繁缕抗病毒活性蛋白的初步研究
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摘要
繁缕(Stellaria media (L.) Villars)为石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)繁缕属(Stellaria L.)植物,是一种药食同源植物。繁缕全草入药,有多种药用功效,尤其繁缕鲜汁液在治疗疱疹等病毒性皮肤病方面有显著疗效。为阐明其药效物质,本研究以抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)的活性为导向,从繁缕中分离纯化得到一种新的抗HSV-2活性蛋白,初步对其进行了理化性质、质谱和生物活性研究,发现其具有过氧化物酶(POD)和核糖体失活蛋白(RIP)的相关活性；本文同时对繁缕RIP基因的克隆和表达展开研究,首次克隆到Q1、Q2两个繁缕RIP基因并获得异源表达,为繁缕抗病毒药效物质的分离纯化和阐明提供了关键信息。主要研究结果如下：
1繁缕活性蛋白分离纯化、结构及生物活性研究
1.1繁缕活性蛋白分离纯化
以抗病毒(HSV-2)活性为导向分离指标,采用50%-85%饱和度硫酸铵盐析、弱阳离子交换柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析及强阳离子交换柱层析技术,从繁缕中分离得到一种抗病毒活性蛋白。SDS-PAGE、FPLC、MALDI-TOF MS显示该蛋白达到色谱纯以上,精确分子量为35.157kD; PAS染色结果表明该蛋白是糖蛋白；IEF-PAGE电泳结果表明为碱性蛋白,等电点9.3 1.2繁缕活性蛋白鉴定
对分离得到的活性蛋白,应用MALDI-TOF MS进行肽指纹图谱分析,数据库检索未能发现与之匹配的数据。应用ESI-Q-TOF2MS解析了活性蛋白的4个胰酶水解肽段的氨基酸序列,分别为GFEVIDAAK (Fr1)、GPSFAVQLR (Fr2)、 AFSTNKGLAPGLLR (Fr3)和MGNTGVLTGERNDR (Fr4)。数据库检索和比对结果显示获得的序列为蛋白新序列。多重序列比对结果表明其中Frl和Fr4肽段与植物POD的部分氨基酸保守序列同源性较高。鉴定该蛋白是一种新的天然植物蛋白,命名为SAP (Stellaria Antiviral Protein)。
1.3繁缕活性蛋白生物活性研究
实验表明SAP具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤活性。体外抗病毒实验显示SAP可体外抑制HSV-2对细胞的感染,IC50达到0.37μM,CC50大于40μM。其在HSV-2感染初期作用效果最显著,作用机制与直接使病毒失活有关。体外抗肿瘤实验显示SAP有较强的抗人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60和人结肠癌细胞LoVo生长活性,IC5o分别为9.09μM和12.32μM,同时对正常细胞生长无明显作用,CC50大于40μM,具有显著地选择性抑制肿瘤细胞增殖作用。
SAP具有较强的RNAN-糖苷酶活性和DNA超螺旋裂解活性。SAP对核糖体RNA和超螺旋DNA的这种切割作用具有不可修复性,可以称之为DNA (RNA)糖苷酶/脱嘌呤裂解酶,这种酶活性也许是SAP抗病毒、抗肿瘤的主要作用机制之一。体外POD活性实验表明SAP还具有较强的POD活性,酶活力大小为36.6Umin-1μg-1,Km值为0.01mol/L。
2繁缕核糖体失活蛋白(RIP)基因的克隆及其原核表达研究
2.1繁缕RIP基因克隆及序列分析
采用同源克隆的方法,获得繁缕RIP基因保守区片段,结合RACE技术获得5’和3’非翻译区序列,将相关序列拼接,获得了2条繁缕RIP基因Q1(FJ860049)和Q2(FJ860050)的cDNA全长。Q1与Q2的开放阅读框(ORF)分别为858bp,765bp,其同源性为95.5%。Q1、Q2有390个碱基与同科其他植物RIP基因完全相同,且碱基的分布具有一定的规律性,但与不同科属植物RIP同源性较低。Q1、Q2和以DNA为模板获得的繁缕RIP基因Q(FJ860051)进行分析比较,证实繁缕RIP基因无内含子。
Q1和Q2编码的繁缕RIP分别命名为Stellarin1和Stellarin2。二者的理论分子量分别为31.0kD和27.6kD,p1分别为9.40和9.54,都包含由23个氨基酸组成的信号肽。其理化特征均与I型RIP和SAP相似,但与后者的同源性较低。序列分析发现,Stellarin1和Stellarin2与已知RIP产生抗病毒活性的特征区域同源性很高,相应保守区域完全相同,表明繁缕RIP具备抗病毒能力,预示繁缕存在多种抗病毒活性蛋白。
2.2繁缕RIP基因原核表达
将Q1、Q2连接到载体,获得重组质粒pET29a-Q1和pET29a-Q2,将其转化到大肠杆菌DH5a、BL21(DE3)和BL21(DE3)plysS中。含有pET29a-Q1和pET29a-Q2的3种菌株分别在LB和TB培养基中振荡培养,并诱导表达。结果显示,在所有的处理中,Q1均未能获得可观察到的表达；Q2只在采用LB培养基的BL21(DE3)和BL21(DE3)plysS中得到低含量表达。Q1、Q2表达的产物对宿主细胞有毒性,抑制大肠杆菌的生长,从而导致Q1、Q2未能得到高效表达。
Stellaria media (L.) Villars is a medicinal and edible plant which belongs to Stellaria L. Caryophyllaceae. S. media can be used as medicine and its fresh juice has remarkable efficacy of curing some virus skin diseases, such as HSV. In this paper, in order to clarify its effective substances, a unique anti-HSV-targeted extraction technique was used to isolate a new bioactive protein from S. media. We have analyzed its primary structure, physicochemical properties and biologic activities, and found that it has the activities of peroxidase (POD) and ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). Meanwhile, we have studied the homologous cloning and heterologous expression of RIP, and succeeded in cloning two new RIP genes Q1, Q2and getting its heterologous expression. It has provided important information for purification and clarification of the antivirual effective substances from S. media. The following is the main research results:
1. Isolation, purification and identification of bioactive proteins from S. media and the studies of its biologic activity.
1.1Isolation and purification of bioactive proteins from S. media
Bioactive protein was purified from S. media by50%-85%ammonia sulfate precipitation, CM Sepharose Fast Flow cation-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-75gel filtration chromatography and HiTrap SP HP cation-exchange chromatography in this study. By SDS-PAGE、FPLC、MALDI-TOF MS, the protein was at least chromatographic pure. Its accurate molecular weight is35.157kD. It was proved to be a basic protein with pI about pH9.5by IEF-PAGE, and a glycoprotein by PAS.
1.2Identification of bioactive proteins from S. media
MALDI-TOF MS was applied to the analysis of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) in bioactive protein. The PMF data was used in Mascot search, but no data matched. ESI-Q-TOF2MS was used in bioactive protein identification. Four tryptic-digested peptide fragments were sequenced by ESI-MS/MS, and the sequences were:GFEVIDAAK (Frl), GPSFAVQLR (Fr2), AFSTNKGLAPGLLR (Fr3) and MGNTGVLTGERNDR (Fr4). No data matched in database search as well. Multiple alignments with POD sequences showed there are some conserved amino acids in Frl and Fr4. So the bioactive protein is a new natural plant protein, which named SAP (Stellaria Antiviral Protein).
1.3The studies of biologic activity of bioactive proteins from S. media
As shown in the experiment, the SAP has anti-virus and anti-tumor activity. The anti-virus in vitro experiment shows that SAP can inhibit HSV-2with an IC50value of0.37μM and CC50>40μM. SAP affect the initial stage of HSV-2infection, and the mechanism relates to inhibit virus bioactive. As shown in the anti-tumor in vitro experiment, SAP has a strong inhibitory activity on HL-60and LoVo with IC50of9.09μM and12.32μM respectively, while it has no obvious effect on the normal cells, with CC50>40μM. So it has selective inhibition on the tumor cells.
SAP has strong N-activity on28S rRNA and DNA-cleaving activity on supercoiled DNA. So SAP is a kind of DNA (RNA) glycosidase/depurination cleavage enzyme as it can effect on the RNA and DNA cleavage beyond retrieve. This kind of enzyme activity may be one of mechanism of anti-virus and anti-tumor effects. The POD activity in vitro experiment shows that Stellarmdin A has obvious peroxidase activity with enzyme activity of36.6Umin-1μg-1and Km of0.01mol/L.
2. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) Genes from S. media
2.1Cloning and analysis of RIP Genes from S. media
The method of homologous cloning was applied to obtain the conserved fragments of gene encoding RIP from S. media. Combined with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE),5'and3'ends were got. Linked the fragments,2genes encoding RIPs were obtained. Designed primers at initial and terminal codon and used cDNA as template, Q1(FJ860049) and Q2(FJ860050) were acquired. The length of open reading fragment (ORF) of Q1was858bp, and that of Q2was765bp. The similarity between Q1and Q2was95.5%. There were390base pairs which are the same as other RIP genes in Caryophyllaceae and distributed orderly. But there was no similarity between S. media and the plant of other family.
The proteins encoded by Q1and Q2were named Stellarin1and Stellarin2. Their putative molecular weights were31.0kD and27.6kD, and pI were9.40and9.54. Furthermore, the two proteins contained signal peptide composed by23amino acids. Their physicochemical property has similarities with I type RIP and SAP, although it has lower homology with the latter. The Sequence shows that Stellarin1and Stellarin2has high homology with RIP anti-virus activity characteristics area and has completely same conservative areas. This proves that the RIP of S. media has antivirual ability, which indicates that S. media has many kinds of antivirual protein.
2.2Prokaryotic expression of RIP Genes from S. media
Connect Q1and Q2to pET29a to construct expression vector:pET29a-Q1and pET29a-Q2. Then the vectors were transformed to E. coli strains, such as DH5a, BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3) plysS, cultivated the E. coli strains in LB and TB medium and induced expression of Q1and Q2. But SDS-PAGE showed that Q1didn't express in any strains and culture medium. Q2expressed in BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3) plysS in LB, but only a little. Maybe the products of Q1and Q2were too poisonous for E. coli.
1繁缕活性蛋白分离纯化、结构及生物活性研究
1.1繁缕活性蛋白分离纯化
以抗病毒(HSV-2)活性为导向分离指标,采用50%-85%饱和度硫酸铵盐析、弱阳离子交换柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析及强阳离子交换柱层析技术,从繁缕中分离得到一种抗病毒活性蛋白。SDS-PAGE、FPLC、MALDI-TOF MS显示该蛋白达到色谱纯以上,精确分子量为35.157kD; PAS染色结果表明该蛋白是糖蛋白；IEF-PAGE电泳结果表明为碱性蛋白,等电点9.3
对分离得到的活性蛋白,应用MALDI-TOF MS进行肽指纹图谱分析,数据库检索未能发现与之匹配的数据。应用ESI-Q-TOF2MS解析了活性蛋白的4个胰酶水解肽段的氨基酸序列,分别为GFEVIDAAK (Fr1)、GPSFAVQLR (Fr2)、 AFSTNKGLAPGLLR (Fr3)和MGNTGVLTGERNDR (Fr4)。数据库检索和比对结果显示获得的序列为蛋白新序列。多重序列比对结果表明其中Frl和Fr4肽段与植物POD的部分氨基酸保守序列同源性较高。鉴定该蛋白是一种新的天然植物蛋白,命名为SAP (Stellaria Antiviral Protein)。
1.3繁缕活性蛋白生物活性研究
实验表明SAP具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤活性。体外抗病毒实验显示SAP可体外抑制HSV-2对细胞的感染,IC50达到0.37μM,CC50大于40μM。其在HSV-2感染初期作用效果最显著,作用机制与直接使病毒失活有关。体外抗肿瘤实验显示SAP有较强的抗人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60和人结肠癌细胞LoVo生长活性,IC5o分别为9.09μM和12.32μM,同时对正常细胞生长无明显作用,CC50大于40μM,具有显著地选择性抑制肿瘤细胞增殖作用。
SAP具有较强的RNAN-糖苷酶活性和DNA超螺旋裂解活性。SAP对核糖体RNA和超螺旋DNA的这种切割作用具有不可修复性,可以称之为DNA (RNA)糖苷酶/脱嘌呤裂解酶,这种酶活性也许是SAP抗病毒、抗肿瘤的主要作用机制之一。体外POD活性实验表明SAP还具有较强的POD活性,酶活力大小为36.6Umin-1μg-1,Km值为0.01mol/L。
2繁缕核糖体失活蛋白(RIP)基因的克隆及其原核表达研究
2.1繁缕RIP基因克隆及序列分析
采用同源克隆的方法,获得繁缕RIP基因保守区片段,结合RACE技术获得5’和3’非翻译区序列,将相关序列拼接,获得了2条繁缕RIP基因Q1(FJ860049)和Q2(FJ860050)的cDNA全长。Q1与Q2的开放阅读框(ORF)分别为858bp,765bp,其同源性为95.5%。Q1、Q2有390个碱基与同科其他植物RIP基因完全相同,且碱基的分布具有一定的规律性,但与不同科属植物RIP同源性较低。Q1、Q2和以DNA为模板获得的繁缕RIP基因Q(FJ860051)进行分析比较,证实繁缕RIP基因无内含子。
Q1和Q2编码的繁缕RIP分别命名为Stellarin1和Stellarin2。二者的理论分子量分别为31.0kD和27.6kD,p1分别为9.40和9.54,都包含由23个氨基酸组成的信号肽。其理化特征均与I型RIP和SAP相似,但与后者的同源性较低。序列分析发现,Stellarin1和Stellarin2与已知RIP产生抗病毒活性的特征区域同源性很高,相应保守区域完全相同,表明繁缕RIP具备抗病毒能力,预示繁缕存在多种抗病毒活性蛋白。
2.2繁缕RIP基因原核表达
将Q1、Q2连接到载体,获得重组质粒pET29a-Q1和pET29a-Q2,将其转化到大肠杆菌DH5a、BL21(DE3)和BL21(DE3)plysS中。含有pET29a-Q1和pET29a-Q2的3种菌株分别在LB和TB培养基中振荡培养,并诱导表达。结果显示,在所有的处理中,Q1均未能获得可观察到的表达；Q2只在采用LB培养基的BL21(DE3)和BL21(DE3)plysS中得到低含量表达。Q1、Q2表达的产物对宿主细胞有毒性,抑制大肠杆菌的生长,从而导致Q1、Q2未能得到高效表达。
Stellaria media (L.) Villars is a medicinal and edible plant which belongs to Stellaria L. Caryophyllaceae. S. media can be used as medicine and its fresh juice has remarkable efficacy of curing some virus skin diseases, such as HSV. In this paper, in order to clarify its effective substances, a unique anti-HSV-targeted extraction technique was used to isolate a new bioactive protein from S. media. We have analyzed its primary structure, physicochemical properties and biologic activities, and found that it has the activities of peroxidase (POD) and ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). Meanwhile, we have studied the homologous cloning and heterologous expression of RIP, and succeeded in cloning two new RIP genes Q1, Q2and getting its heterologous expression. It has provided important information for purification and clarification of the antivirual effective substances from S. media. The following is the main research results:
1. Isolation, purification and identification of bioactive proteins from S. media and the studies of its biologic activity.
1.1Isolation and purification of bioactive proteins from S. media
Bioactive protein was purified from S. media by50%-85%ammonia sulfate precipitation, CM Sepharose Fast Flow cation-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-75gel filtration chromatography and HiTrap SP HP cation-exchange chromatography in this study. By SDS-PAGE、FPLC、MALDI-TOF MS, the protein was at least chromatographic pure. Its accurate molecular weight is35.157kD. It was proved to be a basic protein with pI about pH9.5by IEF-PAGE, and a glycoprotein by PAS.
1.2Identification of bioactive proteins from S. media
MALDI-TOF MS was applied to the analysis of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) in bioactive protein. The PMF data was used in Mascot search, but no data matched. ESI-Q-TOF2MS was used in bioactive protein identification. Four tryptic-digested peptide fragments were sequenced by ESI-MS/MS, and the sequences were:GFEVIDAAK (Frl), GPSFAVQLR (Fr2), AFSTNKGLAPGLLR (Fr3) and MGNTGVLTGERNDR (Fr4). No data matched in database search as well. Multiple alignments with POD sequences showed there are some conserved amino acids in Frl and Fr4. So the bioactive protein is a new natural plant protein, which named SAP (Stellaria Antiviral Protein).
1.3The studies of biologic activity of bioactive proteins from S. media
As shown in the experiment, the SAP has anti-virus and anti-tumor activity. The anti-virus in vitro experiment shows that SAP can inhibit HSV-2with an IC50value of0.37μM and CC50>40μM. SAP affect the initial stage of HSV-2infection, and the mechanism relates to inhibit virus bioactive. As shown in the anti-tumor in vitro experiment, SAP has a strong inhibitory activity on HL-60and LoVo with IC50of9.09μM and12.32μM respectively, while it has no obvious effect on the normal cells, with CC50>40μM. So it has selective inhibition on the tumor cells.
SAP has strong N-activity on28S rRNA and DNA-cleaving activity on supercoiled DNA. So SAP is a kind of DNA (RNA) glycosidase/depurination cleavage enzyme as it can effect on the RNA and DNA cleavage beyond retrieve. This kind of enzyme activity may be one of mechanism of anti-virus and anti-tumor effects. The POD activity in vitro experiment shows that Stellarmdin A has obvious peroxidase activity with enzyme activity of36.6Umin-1μg-1and Km of0.01mol/L.
2. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) Genes from S. media
2.1Cloning and analysis of RIP Genes from S. media
The method of homologous cloning was applied to obtain the conserved fragments of gene encoding RIP from S. media. Combined with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE),5'and3'ends were got. Linked the fragments,2genes encoding RIPs were obtained. Designed primers at initial and terminal codon and used cDNA as template, Q1(FJ860049) and Q2(FJ860050) were acquired. The length of open reading fragment (ORF) of Q1was858bp, and that of Q2was765bp. The similarity between Q1and Q2was95.5%. There were390base pairs which are the same as other RIP genes in Caryophyllaceae and distributed orderly. But there was no similarity between S. media and the plant of other family.
The proteins encoded by Q1and Q2were named Stellarin1and Stellarin2. Their putative molecular weights were31.0kD and27.6kD, and pI were9.40and9.54. Furthermore, the two proteins contained signal peptide composed by23amino acids. Their physicochemical property has similarities with I type RIP and SAP, although it has lower homology with the latter. The Sequence shows that Stellarin1and Stellarin2has high homology with RIP anti-virus activity characteristics area and has completely same conservative areas. This proves that the RIP of S. media has antivirual ability, which indicates that S. media has many kinds of antivirual protein.
2.2Prokaryotic expression of RIP Genes from S. media
Connect Q1and Q2to pET29a to construct expression vector:pET29a-Q1and pET29a-Q2. Then the vectors were transformed to E. coli strains, such as DH5a, BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3) plysS, cultivated the E. coli strains in LB and TB medium and induced expression of Q1and Q2. But SDS-PAGE showed that Q1didn't express in any strains and culture medium. Q2expressed in BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3) plysS in LB, but only a little. Maybe the products of Q1and Q2were too poisonous for E. coli.
引文
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