数和CK组相比差异显著,覆盖作物田甘蓝上出现的更多捕食类是蚜茧蜂、瓢虫、圆蛛和球蛛,但是CK组甘蓝上中出现的最多的是狼蛛和棕管巢蛛。
(2)覆盖地甘蓝上群落结构及动态分析
两年覆盖作物田甘蓝上节肢动物群落物种丰富,群落相对稳定,害虫亚群落种类数多样。相比CK组甘蓝,覆盖作物田甘蓝上节肢动物群落各项特征参数,总群落多样性指数Shannon-Winner(1949)H′、物种丰富度(Species richness)R、物种数S和Pielou均匀性指数J均大于CK组,优势度(dominance)D、优势集中性(Dominant concentration)C、个体数N(number)均小于CK对照组,一般来说,D越大,则C也大,群落的H′、J越低,群落的稳定性就越差。而S较高,且C较低,群落的H′、J较大,群落的稳定性就较好。这表明黑麦草(HMC)、蚕豆(CD)、苜蓿(MU)三种覆盖田甘蓝上节肢动物群落各类群分布更加趋于均衡,群落组成结构更加合理,种群间竞争处于相互制约的平衡稳定状态,有利于甘蓝上节肢动物群落生态系统的稳定发展以及甘蓝上害虫的可持续治理。两年总群落主成分分析表明,对覆盖作物田甘蓝上群落贡献率较大的分别是蚜虫、菜青虫幼虫、小菜蛾幼虫、各种捕食类天敌(尤其是蜘蛛类和瓢甲类天敌)。相比而言,对CK组甘蓝上群落贡献率较大的分别是菜青虫幼虫、小菜蛾幼虫、蚜虫、蜘蛛类捕食类天敌(主要集中在狼蛛和球蛛)和蚜茧蜂。
(3)斜纹夜蛾的诱捕和田间防治
2004、2005、2006、2007年连续四年应用斜纹夜蛾性诱剂在和县检测了斜纹夜蛾的发生动态,根据蛾高峰日预测田间1-2龄幼虫发生期,且在2004年进行了田间防效试验。结果表明:2004年发蛾期内形成4个蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量(头数/诱捕器)分别是7.917±0.882、19.333±8.55、22.113±6.95和36.387±10.1;高峰日分别是7月2日、7月30日、8月25日和9月12日,高峰日诱捕蛾量(头数/诱捕器)分别是12.33、31.67、39.00和56.67。2005年发蛾期内也形成4个蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量分别是2.267±0.546、20.75±12.4、24.89±14.1和19.80±0.757;高峰日分别是6月1日、6月30日、8月1日和9月27日,高峰日诱捕蛾量分别是5.00、37.33、37.00和105.00。2006年发蛾期仅形成2个蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量分别是7.60±2.02、3.33±0.88;高峰日分别是6月2日和7月21日,高峰日诱捕蛾量分别是12.00和3.67。2007年形成3个明显的蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量分别是2.813±0.0.66、11.08±1.46和20.17±9.63;高峰日分别是6月7日、7月10日和8月17日,高峰日诱捕蛾量分别是3.67、26.00和38.00。田间药效试验表明,施药后4天, KKY400×、KKY500×+雷力2000和安打的防效分别是83.6%,75.8%和88%,三种处理方法均能控制斜纹夜蛾幼虫种群数量,且雷力2000具有明显的增效作用。
In this paper, there are three main research items: first, the major changes of the number of pests and natural enemies on cover crops+ cabbage. The second is the arthropod community structure and dynamics research on cover crops+ cabbage. The third is trapping on the Spodoptera litura moth with synthetic sex pheromone lures and control efficacy in the field. All the researches can provide the basis for ecosystem of pest’s control and management with scientism data .The results are as follow
(1)The pests and natural enemies of the main quantitative analysis on cover crops+ cabbage
Two years of datas show the main insect pests of cover crops+ cabbage belongs to Bruchidae、Ciccadellidae、Aphidian、Eysacoris、Pieridae、Chrysomeloidae. Aphididae、Chrysomeloidae、Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella rapae is the major pest on cover crops+ cabbage. We can see that Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella rapae and aphids on cover crops+ cabbage are was significantly lower than the control group. The main natural enemies of insects types of cabbage belong to Anthocoridae、Coccinellidae、Syrphidae and spider-type.Coccinellidae including Propylaea japonica、Coccinella septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis . There are significant differences between Cover crops + cabbage and CK+ cabbage on the natural enemies. more and more Aphidiidae,、ladybug、orb weaver and the ball round spider appeared on cover crops+ cabbage, but the wolf spider and brown Clubiona like to appear on CK + cabbage.
(2)The analysis of community structure and dynamic
Compared to arthropod community of on the control group, we can see there are more species richness, relatively stable, and diverse types of pest sub-community on cover crops+ cabbage. The characteristics of arthropod community---- H′(Shannon-Winner)、S(Species numbers)、R(Species richness)and J (Pielou)are greater than the CK group, but D(dominance)、C(Dominant concentration)、N(number)are less than the control group. In general, if D is larger, then C is also larger, and H '、J are lower than CK + cabbage ,the stability of communities are more poorer. This also shows that there are more balanced distribution, more reasonable community structure and more competitive in the mutual inter-population balance on HMC+ cabbage, CD+ cabbage, MU +cabbage .
The component analysis on the total arthropod community shows that the Aphididae、Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella rapae、Various types of natural predators(especially spiders category and Coccinellidae)'s contribution are large than others on cover crops+ cabbage. But on CK group Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella rapae、Aphididae、spider-type(especially the wolf spider and brown Clubiona ) and Aphidiidae's contribution are large than others.
(3) Trapping on the Spodoptera litura moth with synthetic sex pheromone lures and control efficacy in the field
In 2004,2005,2006 and 2007, at Hexian, the dynamics of the Spodoptera litura moth was investigated by mass trapping with synthetic sex pheromone lure, and the control efficacy in the field was conducted based on occurring time of the 1-2 instar larvae in the field predicted from the moth peak day in 2004. The results showed that in 2004, there were four moth peak times, with moth catches per trap per day being 7.917±0.882、19.333±8.55、22.113±6.95 and 36.387±10.1 ,respectively. The peak day was July 2,July 30, August 25 and September 12, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 12.33,31.67,39.00 and 56.67 (capita per trap ) ,respectively. In 2005, there were four moth peak times too, with moth catches per trap per day being 2.267±0.546、20.75±12.4、24.89±14.1and 19.80±0.757, respectively. The peak day was June 1, June 30, August 1 and September 27, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 5.00, 37.33, 37.00 and 105.00, respectively. In 2006, only two moth peak times were occurring, with moth catches per trap per day being 7.60±2.02、3.33±0.88, respectively. The peak day was June 2 and July 21, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 12.00and 3.67, respectively. In 2007, there were three moth peak times, with moth catches per trap per day being 2.813±0.0.66、11.08±1.46 and 20.17±9.63, respectively. The peak day was June 2, July 10 and August 17, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 3.67, 26.00 and 38.00, respectively. Field experiment confirmed that after 4 days application, the control efficacy of KKY400×, KKY500×+Leili 2000 and Anda was 83.6%,75.8% and 88%, respectively. These measures can control the population number of Spodoptera litura larva, and the Leili 2000 has significant affection of increasing efficacy.
(1)覆盖作物地甘蓝上主要害虫和天敌种群数量分析
两年的数据显示,甘蓝上主要害虫是害虫分属豆象科Bruchidae、叶蝉科Ciccadellidae、蚜科Aphidian、蝽科Eysacoris、粉蝶科Pieridae、叶甲科Chrysomeloidae等,其中菜蚜、叶甲、菜青虫和小菜蛾是甘蓝主要害虫。统计分析表明,小菜蛾幼虫,菜青虫幼虫和蚜虫数量在覆盖地甘蓝上都显著低于CK对照组。甘蓝上主要捕食类天敌分属于花蝽科Anthocoridae、瓢甲科Coccinellidae、食蚜蝇科Syrphidae和蜘蛛类。瓢甲科Coccinellidae包括龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis。覆盖作物田甘蓝上的天敌数和CK组相比差异显著,覆盖作物田甘蓝上出现的更多捕食类是蚜茧蜂、瓢虫、圆蛛和球蛛,但是CK组甘蓝上中出现的最多的是狼蛛和棕管巢蛛。
(2)覆盖地甘蓝上群落结构及动态分析
两年覆盖作物田甘蓝上节肢动物群落物种丰富,群落相对稳定,害虫亚群落种类数多样。相比CK组甘蓝,覆盖作物田甘蓝上节肢动物群落各项特征参数,总群落多样性指数Shannon-Winner(1949)H′、物种丰富度(Species richness)R、物种数S和Pielou均匀性指数J均大于CK组,优势度(dominance)D、优势集中性(Dominant concentration)C、个体数N(number)均小于CK对照组,一般来说,D越大,则C也大,群落的H′、J越低,群落的稳定性就越差。而S较高,且C较低,群落的H′、J较大,群落的稳定性就较好。这表明黑麦草(HMC)、蚕豆(CD)、苜蓿(MU)三种覆盖田甘蓝上节肢动物群落各类群分布更加趋于均衡,群落组成结构更加合理,种群间竞争处于相互制约的平衡稳定状态,有利于甘蓝上节肢动物群落生态系统的稳定发展以及甘蓝上害虫的可持续治理。两年总群落主成分分析表明,对覆盖作物田甘蓝上群落贡献率较大的分别是蚜虫、菜青虫幼虫、小菜蛾幼虫、各种捕食类天敌(尤其是蜘蛛类和瓢甲类天敌)。相比而言,对CK组甘蓝上群落贡献率较大的分别是菜青虫幼虫、小菜蛾幼虫、蚜虫、蜘蛛类捕食类天敌(主要集中在狼蛛和球蛛)和蚜茧蜂。
(3)斜纹夜蛾的诱捕和田间防治
2004、2005、2006、2007年连续四年应用斜纹夜蛾性诱剂在和县检测了斜纹夜蛾的发生动态,根据蛾高峰日预测田间1-2龄幼虫发生期,且在2004年进行了田间防效试验。结果表明:2004年发蛾期内形成4个蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量(头数/诱捕器)分别是7.917±0.882、19.333±8.55、22.113±6.95和36.387±10.1;高峰日分别是7月2日、7月30日、8月25日和9月12日,高峰日诱捕蛾量(头数/诱捕器)分别是12.33、31.67、39.00和56.67。2005年发蛾期内也形成4个蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量分别是2.267±0.546、20.75±12.4、24.89±14.1和19.80±0.757;高峰日分别是6月1日、6月30日、8月1日和9月27日,高峰日诱捕蛾量分别是5.00、37.33、37.00和105.00。2006年发蛾期仅形成2个蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量分别是7.60±2.02、3.33±0.88;高峰日分别是6月2日和7月21日,高峰日诱捕蛾量分别是12.00和3.67。2007年形成3个明显的蛾量高峰段,日均诱蛾量分别是2.813±0.0.66、11.08±1.46和20.17±9.63;高峰日分别是6月7日、7月10日和8月17日,高峰日诱捕蛾量分别是3.67、26.00和38.00。田间药效试验表明,施药后4天, KKY400×、KKY500×+雷力2000和安打的防效分别是83.6%,75.8%和88%,三种处理方法均能控制斜纹夜蛾幼虫种群数量,且雷力2000具有明显的增效作用。
In this paper, there are three main research items: first, the major changes of the number of pests and natural enemies on cover crops+ cabbage. The second is the arthropod community structure and dynamics research on cover crops+ cabbage. The third is trapping on the Spodoptera litura moth with synthetic sex pheromone lures and control efficacy in the field. All the researches can provide the basis for ecosystem of pest’s control and management with scientism data .The results are as follow
(1)The pests and natural enemies of the main quantitative analysis on cover crops+ cabbage
Two years of datas show the main insect pests of cover crops+ cabbage belongs to Bruchidae、Ciccadellidae、Aphidian、Eysacoris、Pieridae、Chrysomeloidae. Aphididae、Chrysomeloidae、Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella rapae is the major pest on cover crops+ cabbage. We can see that Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella rapae and aphids on cover crops+ cabbage are was significantly lower than the control group. The main natural enemies of insects types of cabbage belong to Anthocoridae、Coccinellidae、Syrphidae and spider-type.Coccinellidae including Propylaea japonica、Coccinella septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis . There are significant differences between Cover crops + cabbage and CK+ cabbage on the natural enemies. more and more Aphidiidae,、ladybug、orb weaver and the ball round spider appeared on cover crops+ cabbage, but the wolf spider and brown Clubiona like to appear on CK + cabbage.
(2)The analysis of community structure and dynamic
Compared to arthropod community of on the control group, we can see there are more species richness, relatively stable, and diverse types of pest sub-community on cover crops+ cabbage. The characteristics of arthropod community---- H′(Shannon-Winner)、S(Species numbers)、R(Species richness)and J (Pielou)are greater than the CK group, but D(dominance)、C(Dominant concentration)、N(number)are less than the control group. In general, if D is larger, then C is also larger, and H '、J are lower than CK + cabbage ,the stability of communities are more poorer. This also shows that there are more balanced distribution, more reasonable community structure and more competitive in the mutual inter-population balance on HMC+ cabbage, CD+ cabbage, MU +cabbage .
The component analysis on the total arthropod community shows that the Aphididae、Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella rapae、Various types of natural predators(especially spiders category and Coccinellidae)'s contribution are large than others on cover crops+ cabbage. But on CK group Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella rapae、Aphididae、spider-type(especially the wolf spider and brown Clubiona ) and Aphidiidae's contribution are large than others.
(3) Trapping on the Spodoptera litura moth with synthetic sex pheromone lures and control efficacy in the field
In 2004,2005,2006 and 2007, at Hexian, the dynamics of the Spodoptera litura moth was investigated by mass trapping with synthetic sex pheromone lure, and the control efficacy in the field was conducted based on occurring time of the 1-2 instar larvae in the field predicted from the moth peak day in 2004. The results showed that in 2004, there were four moth peak times, with moth catches per trap per day being 7.917±0.882、19.333±8.55、22.113±6.95 and 36.387±10.1 ,respectively. The peak day was July 2,July 30, August 25 and September 12, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 12.33,31.67,39.00 and 56.67 (capita per trap ) ,respectively. In 2005, there were four moth peak times too, with moth catches per trap per day being 2.267±0.546、20.75±12.4、24.89±14.1and 19.80±0.757, respectively. The peak day was June 1, June 30, August 1 and September 27, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 5.00, 37.33, 37.00 and 105.00, respectively. In 2006, only two moth peak times were occurring, with moth catches per trap per day being 7.60±2.02、3.33±0.88, respectively. The peak day was June 2 and July 21, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 12.00and 3.67, respectively. In 2007, there were three moth peak times, with moth catches per trap per day being 2.813±0.0.66、11.08±1.46 and 20.17±9.63, respectively. The peak day was June 2, July 10 and August 17, respectively, and the number of moth trapped at peak days was 3.67, 26.00 and 38.00, respectively. Field experiment confirmed that after 4 days application, the control efficacy of KKY400×, KKY500×+Leili 2000 and Anda was 83.6%,75.8% and 88%, respectively. These measures can control the population number of Spodoptera litura larva, and the Leili 2000 has significant affection of increasing efficacy.
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